22CSL57

Computer Networks Laboratory

[As per Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) scheme]
(Effective from the academic year 2022-2023)
SEMESTER – V
Subject Code 22CSL57 CIE Marks 50
Number of
0:0:2 SEE Marks 50
Laboratory
Hours/Week
Total Teaching
30 Exam Hours 03
hours
CREDITS – 01
Course objectives: This course will enable students
Course Objectives:
1. Explain the ns3 simulator, installation and its application.
2. Illustrate the creation of point-to-point link, TCP, UDP protocols its connection.
3. Demonstrate the connection establishment of network computing devices.
4. Discuss tracking, testing, analyzing the network.
1. Using TCP/IP Socket programming implement a program to transfer the contents of a requested file
from server to the client using TCP/IP sockets.
2. Implement the data link layer farming methods such as character, character stuffing and bit stuffing.
3. Implement on a data of set of characters the three CRC polynomials-CRC 12, CRC 16 and CRC CCIP.
4. Write a program for frame sorting techniques used in buffers.
5. Write a program for Hamming Code generation for error detection and correction.
6. Take an example subnet graph with weights indicating delay between nodes. Now obtain routing table at
each node using distance vector routing algorithm.
7. Using bucket algorithm, design a program to achieve traffic management at flow level by implementing
closed loop control technique.
8. Using RSA algorithm encrypt a text data and decrypt the same.
9. a) Write a NS3 program to connect two nodes with a point-to-point link, which have unique interface.
Analyze the network performance using UDP client server.
b) Write NS 3 Program to configure two nodes on an 802.11b physical layer, with802.11b NICs in Ad
hoc mode, and by default, sends one packet of 1000 (application) bytes to the other node. The physical
layer is configured to receive at a fixed RSS (regardless of the distance and transmit power); therefore,
changing position of the nodes has no effect. Analyze the performance.
10. a Configure network topology using switch and router (LAN, Internet).
b Configure network topology to implement VLAN using packet tracer.

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1. Using TCP/IP Socket programming, implement a program to transfer the contents of

a requested file from server to the client using TCP/IP Sockets.

// client.c

#include <stdio.h>

#include <arpa/inet.h>

#include <unistd.h>

int main() {

int soc = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);

if (soc < 0) return 1; // Exit if socket creation fails

struct sockaddr_in addr = {

.sin_family = AF_INET,

.sin_port = htons(7891),

.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr("127.0.0.1")

};

if (connect(soc, (struct sockaddr *) &addr, sizeof(addr)) == 0) {

printf("Connected to server\nEnter file name: ");

char fname[50], buffer[1024];

scanf("%s", fname);

send(soc, fname, sizeof(fname), 0);

printf("Response:\n");

while (recv(soc, buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0) > 0)

printf("%s", buffer);

} else {

perror("Connection failed");

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close(soc);

return 0;

//server.c

#include <stdio.h>

#include <arpa/inet.h>

#include <fcntl.h>

#include <unistd.h>

int main() {

int welcome = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);

struct sockaddr_in addr = { .sin_family = AF_INET, .sin_port = htons(7891), .sin_addr.s_addr =

inet_addr("127.0.0.1") };

bind(welcome, (struct sockaddr*)&addr, sizeof(addr));

printf("Server is online, waiting for connections...\n");

listen(welcome, 5);

int new_soc = accept(welcome, NULL, NULL);

char fname[50], buffer[1024];

recv(new_soc, fname, sizeof(fname), 0);

printf("Request received for file: %s\n", fname);

int fd = open(fname, O_RDONLY);

if (fd < 0) {

send(new_soc, "File not found\n", 15, 0);

printf("File not found, notified client.\n");

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} else {

printf("File found, sending contents to client...\n");

int n;

while ((n = read(fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer))) > 0)

send(new_soc, buffer, n, 0);

close(fd);

close(new_soc);

close(welcome);

printf("Request completed.\n");

return 0;

OUTPUT

Client. C

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SERVER.C

2. Implement the data link layer farming methods such as character, character stuffing
and bit stuffing.

(a) Character stuffing

//program for character stuffing

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

void character_stuffing(const char *input, char *output, char ch, int pos) {
const char *dle = "dle";
strcpy(output, "dlestx");
int j = 6;

for (int i = 0; input[i] != '\0'; i++) {

if (i == pos - 1) {
strcat(output + j, dle);
output[j + 3] = ch;
strcat(output + j + 4, dle);
j += 7;
} else if (!strncmp(&input[i], dle, 3)) {
strcat(output + j, dle);
j += 3;
}
output[j++] = input[i];
}
strcat(output + j, "dleetx");
}

int main() {
char input[20], output[50];
int pos;
char ch;

