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Trigonometry Notes Only

The document discusses Pythagorean relationships, trigonometric identities, and methods for proving these identities. It includes examples of solving trigonometric equations and applying addition identities, as well as expressing trigonometric functions in terms of others. Additionally, it provides various examples demonstrating the application of these concepts in solving problems without the use of calculators.

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Pri Ramtahal
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
47 views14 pages

Trigonometry Notes Only

The document discusses Pythagorean relationships, trigonometric identities, and methods for proving these identities. It includes examples of solving trigonometric equations and applying addition identities, as well as expressing trigonometric functions in terms of others. Additionally, it provides various examples demonstrating the application of these concepts in solving problems without the use of calculators.

Uploaded by

Pri Ramtahal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Pythagorean Relationships

Consider the right-angled triangle

opp a
sin θ= =
hyp c
adj b
cos θ= =
hyp c
opp a
tanθ= =
adj b

Now:
a
sin θ c a
tanθ= = = ∎
cos θ b b
c

2
a 2 a
If sin θ= ⇒ sin θ= 2
c c
2
b 2 b
If cos θ= ⇒ cos θ= 2
c c

2 2
∴ sin θ+cos θ
2 2 2
a b c
¿ 2
+ 2 = 2 =1
c c c
2 2
∴ sin θ+cos θ=1
Proving Identities
i) Always hold one side constant
ii) Using trigonometric identities, simplify or factorize to show the
left-hand side is equal to the right-hand side
iii) Reference all identities used

Example 2
Prove
a) 4 4
cos A−sin A +1 ≡2 cos A
2

cos 4 A−sin4 A +1 ≡ ( cos 2 A +sin2 A ) ( cos 2 A−sin2 A ) +1


2 2
¿ cos A−sin A +1
2
¿ cos A+ cos A
2
[From 1−sin2 A=cos 2 A ]
2
¿ 2 cos A ∎

2
1 2 sin θ−1
b) tanθ− ≡
tanθ sinθcosθ
sin θ cosθ

cos θ sin θ
2 2
sin θ cos θ

sinθcosθ sinθcosθ
2 2
sin θ−cos θ
sinθcosθ
2
1−2 cos θ
[From sin2 θ+cos 2 θ=1 ¿
sinθcosθ

1−( 2−2sin 2 θ )
[From 2 cos2 θ=2 ( 1−sin2 θ ) ¿
sinθcosθ
2
−1+ 2sin θ
sinθcosθ
2
2sin θ−1
sinθcosθ

c) 2 2 2
tan θ−sin θ ≡sin θ tan θ
2

2
sin θ 2
2
−sin θ
cos θ
2 2 2
sin θ−sin θ cos θ
2
cos θ

sin2 θ ( 1−cos 2 θ )
2
cos θ
2 2
sin θ sin θ
2 [From sin2 θ=1−cos 2 θ ¿
cos θ
2
2 sin θ
sin θ 2
cos θ
2 2
sin θ tan θ

cosθ cosθ 2
d) + ≡
1+ sinθ 1−sinθ cosθ
cosθ ( 1−sinθ ) +cosθ ( 1+ sinθ )
( 1+sinθ ) ( 1−sinθ )
cosθ−cosθsinθ+ cosθ+cosθsinθ
2
1−sin θ
2 cosθ
2
cos θ
2
cosθ

1 1
e) −
sinθcosθ tanθ
≡tanθ
1 1

sinθcosθ sinθ
cosθ
1 cosθ

sinθcosθ sinθ
2
1−cos θ
sinθcosθ
2
sin θ
[From sin2 θ=1−cos 2 θ ¿
sinθcosθ
sinθ
cosθ
tanθ

2
1−cos θ ( 2
f) 2
1+ tan θ
≡ sinθcosθ )

2
sin θ
2 2
cos θ+ sin θ
2
cos θ
2
2 cos θ
sin θ 2 2
cos θ +sin θ
2 2
sin θ cos θ

( sinθcosθ )2

g) 5 cos 2 θ+2 sin2 θ ≡3 cos 2 θ+2


5 cos 2 θ+2 ( 1−cos2 θ ) [From sin2 θ=1−cos 2 θ ¿
2 2
5 cos θ+2−2 cos θ
2
3 cos θ+2

