2.

1
Linear and
Quadratic
Functions and
Modeling
Copyright © 2011 Pearson, Inc.
 What you’ll learn about
 Polynomial Functions
 Linear Functions and Their Graphs
 Average Rate of Change
 Linear Correlation and Modeling
 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs
 Applications of Quadratic Functions

… and why
Many business and economic problems are modeled by
linear functions. Quadratic and higher degree
polynomial functions are used to model some
manufacturing applications.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson, Inc. Slide 2.1 - 2
 Polynomial Function

Let n be a nonnegative integer and let a0 ,a1 ,a2 ,...,an1 ,an

be real numbers with an  0. The function given by
f (x)  an x n  an1 x n1  ...  a2 x 2  a1 x  a0
is a polynomial function of degree n.
The leading coefficient is an .

The zero function f x  0 is a polynomial function.
It has no degree and no leading coefficient.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson, Inc. Slide 2.1 - 3

 Polynomial Functions of
No and Low Degree
Name Form Degree
Zero Function f(x) = 0 Undefined

Constant Function f(x) = a (a ≠ 0) 0

Linear Function f(x) = ax + b (a ≠ 0) 1

Quadratic Function f(x) = ax2 + bx + c (a ≠ 0) 2

Copyright © 2011 Pearson, Inc. Slide 2.1 - 4

 Example Finding an Equation of a
Linear Function
Write an equation for the linear function f
such that f (1)  2 and f (2)  3.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson, Inc. Slide 2.1 - 5

 Example Finding an Equation of a
Linear Function
Write an equation for the linear function f
such that f (1)  2 and f (2)  3.
The line contains the points (1,2) and (2, 3). Find the slope:
3 2 1
m 
2 1 3
Use the point-slope formula and the point (2, 3):
y  y1  m(x  x1 ) 1 2 1 7
y3 x f (x)  x 
1 3 3 3 3
y  3  x  2  1 7
3 y x
3 3
Copyright © 2011 Pearson, Inc. Slide 2.1 - 6
 Average Rate of Change

The average rate of change of a function

y  f (x) between x  a and x  b, a  b, is
f (b)  f (a)
.
ba

Copyright © 2011 Pearson, Inc. Slide 2.1 - 7

 Constant Rate of Change Theorem

A function defined on all real numbers is a linear

function if and only if it has a constant nonzero
average rate of change between any two points
on its graph.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson, Inc. Slide 2.1 - 8

 Characterizing the Nature of
a Linear Function
Point of View Characterization
Verbal polynomial of degree 1
Algebraic f(x) = mx + b (m≠0)
Graphical slant line with slope m, y-intercept b
Analytical function with constant nonzero rate
of change m: f is increasing if m > 0,
decreasing if m < 0; initial value of
the function = f(0) = b

Copyright © 2011 Pearson, Inc. Slide 2.1 - 9

 Properties of the
Correlation Coefficient, r
1. –1 ≤ r ≤ 1
2. When r > 0, there is a positive linear
correlation.
3. When r < 0, there is a negative linear
correlation.
4. When |r| ≈ 1, there is a strong linear
correlation.
5. When |r| ≈ 0, there is weak or no linear
correlation.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson, Inc. Slide 2.1 - 10

 Linear Correlation

Copyright © 2011 Pearson, Inc. Slide 2.1 - 11

 Regression Analysis

1. Enter and plot the data (scatter plot).

2. Find the regression model that fits the
problem situation.
3. Superimpose the graph of the regression
model on the scatter plot, and observe the fit.
4. Use the regression model to make the
predictions called for in the problem.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson, Inc. Slide 2.1 - 12

 Example Transforming the Squaring
Function
Describe how to transform the graph of f (x)  x 2 into the
graph of f (x)  2 x  2   3.
2

Copyright © 2011 Pearson, Inc. Slide 2.1 - 13

 Example Transforming the Squaring
Function
Describe how to transform the graph of f (x)  x 2 into the
graph of f (x)  2 x  2   3.
2

The graph of f (x)  2 x  2   3

2

is obtained by vertically stretching

the graph of f (x)  x 2 by a factor
of 2 and translating the resulting
graph 2 units right and 3 units up.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson, Inc. Slide 2.1 - 14