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printf("Enter string: ");

scanf("%s", input);
printf("Enter stuffing position and character: ");
scanf("%d %c", &pos, &ch);

character_stuffing(input, output, ch, pos);

printf("Frame after stuffing: %s\n", output);
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:

Enter String:
haiarchana
Enter position:
4
Enter the Character
K
Frame after stuffing:
Dlestxhaidlekdlearchanadleetx

(b) Bit stuffing

#include <stdio.h>

void bit_stuffing(int *input, int n) {

int output[50], j = 0, count = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
output[j++] = input[i];
if (input[i] == 1) {
count++;
if (count == 5) {
output[j++] = 0;
count = 0;
}
} else {
count = 0;
}
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}
printf("After stuffing: ");
for (int i = 0; i < j; i++) printf("%d", output[i]);
printf("\n");
}

int main() {
int n, input[20];
printf("Enter frame length and bits: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) scanf("%d", &input[i]);

bit_stuffing(input, n);
return 0;
}

OUTPUT

3. Write a C program to implement on a data set characters the three CRC polynomials
– CRC 12, CRC 16, and CRC CCIP.

// program for Cyclic Redundancy Check

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int data[50], div[16], rem[16];
int datalen = 0, divlen = 0;

// Input data
printf("Enter the data (0s and 1s): ");
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char ch;
while ((ch = getchar()) != '\n')
data[datalen++] = ch - '0';

// Input divisor
printf("Enter the divisor (0s and 1s): ");
while ((ch = getchar()) != '\n')
div[divlen++] = ch - '0';

// Append zeros to data for CRC

for (int i = 0; i < divlen - 1; i++)
data[datalen + i] = 0;

// Initialize remainder with the first part of the data

for (int i = 0; i < divlen; i++)
rem[i] = data[i];

// Perform division
for (int i = divlen; i <= datalen + divlen - 1; i++) {
if (rem[0] == 1) {
for (int j = 1; j < divlen; j++)
rem[j - 1] = rem[j] ^ div[j];
} else {
for (int j = 1; j < divlen; j++)
rem[j - 1] = rem[j];
}
rem[divlen - 1] = data[i];
}

// Combine remainder with data for the final message

for (int i = 0; i < divlen - 1; i++)
data[datalen + i] = rem[i];

// Display final data

printf("The data to be sent is: ");
for (int i = 0; i < datalen + divlen - 1; i++)
printf("%d", data[i]);
printf("\n");

return 0;
}

OUTPUT:

Enter the data(0s and 1s): 10101111

Enter the divisor(0s and 1s): 1011
The data to be sent is:10101111110

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4. Write a program for frame sorting technique used in buffers.

#include <stdio.h>

typedef struct {

int num;

char str[50];

} Frame;

void sort(Frame arr[], int n) {

for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; i++) {

for (int j = i + 1; j < n; j++) {

if (arr[i].num > arr[j].num) {

Frame temp = arr[i];

arr[i] = arr[j];

arr[j] = temp;

int main() {

int n;
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printf("Enter number of frames: ");

scanf("%d", &n);

Frame arr[n];

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

printf("Enter frame number and content: ");

scanf("%d %s", &arr[i].num, arr[i].str);

sort(arr, n);

printf("Sorted frames:\n");

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

printf("%d\t%s\n", arr[i].num, arr[i].str);

return 0;

OUTPUT

5. Write a program for Hamming Code generation for error detection and correction.
#include<stdio.h>

void main() {
int data[7], dataAtRec[7], c1, c2, c3, c, i;

printf("Enter 4 bits of data:\n");

for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
scanf("%d", &data[i]);

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// Calculate parity bits

data[3] = data[0] ^ data[1] ^ data[2];
data[5] = data[0] ^ data[1] ^ data[4];
data[6] = data[0] ^ data[2] ^ data[4];

printf("\nEncoded data: ");

for (i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
printf("%d", data[i]);
}
printf("\n");

printf("\nEnter received data bits:\n");

for (i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
scanf("%d", &dataAtRec[i]);
}

// Calculate parity check bits

c1 = dataAtRec[6] ^ dataAtRec[4] ^ dataAtRec[2] ^ dataAtRec[0];
c2 = dataAtRec[5] ^ dataAtRec[4] ^ dataAtRec[1] ^ dataAtRec[0];
c3 = dataAtRec[3] ^ dataAtRec[2] ^ dataAtRec[1] ^ dataAtRec[0];
c = c3 * 4 + c2 * 2 + c1;

if (c == 0) {
printf("\nNo error detected.\n");
} else {
printf("\nError at position %d\n", c + 1);
// Correct the error
dataAtRec[7 - c] = (dataAtRec[7 - c] == 0) ? 1 : 0;

printf("\nCorrected data: ");

for (i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
printf("%d", dataAtRec[i]);
}
printf("\n");
}
}
OUTPUT

