Program 1

Using Keil software, observe the various Registers, Dump, CPSR, with a simple Assembly
Language Programs (ALP).

ARM7
The full form of an ARM is an advanced reduced instruction set computer (RISC) machine,
and it is a 32-bit processor architecture expanded by ARM holdings. The applications of an
ARM processor include several microcontrollers as well as processors. The architecture of
an ARM processor was licensed by many corporations for designing ARM processor based
SoC products and CPUs.

Programmer's Model

ARM has a 32-bit data bus and a 32-bit address bus. The data types the processor supports are
Words (32 bits), where words must be aligned to four byte boundaries. Instructions are exactly one
word, and data operations (e.g. ADD) are only performed on word quantities. Load and store
operations can transfer words.

Registers

The processor has a total of 37 registers made up of 31 general 32 bit registers and 6 status registers.
At any one time 16 general registers (R0to R15) and one or two status registers are visible to the
programmer. The visible registers depend on the processor mode and the other registers (the banked
registers) are switched in to support IRQ, FIQ, Supervisor, Abort and undefined mode processing.
The register bank organization is shown in output.

In all modes 16 registers, R0 to R15, are directly accessible. All registers except R15 are general
purpose and may be used to hold data or address values. Register R15 holds the Program Counter
(PC). When R15 is read, bits [1:0] are zero and bits [31:2] contain the PC. A seventeenth register
(the CPSR - Current Program Status Register) is also accessible. It contains condition code flags
and the current mode bits and may be thought of as an extension to the PC. R14 is used as the
subroutine link register and receives a copy of R15 when a Branch and Link instruction is executed.
It may be treated as a general- purpose register at all other times. R14_svc, R14_irq, R14_fiq,
R14_abt and R14_und are used similarly to hold the return values of R15 when interrupts and
exceptions arise, or when Branch and Link instructions are executed within interrupt or exception
routines.
AIM: To write a simple Assembly Language Programs (ALP) using Keil software to observe
the various Registers, Dump, and CPSR.

Program:

AREA PG_1,CODE,READONLY
​ ​ ENTRY
​ ​ ​ MOV R1,#0X00000002
​ ​ ​ MOV R2,#0X00000004
​ ​ ​ ADD R3,R1,R2
STOP B STOP
​ END

Output: Write the output or paste the output screen

 Program 2
Develop and simulate ARM ALP for Data Transfer, Arithmetic and Logical operations
(Demonstrate with the help of a suitable program).

AIM: To write and simulate ARM assembly language programs for data transfer,
arithmetic and logical operations .

Program: Data Transfer Operations

AREA DATATRANSFER,CODE,READONLY

​ ​ ENTRY

​ ​ ​ LDR R9,=SRC

​ ​ ​ LDR R10,=DST

​ ​ ​ LDMIA R9!,{R0-R7}

​ ​ ​ STMIA R10!,{R0-R7}

SRC DCD 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8

​ ​ ​ AREA BLOCKDATA,DATA,READWRITE

DST DCD 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0

​ END

Output: Write the output or paste the output screen

Arithmetic Operations

AREA ARITH,CODE,READONLY

​ ​ ENTRY

​ ​ LDR R1,=20

​ ​ ​ LDR R2,=25
​ ​ ​ ADD R3,R1,R2

​ ​ ​ MUL R4,R1,R2

​ ​ ​ SUB R5,R1,R2

​ ​ ​

STOP B STOP

​ END

Output: Write the output or paste the output screen

Logical Operations

AREA LOGIC,CODE,READONLY

​ ​ ENTRY

​ ​ LDR R0,=5

​ ​ ​ LDR R1,=3

​ ​ ​ AND R4,R0,R1

​ ​ ​ ORR R5,R0,R1

​ ​ ​ EOR R6,R0,R1

​ ​ ​ BIC R7,R0,R1

STOP B STOP

​ END

Output: Write the output or paste the output screen

 Program 3
Develop an ALP to multiply two 16-bit binary numbers.

