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Operating Systems Lesson 1

The document outlines a lesson plan for an introduction to Operating Systems, covering definitions, examples, evolution, and functions of OS. It includes details on assessments, such as quizzes and tests, and emphasizes the importance of respectful discussions. Key concepts include the differences between command-line interfaces and graphical user interfaces, as well as the historical progression of operating systems from serial processing to distributed systems.

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tsowasebtrevor
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4 views18 pages

Operating Systems Lesson 1

The document outlines a lesson plan for an introduction to Operating Systems, covering definitions, examples, evolution, and functions of OS. It includes details on assessments, such as quizzes and tests, and emphasizes the importance of respectful discussions. Key concepts include the differences between command-line interfaces and graphical user interfaces, as well as the historical progression of operating systems from serial processing to distributed systems.

Uploaded by

tsowasebtrevor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Instructions

• The Forum
Lively and respectful discussions are encouraged
Daily readings
Weekly discussion questions
• Quizzes and Worksheets
On eLearning platform
• Tests (Please note that your account must be up-to-date for you to take part in the
test)
Multiple choice questions
Shorts answer questions
Long answer questions
• All assessments will be graded and contribute to your continuous assessment marks
Enquiries and questions
Lecturer– Mr P. Musindo
Head of Department – Mr C. Kasumba

22/02/2021 Operating Systems


Topic

Introduction to Operating
Systems

Operating Systems 2
Lesson Overview

 This lesson will introduce you to Operating Systems. The lesson will begin
by defining an Operating System, followed by examples. The will then
proceed by looking at trends in the evolution of Operating Systems. The
lesson will finally look at the basic functions of an Operating System.

Operating Systems 3
Lesson Objective(s)

At the end of the lesson, students will be able to:


 define an Operating System (OS)
 outline examples of Operating Systems
 explain trends in the evolution of Operating Systems
 describe the functions of an Operating System in a computer
 compare between command-line interface and Graphical User Interface
(GUI)

Operating Systems 4
Introduction – definition

 An operating system is a program that controls the execution of application


programs and acts as an interface between the user of a computer and the
computer hardware.
 Acts as an intermediary between the user of a computer and computer
hardware.
 An operating system is concerned with the allocation of resources and
services, such as memory, processors, devices, and information.

Operating Systems 5
OS and the computer system

Operating Systems 6
Examples of Operating Systems (OS)

 Microsoft Windows (like Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows


Vista, and Windows XP) – for laptops and desktops
 Apple's macOS (formerly OS X) – for laptops and desktops
 Chrome OS – for netbooks
 Linux (LINUX MINT, MANJARO,DEBIAN,UBUNTU, SOLUS, FEDORA etc
and server versions such as Red Hat Enterprise Linux, Ubuntu Server,
Centos, SUSE Enterprise Linux) – from smartphones to cars,
supercomputers and home appliances, home desktops to enterprise
servers.
 Apple's iOS – for smartphones
 Google's Android – for smartphones
 Windows Server – for server

Operating Systems 7
Examples of Operating Systems (OS)

Operating Systems 8
OS Evolution

Operating Systems 9
OS Evolution – cont…

Serial Processing (1940s to the mid1950s)


 The programmers directly interact with the hardware by loading programs using
punch cards, magnetic tape. There was no operating system at that time.
Batch Processing (mid1950s)
 The first operating system. An operator loaded user jobs sequentially in batches
accessed by monitor software. The monitor processed each job in the order it
was loaded. When one job finished the monitor ran the next job in line from the
batch until all jobs completed.
Multiprogramming (1965 -1970s)
 Multiprogramming is a technique to execute the number of programs
simultaneously by a single processor. In multiprogramming, a number of
processes reside in main memory at a time. The CPU is kept busy and switches
from one process to another if an I/O wait is established (Multitasking).

Operating Systems 10
OS Evolution – cont…

Time Sharing System (1980s)


 Time-sharing or multitasking is a logical extension of multiprogramming.
Multiple jobs are executed by the CPU switching between them. The CPU
scheduler selects a job from the ready queue and switches the CPU to that job.
When the time slot expires, the CPU switches from this job to another.
Parallel System (mid1980s)
 Multiprocessor systems having more than one processor in close
communication, sharing the computer bus, the clock, and sometimes memory
and peripheral devices. These systems are referred to as "Tightly Coupled"
system.
Distributed System
 In a distributed operating system, the processors cannot share a memory or a
clock, each processor has its own local memory. The processor communicates
with one another through various communication lines, such as high-speed
buses. These systems are referred to as "Loosely Coupled" systems.

Operating Systems 11
Graphical user interfaces (GUIs)

 A GUI (graphical user interface) is a system of interactive visual components for


computer software.
 GUI objects include icons, cursors, and buttons.
 Examples of GUI based OSs: Microsoft Windows, macOS, Chrome OS, Linux
variants like Ubuntu using a GUI interface.

Features of GUIs
 They are much easier to use for beginners.
 They enable you to easily exchange information between software using cut
and paste or 'drag and drop'.
 They use a lot of memory and processing power. It can be slower to use
than a command-line interface if you are an expert user.
 They can be irritating to experienced users when simple tasks require a
number of operations.

Operating Systems 12
Command – Line Interfaces (CLIs)

 A command-line interface allows the user to interact with the computer by typing in
commands. The computer displays a prompt, the user keys in the command and
presses enter or return. Examples of CLI based Oss are the UNIX and the MS – DOS.

Features of a CLIs
 Commands must be typed correctly and in the right order or the command will not
work.
 Experienced users who know the commands can work very quickly without having to
find their way around menus.
 An advantage of command driven programs is that they do not need the memory and
processing power of the latest computer and will often run on lower spec machines.
 Command driven programs do not need to run in Windows.
 A command-line interface can run many programs, for example a batch file could
launch half a dozen programs to do its task.
 An inexperienced user can sometimes find a command driven program difficult to use
because of the number of commands that have to be learnt.
Operating Systems 13
Functions of an OS

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Summary

 An operating system is a program that controls the execution of application programs


and acts as an interface between the user of a computer and the computer hardware.
 An operating system acts as an intermediary between the user of a computer and
computer hardware.
 Examples of OSs are; Microsoft Windows, MacOS, iOS, Android, Linux etc.
 The evolution of OSs began with Serial Processing then Batch Processing,
Multiprogramming, Time-Sharing, Parallel Processing through to Distributed
Processing.
 A GUI (graphical user interface) is a system of interactive visual components for
computer software.
 A command-line interface allows the user to interact with the computer by typing in
commands.
 Functions of an operating system include; processor management, device
management, memory management, security, file management etc.

Operating Systems 15
Review / discussion questions

 Distinguish between the following:


a. Multitasking & Multiprogramming
b. Time-sharing & Batch Processing Operating Systems
 Outline any 5 examples of Operating Systems you know
 Describe the main functions of an Operating System

Operating Systems 16
Resources

 Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vBURTt97EkA
 Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZZK8ETiYrpY
 Stallings, W (2018).Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles (9th
Edition)
 Study Guide

Operating Systems 17
The End

Thank you

Operating Systems 18

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