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6. Take an example subnet graph with weights indicating delay between nodes. Now
obtain Routing table at each node using distance vector routing algorithm.
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int nodes, cost[10][10];
printf("Enter number of nodes: ");
scanf("%d", &nodes);
printf("Enter cost matrix:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < nodes; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < nodes; j++)
scanf("%d", &cost[i][j]);

for (int i = 0; i < nodes; i++) {

printf("Router %d:\n", i + 1);
for (int j = 0; j < nodes; j++)
printf("Node %d via %d, Cost: %d\n", j + 1, i + 1, cost[i][j]);
}
return 0;
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}
OUTPUT

7. Using Leaky Bucket Algorithm, Design a program to achieve Traffic management at

Flow level by implementing Closed Loop Control technique.

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int bucketSize, outputRate, line, packetRate[25], currentSize = 0;

// Input bucket size and output rate

printf("Enter bucket size and output rate: ");

scanf("%d %d", &bucketSize, &outputRate);

// Input number of lines

printf("Enter the number of input lines: ");

scanf("%d", &line);

// Input the packet rate for each line

printf("Enter packet rate for %d lines: ", line);

for (int i = 0; i < line; i++) {

scanf("%d", &packetRate[i]);
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// Process each packet rate

for (int i = 0; i < line; i++) {

currentSize += packetRate[i]; // Add packet to the bucket

// Check if bucket overflows

if (currentSize <= bucketSize) {

printf("Input from line %d with rate %d added to the bucket. Current size: %d\n", i + 1,
packetRate[i], currentSize);

} else {

currentSize -= packetRate[i]; // Discard packet if overflow

printf("Input from line %d with rate %d discarded. Current size: %d\n", i + 1, packetRate[i],
currentSize);

// Output the packets at the specified output rate

if (currentSize <= outputRate) {

printf("All packets sent at output rate %d. Bucket empty.\n", currentSize);

currentSize = 0;

} else {

currentSize -= outputRate;

printf("Packets sent at output rate %d. Remaining bucket size: %d\n", outputRate, currentSize);

return 0;

OUTPUT

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8) Using RSA algorightm Encrypt the text and Decrypt the Same.

#include <openssl/rsa.h>

#include <openssl/pem.h>

#include <openssl/err.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <string.h>

void handle_errors() {

ERR_print_errors_fp(stderr);

abort();

RSA* generate_rsa_keypair(int bits) {

RSA* rsa = RSA_new() BIGNUM* bn = BN_new();

if (!BN_set_word(bn, RSA_F4)) handle_errors();

ifRSA_generate_key_ex(rsa, bits, bn, NULL)) handle_errors();

BN_free(bn);

return rsa;
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int main() {

// Step 1: Generate RSA Key Pair

int bits = 2048;

RSA *rsa = generate_rsa_keypair(bits);

// Step 2: Prepare the message to encrypt

const char *message = "Hello, RSA encryption!";

unsigned char encrypted[256]; // Buffer for encrypted message

unsigned char decrypted[256]; // Buffer for decrypted message

int encrypted_length, decrypted_length;

printf("Original message: %s\n", message);

// Step 3: Encrypt the message using the public key

encrypted_length = RSA_public_encrypt(strlen(message), (unsigned char*)message, encrypted,

rsa, RSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING);

if (encrypted_length == -1) handle_errors();

printf("Encrypted message: ");

for(int i = 0; i < encrypted_length; i++)

printf("%02x", encrypted[i]);

printf("\n");

// Step 4: Decrypt the message using the private key

decrypted_length = RSA_private_decrypt(encrypted_length, encrypted, decrypted, rsa,

RSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING);

if (decrypted_length == -1) handle_errors();

decrypted[decrypted_length] = '\0';
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printf("Decrypted message: %s\n", decrypted);

// Clean up

RSA_free(rsa);

return 0;

9) a) Write a NS3 program to connect two nodes with a point-to-point link, which have a unique
interface. Analyze the network performance using UDP client server.

