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// Execute AJAX request

fetchData(handleResponse);

Explanation:

fetchData: Initiates an AJAX GET request to a sample API.

onreadystatechange: Monitors the request’s state. When readyState is 4 (complete), it checks
the status .
Callback ( handleResponse ): Receives either an error or the response data. It logs the result or
error to the console.
Output (example):

text

Response: {"userId":1,"id":1,"title":"sunt aut facere...","body":"quia et suscipit...

 

The callback ensures asynchronous handling, allowing the program to continue without blocking
while waiting for the server’s response.

Modern Alternative (Using Fetch API):

javascript

fetch("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts/1")
.then(response => {
if (!response.ok) throw new Error("Request failed");
return response.json();
})
.then(data => console.log("Response:", data)) // Callback for success
.catch(error => console.error("Error:", error)); // Callback for error

Note: For any xAI API-related queries, refer to https://x.ai/api.

6. Exemplify the message fields of the HTTP request and response protocols with
examples. (CO1-K2)
7. Compare and contrast the Local and global scopes using the keywords var, let, and
const with proper example

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JS Code. (CO2-K3)
8. Write a servlet program to receive login credentials from an HTML page, verify them,
and display a greeting
if correct. Otherwise, show an error message.(CO3-K3

explain all these in simpe but detail please

Below are detailed yet simple explanations and solutions for your queries, addressing each question
with examples and ensuring clarity for better understanding.

6. Exemplify the Message Fields of the HTTP Request and Response Protocols with
Examples (CO1-K2)
What is HTTP?

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) is the protocol used for communication between a client (e.g., a
web browser) and a server (e.g., a website). It consists of requests (sent by the client) and responses
(sent by the server). Each has specific message fields that carry information.

HTTP Request Message Fields

An HTTP request has three main parts:

1. Request Line: Specifies the method, resource path, and HTTP version.
2. Headers: Provide metadata about the request (e.g., client preferences, authentication).
3. Body: Optional; contains data sent to the server (e.g., form data in POST requests).

Example HTTP Request (A browser requesting a webpage):

text

GET /index.html HTTP/1.1

Host: www.example.com
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) Chrome/91.0.4472.124
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml
Connection: keep-alive

Request Line: GET /index.html HTTP/1.1

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Method: GET (requests a resource).

Path: /index.html (the resource being requested).
HTTP Version: HTTP/1.1 .
Headers:

Host : Specifies the server’s domain ( www.example.com ).

User-Agent : Describes the client (browser and OS details).
Accept : Indicates preferred response formats (e.g., HTML).
Connection : Requests to keep the connection alive.

Body: Empty in this case (common for GET requests).

Example with Body (Submitting a form via POST):

text

POST /login HTTP/1.1

Host: www.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 27

username=john&password=pass123

Request Line: POST /login HTTP/1.1 .

Headers: Content-Type and Content-Length describe the body.
Body: Contains form data ( username=john&password=pass123 ).

HTTP Response Message Fields

An HTTP response also has three parts:

1. Status Line: Indicates the HTTP version, status code, and reason phrase.
2. Headers: Provide metadata about the response (e.g., content type, server info).
3. Body: Contains the requested resource (e.g., HTML, JSON) or an error message.

Example HTTP Response (Server responding to the GET request):

text

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Wed, 14 May 2025 01:31:45 GMT
Server: Apache/2.4.41

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Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8

Content-Length: 124

<html>
<head><title>Welcome</title></head>
<body><h1>Hello, World!</h1></body>
</html>

Status Line: HTTP/1.1 200 OK

HTTP Version: HTTP/1.1 .

Status Code: 200 (success).
Reason Phrase: OK (human-readable status).

Headers:

Date : When the response was sent.

Server : Server software details.

Content-Type : Type of content ( text/html ).
Content-Length : Size of the body in bytes.

Body: The HTML content ( <html>...</html> ).

Example Error Response (Resource not found):

text

HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found

Date: Wed, 14 May 2025 01:31:45 GMT
Server: Apache/2.4.41
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 45

<h1>404 Not Found</h1><p>Page does not exist.</p>

Status Line: HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found .

Body: Error message in HTML.

Key Points

Request asks for something; Response delivers it or explains why it can’t.

Requests use methods like GET or POST ; responses use status codes like 200 (OK) or 404 (Not
Found).
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Both use headers for metadata, but their specific headers differ (e.g., Host in requests, Server in
responses).

7. Compare and Contrast Local and Global Scopes Using var, let, and const with Proper
Example JS Code (CO2-K3)
What is Scope in JavaScript?

Scope determines where a variable is accessible in your code:

Global Scope: Variables declared outside functions or blocks, accessible everywhere.

Local Scope: Variables declared inside functions or blocks, accessible only within that function or
block.

Keywords: var, let, and const

var: Function-scoped, can be redeclared, hoisted (moved to the top of scope).

let: Block-scoped, cannot be redeclared in the same scope, not hoisted.
const: Block-scoped, cannot be redeclared or reassigned, not hoisted.