2
1−sin θ 4
h) 2
1+ tan θ
≡ cos θ
2
1−sin θ
2
sin θ
1+ 2
cos θ
2
1−sin θ
2 2
cos θ+ sin θ
2
cos θ
2
1−sin θ
1
2
cos θ

( 1−sin2 θ ) cos2 θ
( 1−sin2 θ )( 1−sin2 θ ) [From cos 2 θ=1−sin 2 θ ¿
2
( 1−sin2 θ )
2
( cos 2 θ )
4
cos θ

2
sin θ 1
i) − ≡−cosθ
1+ cosθ 1
2
sin θ
−1
1+ cosθ
2
1−cos θ
−1 [From sin2 θ=1−cos 2 θ ¿
1+cosθ

1−cos 2 θ−( 1+cos 2 θ )


1+ cosθ
2
−cos θ−cosθ
1+cosθ
−cosθ ( cosθ+1 )
1+ cosθ
−cosθ

Solving Trigonometric Equations


i) sin θ=k sin θ=−k

° ° ° °
θ=α , ( 180−α ) θ=( 180+α ) , ( 360−α )
c c c c
¿ α , ( π−α ) ¿ ( x +α ) , ( 2 π −α )

ii) cos θ=k cos θ=−k

° ° ° °
θ=α , ( 360−α ) θ=( 180−α ) , ( 180+α )

¿ α c , ( 2 π−α c )
c c
¿ ( π−α ) , ( π + α )

iii) tanθ=k tanθ=−k

° ° ° °
θ=α , ( 180+ α ) θ=( 180−α ) , ( 360−α )
c c c c
¿ α , ( π +α ) ¿ ( π−α ) , ( 2 π−α )

Note:
i) αis always the acute angle and is always positive
ii) When working, we don’t enter the negative k value, in calculator

Example 4
Solve for 0° ≤ x ≤ 360° , 0° ≤ y ≤ 360°
a) cos 2 y −cos y=2
b) sin y=4 tan y
c) sin 2 x=0.866
d) tan (2 x−50 )=−0.7

a) 2
cos y −cos y−2=0

( cos y−2 ) ( cos y +1 )=0


cos y=2 cos y=−1

Inadmissible −1
α =cos (1)=0
° °
x=( 180−0 ) , ( 180+0 )
°
x=180

b) sin y=4 ( cos y)


sin y

sin y cos y−4 sin y=0


sin y ( cos y−4 )=0
sin y=0 cos y=4

°
y=0 ,180 ,360
° °
Inadmissible

c) α =sin−1 ( 0.866 )=60°


0 ≤ x ≤ 360 0 ≤ 2 x ≤720

° ° ° °
2 x=60 , ( 180−60 ) , ( 360+ 60 ) , (540−60 )
° ° ° °
2 x=60 , 120 , 420 , 480
° ° ° °
x=30 , 60 , 210 , 240

d) −1
α =tan ( 0.7 )=35
°

0 ≤ x ≤ 360 0 ≤ 2 x ≤720 −50 ≤ 2 x−50 ≤ 670

2 x−50=−35
2 x=15
°
x=7.5

2 x−50=145 2 x−50=325 2 x−50=505


° ° °
x=97.5 x=187.5 x=277.5
° ° ° °
x=7.5 , 97.5 , 187.5 , 277.5

Trigonometry 2
Addition Identities
sin ( A+ B )=sin A cos B+ cos A sin B
sin ( A−B )=sin A cos B−cos A sin B
cos ( A+ B )=cos A cos B−sin A sin B
cos ( A−B )=cos A cos B+sin A sin B
tan A+ tan B
tan ( A+ B )=
1−tan A tan B
tan A−tan B
tan ( A−B )=
1+tan A tan B

Factor Formulae
If sin ( A+ B )=sin A cos B+ cos A sin B
If A=B

sin ( A+ A )=sin A cos A+ cos A sin A


sin 2 A=2 sin A cos A

If cos ( A+ B )=cos A cos B−sin A sin B


If B= A
cos ( A+ A )=cos A cos A−sin A sin A
2 2 2
cos 2 A=cos A−sin A cos 2 A=2 cos A−1
2
cos 2 A=1−2 sin A

tan A+ tan B
If tan ( A+ B )= 1−tan A tan B

If B= A
tan A + tan A
tan (2 A )=
1−tan A tan A
2 tan A
tan (2 A )= 2
1−tan A

Example 5
Express sin 3 x in terms of sin x

sin 3 x=sin ( 2 x+ x )=sin 2 x cos x +cos 2 x sin x


¿ 2 sin x cos 2 x + ( 1−2sin 2 x ) ( sin x )

