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Sunday 2-5 Notes

The document outlines the four pillars of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP): Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism, and Abstraction. Each pillar is defined with key points and examples illustrating their application in Python. The content is prepared by Faqeha Noor.

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6 views2 pages

Sunday 2-5 Notes

The document outlines the four pillars of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP): Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism, and Abstraction. Each pillar is defined with key points and examples illustrating their application in Python. The content is prepared by Faqeha Noor.

Uploaded by

ekki1608006
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sunday 2-5 Class Topics:

==> Pillars of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)


OOP is based on four main pillars that help in building modular, reusable, and
organized code.

- Encapsulation
-Definition:
==> Encapsulation is the process of wrapping data (variables) and code (methods)
together as a single unit (class), and restricting access to some of the object's
components.

Key Points:

Achieved using access modifiers (private, public, protected)

Keeps internal data safe from unintended access

Promotes data hiding.

Example:

class Student:
def __init__(self, name):
self.__name = name # private attribute

def get_name(self):
return self.__name

2. Inheritance
Definition:
Inheritance allows a class (child/subclass/Derived) to acquire properties and
methods from another class (parent/superclass/Base).

Key Points:

Promotes code reusability

Supports hierarchical classification

Example:
class Animal:
def speak(self):
print("Animal speaks")

class Dog(Animal):
def bark(self):
print("Dog barks")

3. Polymorphism
Definition:
Polymorphism means "many forms". It allows the same method to perform different
behaviors depending on the object or context.

Types:

Compile-time (Method Overloading) – Not directly supported in Python


Runtime (Method Overriding) – Supported in Python

Example:

class Animal:
def sound(self):
print("Animal sound")

class Cat(Animal):
def sound(self):
print("Meow")

4. Abstraction
Definition:
Abstraction means hiding complex implementation details and showing only the
essential features of the object.

Key Points:

Focuses on what an object does, not how it does it

Can be achieved using abstract classes or interfaces

Example:

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Shape(ABC):
@abstractmethod
def area(self):
pass

class Circle(Shape):
def area(self):
return 3.14 * 5 * 5

Preapred By:
Faqeha Noor

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