Aim: To write and simulate ARM assembly language program to multiply two 16-bit binary
numbers.

Program 1:

AREA MUL16BIT,CODE,READONLY

​ ​

​ ENTRY

​ ​ ​ MOV R1,#0x0006

​ ​ ​ MOV R2,#0x0006

​ ​ ​ MUL R3,R1,R2 ​ ​ ​

​ ​ ​

​ ​ ​ LDR R0,=RESULT

​ ​ ​ STR R3,[R0]

​ AREA DATA2,DATA,READWRITE

RESULT DCD 0X0

​ ​ ​ END

Output:
Program 2:

AREA SUM,CODE,READONLY

​ ENTRY

​ ​ ​ LDR R0,=NUM

​ ​ ​ LDRH R1,[R0]

​ ​ ​ LDRH R2,[R0,#2]​

​ ​ ​ MUL R3,R1,R2

STOP B STOP

NUM DCW 0X0006,0X0006

​ ​ ​ END

Output:

Program 3
Develop an ALP to multiply two 16-bit binary numbers.

Aim: Write a Program to multiply two 16-bit binary numbers.

Program:

​ AREA SUM,CODE,READONLY

​ ENTRY

​ ​ ​ LDR R0,=NUM

​ ​ ​ LDRH R1,[R0]
​ ​ ​ LDRH R2,[R0,#4]​

​ ​ ​ MUL R3,R1,R2

STOP B STOP

NUM DCD 0x00000006, 0x00000006

​ ​ ​ END

Output: Write the output or paste the output screen

Learning Outcomes:

Extra Program:

AREA MUL16BIT,CODE,READONLY

​ ​

​ ENTRY

​ ​ ​ MOV R1,#0x0006

​ ​ ​ MOV R2,#0x0006

​ ​ ​ MUL R3,R1,R2 ​ ​ ​

​ ​ ​

​ ​ ​ LDR R0,=RESULT

​ ​ ​ STR R3,[R0]

​ AREA DATA2,DATA,READWRITE

RESULT DCD 0X0

​ ​ ​ END
 Program 4

Develop an ALP to find the sum of first 10 integer numbers

Aim:Write a program to find the sum of the first 10 integer numbers.

Program:

AREA SUM,CODE,READONLY

​ ENTRY

​ ​ ​ LDR R0,=ARRAY

​ ​ ​ LDR R1,=10

​ ​ ​ LDR R2,=0​ ​

NEXT

​ ​ ​ ​ LDR R3,[R0],#4

​ ​ ​ ​ ADD R2,R2,R3

​ ​ ​ ​ SUB R1,R1,#1

​ ​ ​ ​ CMP R1,#0

​ ​ ​ ​ BNE NEXT

ARRAY DCD 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10

​ ​ ​ END

Output:

Learning Outcomes:
 PROGRAM 5

Develop an ALP to find the largest/smallest number in an array of 32 numbers

Aim:Write a program to find the largest/smallest number in an array of 32 numbers

Program: Largest number in an array of 32 numbers

AREA LARGEST_ARRAY,CODE,READONLY

​ ​ ENTRY

​ MOV R0,#5

​ ​ LDR R1,=ARRAY

​ ​ LDR R2,[R1],#4

​ ​ ​ ​ ​

LOOP LDR R3,[R1],#4

​ ​ ​ CMP R2,R3

​ ​ ​ BHI NEXT

​ ​ ​ MOV R2,R3

NEXT​SUBS R0,R0,#1

​ ​ BNE LOOP

STOP B STOP

ARRAY DCD 1,5,6,2,3,9

​ ​ END
 Smallest number in an array of 32 numbers

AREA LARGEST_ARRAY,CODE,READONLY

​ ​ ENTRY

​ MOV R0,#5

​ ​ LDR R1,=ARRAY

​ ​ LDR R2,[R1],#4

​ ​ ​ ​ ​

LOOP LDR R3,[R1],#4

​ ​ ​ CMP R2,R3

​ ​ ​ BLO NEXT

​ ​ ​ MOV R2,R3

NEXT​SUBS R0,R0,#1

​ ​ BNE LOOP

STOP B STOP

ARRAY DCD 9,5,6,2,3,1

​ ​ END

Output: Write the output or paste the output screen

Learning Outcomes:

PROGRAM 6

Develop an ALP to count the number of ones and zeros in two consecutive memory
locations.
AREA OZ,CODE,READONLY

​ ENTRY

​ ​ MOV R2,#0

​ ​ MOV R3,#0

​ ​ MOV R7,#2

​ ​ LDR R6,=NUM

LOOP MOV R1,#32

​ ​ LDR R0,[R6],#4

LOOP0​ MOVS R0,R0,ROR #1

​ ​ BHI ONES

ZEROS ADD R3,R3,#1

​ ​ B LOOP1

ONES ADD R2,R2,#1

LOOP1 SUBS R1,R1,#1

​ ​ BNE LOOP0

​ ​ SUBS R7,R7,#1

​ ​ BNE LOOP

STOP B STOP

NUM DCD 0x5,0X7

​ END

PROGRAM 7
Simulate a program in C for ARM microcontroller using KEIL to sort the numbers in
ascending/descending order using bubble sort.

#include<lpc21xx.h>
int main(void)
{
​ unsigned long int temp, arr[4]= {0x00000001, 0x00000002, 0x00000004,
0x00000003};
​ unsigned char i,j,n=4;
​ for (i=0;i<n-1;i++)
​ {
​ ​ for (j=0;j<n-1;j++)
​ ​ {
​ ​ ​ if (arr[j]<arr[j+1])
​ ​ ​ {
​ ​ ​ ​ temp = arr[j];
​ ​ ​ ​ arr[j]=arr[j+1];
​ ​ ​ ​ arr[j+1]= temp;
​ ​ ​ }
​ ​ }
​ }
}
 PROGRAM 8

Simulate a program in C for ARM microcontroller to find factorial of a number.

#include<lpc21xx.h>
int main(void) {
​ unsigned long n=5, fact=1;
​ unsigned char i;
​ if (n==0) {
​ ​ fact=1;
​ }
​ else if(n>0) {
​ ​ for (i=1;i<=n;i++)
​ ​ {
​ ​ ​ fact=fact*i;
​ ​ }
​ }
}

PROGRAM 9
Simulate a program in C for ARM microcontroller to demonstrate case conversion of
characters from upper to lowercase and lower to uppercase.
#include<lpc21xx.h>
int main()
{
​ unsigned char d, c[10]="abcdAB";
​ unsigned int i,j;
​ for(i=0;i<=10;i++)
​ {
​ ​
​ ​ int j=(int)c[i];
​ ​ if(j>=65 && j<=90)
​ {
​ ​ j=j+32;
​ ​ c[i]=(char)j;
​ }
​ else
​ {
​ ​ j=j-32;
​ ​ c[i]=(char)j;
​ }
}
​
}
 EXTRA PROGRAM
Simulate a program in c for ARM microcontrollers to display fibonacci
series:

#include<lpc21xx.h>

int main(void) {
unsigned int a = 0, b = 1, c, i;

for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

c = a + b;
a = b;
b = c;
}

while (1); // Infinite loop

}

Develop an ALP to display Fibonacci Series :

AREA FIB, CODE, READONLY

​ ENTRY
​ MOV R0, #0 ​ ​
​ SUB R0, R0, #1 ​
​ MOV R1, #1
​ MOV R4, #5
​ LDR R2, = FIBO​ ​
BACK
​ ADD R0, R1 ​
​ STR R0, [R2] ​​
​ ADD R2, #4 ​ ​
​
​ MOV R3, R0
​ MOV R0, R1
​ MOV R1, R3
​
​ SUB R4, #1 ​ ​
​ CMP R4, #0 ​ ​
​ BNE BACK ​ ​
STOP B STOP
​ AREA FIBONACCI, DATA, READWRITE
FIBO DCD 0,0,0,0,0
END