#include "ns3/core-module.h"

#include "ns3/network-module.h"

#include "ns3/internet-module.h"

#include "ns3/point-to-point-module.h"

#include "ns3/applications-module.h"

using namespace ns3;

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {

CommandLine cmd;

cmd.Parse(argc, argv);

// Create two nodes

NodeContainer nodes;

nodes.Create(2);

// Set up the point-to-point link

PointToPointHelper pointToPoint;
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pointToPoint.SetDeviceAttribute("DataRate", StringValue("5Mbps"));

pointToPoint.SetChannelAttribute("Delay", StringValue("2ms"));

// Install network devices

NetDeviceContainer devices;

devices = pointToPoint.Install(nodes);

// Install Internet stack

InternetStackHelper internet;

internet.Install(nodes);

// Assign IP addresses

Ipv4AddressHelper address;

address.SetBase("10.1.1.0", "255.255.255.0");

Ipv4InterfaceContainer interfaces = address.Assign(devices);

// Set up the UDP server on node 1

uint16_t port = 9; // Well-known port for echo

UdpServerHelper server(port);

ApplicationContainer serverApp = server.Install(nodes.Get(1));

serverApp.Start(Seconds(1.0));

serverApp.Stop(Seconds(10.0));

// Set up the UDP client on node 0

UdpClientHelper client(interfaces.GetAddress(1), port);

client.SetAttribute("MaxPackets", UintegerValue(320));

client.SetAttribute("Interval", TimeValue(Seconds(0.05)));

client.SetAttribute("PacketSize", UintegerValue(1024));
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ApplicationContainer clientApp = client.Install(nodes.Get(0));

clientApp.Start(Seconds(2.0));

clientApp.Stop(Seconds(10.0));

// Enable tracing

pointToPoint.EnablePcapAll("point-to-point-udp");

// Run the simulation

Simulator::Run();

Simulator::Destroy();

return 0;

9) b) Write NS3 program to configure two nodes on an 802.11b physical layer, 802.11b NICs in AD
hoc mode, and by default, sends one packet of 1000(applications) bytes to the other node. The
physical layer is configured to receive at a fixed RSS (regardless of distance and the transmit power);
therefore changing the position of the nodes has no effect. Analyze the performance.

#include "ns3/core-module.h"

#include "ns3/network-module.h"

#include "ns3/internet-module.h"

#include "ns3/yans-wifi-helper.h"

#include "ns3/mobility-helper.h"
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#include "ns3/wifi-module.h"

#include "ns3/applications-module.h"

using namespace ns3;

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {

CommandLine cmd;

cmd.Parse(argc, argv);

// Create two nodes

NodeContainer nodes;

nodes.Create(2);

// Configure the WiFi physical layer with 802.11b standard

YansWifiChannelHelper channel = YansWifiChannelHelper::Default();

YansWifiPhyHelper phy = YansWifiPhyHelper::Default();

phy.SetChannel(channel.Create());

phy.Set("RxGain", DoubleValue(0));

phy.Set("CcaMode1Threshold", DoubleValue(-64));

phy.Set("TxPowerStart", DoubleValue(16));

phy.Set("TxPowerEnd", DoubleValue(16));

phy.Set("RxNoiseFigure", DoubleValue(7));

// Fixed RSS irrespective of distance

phy.Set("FixedRssDbm", DoubleValue(-50));

// Configure the WiFi MAC layer

WifiHelper wifi;
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wifi.SetStandard(WIFI_STANDARD_80211b);

WifiMacHelper mac;

mac.SetType("ns3::AdhocWifiMac");

// Install WiFi devices

NetDeviceContainer devices = wifi.Install(phy, mac, nodes);

// Install Internet stack

InternetStackHelper internet;

internet.Install(nodes);

// Assign IP addresses

Ipv4AddressHelper address;

address.SetBase("10.1.2.0", "255.255.255.0");

Ipv4InterfaceContainer interfaces = address.Assign(devices);

// Mobility model - fixed positions

MobilityHelper mobility;

mobility.SetPositionAllocator("ns3::GridPositionAllocator",

"MinX", DoubleValue(0.0),

"MinY", DoubleValue(0.0),

"DeltaX", DoubleValue(5.0),

"DeltaY", DoubleValue(0.0),

"GridWidth", UintegerValue(2),

"LayoutType", StringValue("RowFirst"));

mobility.SetMobilityModel("ns3::ConstantPositionMobilityModel");

mobility.Install(nodes);

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// UDP Application setup

UdpServerHelper server(9);

ApplicationContainer serverApp = server.Install(nodes.Get(1));

serverApp.Start(Seconds(1.0));

serverApp.Stop(Seconds(10.0));

UdpClientHelper client(interfaces.GetAddress(1), 9);

client.SetAttribute("MaxPackets", UintegerValue(1));

client.SetAttribute("Interval", TimeValue(Seconds(1.0)));

client.SetAttribute("PacketSize", UintegerValue(1000));

ApplicationContainer clientApp=client.Install(nodes.Get(0));

clientApp.Start(Seconds(2.0));

clientApp.Stop(Seconds(10.0));

// Enable tracing

phy.EnablePcap("wifi-adhoc", devices);

// Run simulation

Simulator::Run();

Simulator::Destroy();

return 0

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