INTRODUCTION TO THE

STATISTICAL

CONCEPTS
Ms. Rosalene p. canlas, lpt
 OBJECTIVES
After successful completion of this module, you should b
able to:

•Define statistics.
•Enumerate the importance and limitations of statistics
•Explain the process of statistics
••Know the difference between descriptive and inferential
statistics.
•Distinguish between qualitative and quantitativ
variables.
•Distinguish between discrete and continuous variables.
• Determine the level of measurement of a variable
 Statistics

Statistics is the science of collecting,

organizing, summarizing, and analyzing
information to draw conclusions or answer
questions. In addition, statistics is about
providing a measure of confidence in any
conclusions.
 Statistics
Let’s break this definition into four parts. The
firstpart states that statistics involves the
collection of information. The second refers to
the organization and summarization of
information. The third states that the
information is analyzed to draw conclusions or
answer specific questions. The fourth part
states that results should be reported using
some measure that represents how convinced
we are that our conclusions reflect reality.
 Statistics
•Statistics is important because it enables people
to make decisions based on empirical evidence.

• Statistics provides us with tools needed to

convert massive data into pertinent information
that can be used in decision making.

• Statistics can provide us information that we

can use to make sensible decisions.
 Statistics

What information is referred to in

the definition?
 Statistics
The information referred to the definition is the
data.

According to the Merriam Webster dictionary,

data are “factual information used as a basis for
reasoning, discussion, or calculation”.

Data can be numerical, as in height, or

nonnumerical, as in gender. In either case
data describe characteristics of an individual.
Field of Statistics

A. Mathematical Statistics-
The study and development of
statistical theory and methods
in the abstract.
Field of Statistics

B. Applied Statistics- The application of

statistical methods to solve real problems
involving randomly generated data and the
development of new statistical methodology
motivated by real problems.

Example branches of Applied Statistics:

psychometric, econometrics, and biostatistics.
Limitation of Statistics

• Statistics is not suitable to the study of

qualitative phenomenon.
• Statistics does not study individuals.
• Statistical laws are not exact.
• Statistics table may be misused.
• Statistics is only, one of the methods of
studying a problem.
 Definitions of terms:

• Universe is the set of all entities under study.

• A Population is the total or entire group of individuals or

observations from which information is desired by a
researcher. Apart from persons, a population may consist of
mosquitoes, villages, institution, etc.
 Definitions of terms:

• An individual is a person or object that is a member

of the population being studied.

• A statistic is a numerical summary of a sample

• Sample is the subset of the population.

 Definitions of terms:
• Descriptive statistics consist of organizing and summarizing
data. Descriptive statistics describe data through numerical
summaries, tables, and graphs.

• Inferential statistics uses methods that take a result from a

sample, extend it to the population, and measure the reliability of
the result.

• A parameter is a numerical summary of a population.

EXAMPLE: Consider the scenario.

You are walking down the street and notice

that a person walking in front of you drops
PHP100. Nobody seems to notice the PHP100
except you. Since you could keep the money
without anyone knowing, would you keep the
money or return it to the owner?
 EXAMPLE: Consider the scenario.

Suppose you wanted to use this scenario as a gauge of the

morality of students at your school by determining the
percent of students who would return the money. How might
you do this? You could attempt to present the scenario to
every student at the school, but this would be difficult or
impossible if the student body is large. A second possibility
is to present the scenario to 50 students and use the results
to make a statement about all the students at the school.
EXAMPLE: Consider the scenario.

In the PHP100 study presented, the

population
is all the students at the school. Each
student is an individual. The sample is the
50 students selected to participate in the
study.
 EXAMPLE: Consider the scenario.

Suppose 39 of the 50 students stated that they would return

the money to the owner. We could present this result by
saying that the percent of students in the survey who would
return the money to the owner is 78%. This is an example of
a descriptive statistic because it describes the results of
the sample without making any general conclusions about
the population. So, 78% is a statistic because it is a
numerical summary based on a sample.
Descriptive statistics make it easier to get an overview of
what the data are telling us.
 EXAMPLE: Consider the scenario.

If we extend the results of our sample to the population, we

are performing inferential statistics. The generalization
contains uncertainty because a sample cannot tell us
everything about a population. Therefore, inferential
statistics includes a level of confidence in the results. So,
rather than saying that 78% of all students would return the
money, we might say that we are 95% confident that between
74% and 82% of all students would return the money. Notice
how this inferential statement includes a level of confidence
(measure of reliability) in our results.
EXAMPLE: Consider the scenario.

It also includes a range of values to

account for the variability in our
results. One goal of inferential
statistics is to use statistics to
estimate parameters.
 PROCESS OF STATISTICS

1. Identify the research objective.

A researcher must determine the

question(s) he or she wants answered. The
question(s) must clearly identify the
population that is to be studied. Identify the
research objective.
 PROCESS OF STATISTICS

2. Collect the information needed to answer the questions.

Conducting research on an entire population is often

difficult and expensive, so we typically look at a sample.
This step is vital to the statistical process, because if the 1, 1, 1, 2,
data are not collected correctly, the conclusions drawn are
meaningless. Do not overlook
appropriate data collection.
the importance of
4, 5
 PROCESS OF STATISTICS

2. Collect the information needed to

answer the questions.

Example: A research objective is

1, 1, 1, 2,
presented. For each research objective,
identify the population and sample in 4, 5
the study.
 PROCESS OF STATISTICS
2. Collect the information needed to
answer the questions.

Example:
1. The Philippine Mental Health Associations contacts
1, 1, 1, 2,
1,028 teenagers who are 13 to 17 years of age and live in
Antipolo City and asked whether or not they had been 4, 5
prescribed medications for any mental disorders, such as
depression or anxiety.
 PROCESS OF STATISTICS
2. Collect the information needed to
answer the questions.

Example:
Population: Teenagers 13 to 17 years of age who live in
1, 1, 1, 2,
Antipolo City
4, 5
Sample: 1,028 teenagers 13 to 17 years of age who live
in Antipolo City
 PROCESS OF STATISTICS
2. Collect the information needed to
answer the questions.

Example:
2. A farmer wanted to learn about the weight of
1, 1, 1, 2,
his soybean crop. He randomly sampled 100
plants and weighted the soybeans on each
4, 5
plant.
 PROCESS OF STATISTICS
2. Collect the information needed to
answer the questions.

Example:
1, 1, 1, 2,
Population: Entire soybean crop
4, 5
Sample: 100 selected soybean crop
 PROCESS OF STATISTICS
3. Organize and summarize the information.

Descriptive statistics allow the researcher to

obtain an overview of the data and can help
determine the type of statistical methods the
researcher should use.
 PROCESS OF STATISTICS

4. Draw conclusion from the information.

Take Note! If the entire population is studied,

then inferential statistics is not necessary,
because descriptive statistics will provide all
the information that we need regarding the
population.
ACTIVITY TIME:

GET A ¼ SHEET OF
PAPER. WRITE
YOUR NAME,
SECTION, AND THE
DATE TODAY.
END OF LESSON.

THANK YOU
☺