¿ 2 sin x ( 1−sin2 x ) +sin x−2 sin3 x


3 3
¿ 2 sin x−2 sin x +sin x−2 sin x
3
¿ 3 sin x−4 sin x

Example 6
Express cos 3 x in terms of cos x

cos 3 x=cos ( 2 x + x )=cos 2 x cos x−sin 2 x sin x

¿ ( 2 cos 2 x−1 ) cos x−2sin 2 x cos x

¿ 2 cos3 x−cos x −2 ( 1−cos 2 x ) cos x


3 3
¿ 2 cos x−cos x −2cos x+2 cos x
3
¿ 4 cos x−3 cos x

Example 7
Express tan3 x in terms of tan x

tan2 x +tan x
tan3 x=tan ( 2 x + x )=
1−tan 2 x tan x

¿
[ 2 tan x
1−tan x
2 ]
+ tan x

1−
[ 2 tan x
1−tan x
2
tan x
]
3
2 tan x + tan x−tan x
2
1−tan x
¿ 2 2
1−tan x−2 tan x
2
1−tan x
3
3 tan x−tan x
¿ 2
1−3 tan x

Example 8
Expand sin ( A+ B+C )

sin ( [ A+ B ] +C )=sin ( A+ B ) cos C+ cos ( A+ B ) sin C

¿ ( sin A cos B+cos A sin B ) cos C + ( cos A cos B−sin A sin B ) sin C
¿ sin A cos B cos C+ sin B cos A cos C+cos A cos B sinC−sin A sin B sin C

Example 9
3 5
If sin x= 5 , cos y = 13 where x and y are acute. Find without the use of a
calculator
i) sin ( x + y )
ii) cos ( x− y )
iii) tan ( x + y )

3 12
sin x= sin x=
5 13
4 5
cos x= cos x=
5 13

3 12
tan x= tan x=
4 5

sin ( x + y )=sin x cos y +cos x sin y

¿ ( ) ( )
3 5
+
4 12
5 13 5 13
63
¿
65

cos ( x− y )=cos x cos y +sin x sin y

¿ ( ) ( )
4 5
+
3 12
5 13 5 13
56
¿
65

tan x+ tan y
tan ( x + y ) =
1−tan x tan y
3 12
+
4 5
¿
1−
3 12
4 5 ( )
63
¿−
16

Example 10
° 1
Given that tan30 = √3 , without the use of a calculator find tan15
°
° °
tan15 =tan ( 45−30 )
° °
tan 45 −tan30
¿ ° °
1−tan 45 tan 30
1
1−
¿
√3 =2−√ 3
1+ 1
1
√3( )
°
2 tan15
tan2 ( 15 ) = 2 °
1−tan 15
°
° 2 tan 15 1
tan30 = =
1−tan 15 √ 3
2 °

2 √ 3 tan 15 =1−tan 15
° 2 °

tan 15 + 2 √ 3 tan 15 −1=0


2 ° °

tan15 =2− √3
°

Example 11
sin 3 θ+sin θ
Prove cos 3 θ+cos θ
≡ tan 2θ

2 sin2 θ cos θ
2cos 2θ cos θ
sin 2θ
¿ =tan 2 θ ∎
cos 2 θ

Example 12
Solve for 0 ≤ θ ≤180, cos 5 θ−cos θ=sin 3 θ

−2 sin 3 θ sin2 θ=sin 3 θ


sin 3 θ+2 sin 3 θ sin 2θ=0
sin 3 θ ( 1+2 sin2 θ ) =0
sin 3 θ=0 1+2 sin 2θ=0

−1
α =0 sin 2 θ=
2
°
α =30

0 ≤ θ ≤180
0 ≤ 2θ ≤ 360

° ° ° °
3 θ=0 ,180 ,360 ,540
° ° ° °
θ=0 , 60 , 120 ,180

° °
2 θ=210 ,330
° °
θ=105 ,165

° ° ° ° ° °
θ=0 , 60 , 105 ,120 ,165 , 180

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