 The Graph of f(x)=ax2

Copyright © 2011 Pearson, Inc. Slide 2.1 - 15

 Vertex Form of a Quadratic Equation

Any quadratic function f(x) = ax2 + bx + c,

a ≠ 0, can be written in the vertex form

f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k

The graph of f is a parabola with vertex (h, k)

and axis x = h, where h = –b/(2a) and
k = c – ah2. If a > 0, the parabola opens
upward, and if a < 0, it opens downward.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson, Inc. Slide 2.1 - 16

 Example Finding the Vertex and Axis
of a Quadratic Function
Use the vertex form of a quadratic function to find the
vertex and axis of the graph of f (x)  2x 2  8x  11.
Rewrite the equation in vertex form.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson, Inc. Slide 2.1 - 17

 Example Finding the Vertex and
Axis of a Quadratic Function
Use the vertex form of a quadratic function to find the
vertex and axis of the graph of f (x)  2x 2  8x  11.
Rewrite the equation in vertex form.
The standard polynomial form of f is f (x)  2x 2  8x  11;
a  2, b  8, c  11, and the coordinates of the vertex are
b 8
h   2 and k  f (h)  f (2)  2(2)2  8(2)  11  3.
2a 4
The equation of the axis is x  2, the vertex is (2,3), and the
vertex form of f is f (x)  2(x  2)2  3.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson, Inc. Slide 2.1 - 18
 Example Using Algebra to Describe
the Graph of a Quadratic Function
Use completing the square to describe the graph of
f (x)  4x 2  12x  8.
Support your answer graphically.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson, Inc. Slide 2.1 - 19

 Example Using Algebra to Describe
the Graph of a Quadratic Function
Use completing the square to describe the graph of
f (x)  4x 2  12x  8.
Support your answer graphically.

f (x)  4x 2  12x  8


 4 x 2  3x  8 
 4 x 2
 3x       8
 2  3  3 
2 2

 4  x  3x         8
  2  2 
Copyright © 2011 Pearson, Inc. Slide 2.1 - 20
 Example Using Algebra to Describe
the Graph of a Quadratic Function
Use completing the square to describe the graph of
f (x)  4x 2  12x  8.
Support your answer graphically.

 9  9
 4  x 2  3x 
   4    8
4 4
2
 3
 4  x    1
 2

Copyright © 2011 Pearson, Inc. Slide 2.1 - 21

 Example Using Algebra to Describe
the Graph of a Quadratic Function
Use completing the square to describe the graph of
f (x)  4x 2  12x  8.
Support your answer graphically.

The graph of f is a downward-

opening parabola with vertex
(3/2, 1) and axis of symmetry
x = 3/2. The x-intercepts are at
x = 1 and x = 2.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson, Inc. Slide 2.1 - 22

 Characterizing the Nature of
a Quadratic Function
Point of Characterization
View
Verbal polynomial of degree 2
Algebraic f(x) = ax2 + bx + c or
f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k (a ≠ 0)
Graphical parabola with vertex (h, k) and axis x = h;
opens upward if a > 0, opens downward if
a < 0; initial value = y-intercept = f(0) = c;
b  b 2  4ac
x-intercepts 
2a
Copyright © 2011 Pearson, Inc. Slide 2.1 - 23
 Vertical Free-Fall Motion

The height s and vertical velocity v of an object in

free fall are given by
1 2
s(t)   gt  v0 t  s0 and v(t)  gt  v0 ,
2
where t is time (in seconds), g  32 ft/sec 2  9.8 m/sec 2
is the acceleration due to gravity, v0 is the initial
vertical velocity of the object, and s0 is its initial height.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson, Inc. Slide 2.1 - 24

 Quick Review

1. Write an equation in slope-intercept form for a line

with slope m  2 and y-intercept 10.
2. Write an equation for the line containing the points
(  2, 3) and (3,4).
3. Expand (x  6)2 .
4. Expand (2x  3)2 .
5. Factor 2x 2  8x  8.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson, Inc. Slide 2.1 - 25

 Quick Review Solutions

1. Write an equation in slope-intercept form for a line

with slope m  2 and y-intercept 10. y  2x  10
2. Write an equation for the line containing the points
1
(  2, 3) and (3,4). y  4  x  3
5
3. Expand (x  6)2 . x 2  12x  36
4. Expand (2x  3)2 . 4 x 2  12x  9
5. Factor 2x  8x  8. 2 x  2 2 2

Copyright © 2011 Pearson, Inc. Slide 2.1 - 26