Example Code Demonstrating Scopes

javascript

// Global Scope
var globalVar = "I am global with var";
let globalLet = "I am global with let";
const globalConst = "I am global with const";

console.log(globalVar); // Output: I am global with var

console.log(globalLet); // Output: I am global with let
console.log(globalConst); // Output: I am global with const

function testFunction() {
// Local Scope (Function Scope)
var localVar = "I am local with var";
let localLet = "I am local with let";
const localConst = "I am local with const";

console.log(localVar); // Output: I am local with var

console.log(localLet); // Output: I am local with let
console.log(localConst); // Output: I am local with const

// Accessing global variables

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console.log(globalVar); // Output: I am global with var

}

testFunction();

// Block Scope Example

if (true) {
var blockVar = "I am var in block"; // var is not block-scoped
let blockLet = "I am let in block"; // let is block-scoped
const blockConst = "I am const in block"; // const is block-scoped

console.log(blockVar); // Output: I am var in block

console.log(blockLet); // Output: I am let in block
console.log(blockConst); // Output: I am const in block
}

// Accessing outside block

console.log(blockVar); // Output: I am var in block (var leaks out)
try {
console.log(blockLet); // Error: blockLet is not defined
} catch (e) {
console.log("blockLet is not accessible outside block");
}
try {
console.log(blockConst); // Error: blockConst is not defined
} catch (e) {
console.log("blockConst is not accessible outside block");
}

// Reassignment and Redeclaration

var globalVar = "Redeclared var"; // Allowed
globalLet = "Reassigned let"; // Allowed
// globalConst = "Reassigned const"; // Error: Assignment to constant
console.log(globalVar); // Output: Redeclared var
console.log(globalLet); // Output: Reassigned let

Explanation

1. Global Scope:

Variables ( globalVar , globalLet , globalConst ) declared outside any function/block are

global.
Accessible anywhere, including inside functions.

2. Local Scope:
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Function Scope: Variables declared with var , let , or const inside a function ( localVar ,
localLet , localConst ) are only accessible within that function.
Block Scope: Variables declared with let or const inside a block (e.g., if ) are only
accessible within that block. var ignores block scope and leaks out.
3. var vs. let vs. const:

var: Function-scoped, can be redeclared and reassigned, leaks out of blocks (e.g., blockVar
is accessible outside if ).
let: Block-scoped, can be reassigned but not redeclared in the same scope.
const: Block-scoped, cannot be reassigned or redeclared; must be initialized when declared.

4. Key Differences:

var is outdated and error-prone due to hoisting and lack of block scope.
let and const are modern, safer, and support block scope.

const is stricter, preventing reassignment (but allows mutable object properties to change).

8. Write a Servlet Program to Receive Login Credentials from an HTML Page, Verify Them,
and Display a Greeting if Correct. Otherwise, Show an Error Message (CO3-K3)
Objective

Create a servlet that:

Receives username and password from an HTML form.

Verifies them against hardcoded credentials (e.g., username: "admin", password: "pass123").
Displays a greeting if correct, or an error message if incorrect.

Solution

We need two parts: an HTML form for input and a Servlet to process the credentials.

Step 1: HTML Form ( login.html )

html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Login Page</title>
</head>
<body>

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<h2>Login</h2>
<form action="LoginServlet" method="POST">
<label>Username: </label>
<input type="text" name="username" required><br><br>
<label>Password: </label>
<input type="password" name="password" required><br><br>
<input type="submit" value="Login">
</form>
</body>
</html>

Form: Sends username and password to LoginServlet using the POST method.
action="LoginServlet": Specifies the servlet’s URL mapping.
method="POST": Ensures data is sent securely in the request body.

Step 2: Servlet Program ( LoginServlet.java )

java

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

@WebServlet("/LoginServlet")
public class LoginServlet extends HttpServlet {
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
// Set response content type
response.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();

// Get form parameters

String username = request.getParameter("username");
String password = request.getParameter("password");

// Hardcoded credentials for verification

String validUsername = "admin";
String validPassword = "pass123";

// HTML response

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out.println("<html><body>");
if (username.equals(validUsername) && password.equals(validPassword)) {
out.println("<h2>Welcome, " + username + "!</h2>");
out.println("<p>You have successfully logged in.</p>");
} else {
out.println("<h2>Login Failed</h2>");
out.println("<p>Invalid username or password. Please try again.</p>");
out.println("<a href='login.html'>Back to Login</a>");
}
out.println("</body></html>");
}
}

Step 3: Deployment

Place login.html in the web application’s root directory (e.g., webapps/YourApp/ in Tomcat).
Compile and deploy LoginServlet.java in the WEB-INF/classes directory or package it in a WAR
file.
Ensure the servlet container (e.g., Apache Tomcat) is running.
Map the servlet using @WebServlet("/LoginServlet") or web.xml .

How It Works

1. User Interaction:

The user opens login.html in a browser (e.g., http://localhost:8080/YourApp/login.html ).

Enters a username and password, then clicks "Login".

2. Servlet Processing:

The form submits a POST request to /LoginServlet .

The servlet retrieves username and password using request.getParameter() .
It compares them with hardcoded values ( admin , pass123 ).
If correct, it sends an HTML response with a greeting.
If incorrect, it sends an error message with a link back to the login page.

3. Output:

Correct Credentials (username: admin , password: pass123 ):

text

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Welcome, admin!
You have successfully logged in.

Incorrect Credentials:

text

Login Failed
Invalid username or password. Please try again.
Back to Login

Explanation

doPost: Handles POST requests (used for form submissions to protect sensitive data like
passwords).
request.getParameter: Retrieves form input values by their name attributes.
response.setContentType: Ensures the browser interprets the response as HTML.
PrintWriter: Writes the HTML response dynamically.
Security Note: Hardcoding credentials is for demonstration only. In production, use a database
and hash passwords.

Why Use POST?

POST sends data in the request body, unlike GET, which appends data to the URL (visible and less
secure).
Suitable for sensitive data like login credentials.

Summary

Question 6: HTTP request and response messages consist of a start line, headers, and an optional
body. Requests specify what the client wants; responses deliver the result or an error.
Question 7: Global scope is accessible everywhere; local scope is limited to functions or blocks.
var is function-scoped and leaky; let and const are block-scoped, with const preventing

reassignment.
Question 8: The servlet program processes login credentials from an HTML form, verifies them,
and responds with a greeting or error message, demonstrating basic client-server interaction.

Let me know if you need further clarification or additional examples!

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