Official (Closed), Non‐Sensitive
MA2029
Ship Stability
Class 1 & 2 (Deck Officers)
Certificate of Competency Course
Lesson 14
Dry-Docking
Prepared by:
Capt. Mohamad Salleh A. Sarwan
Reviewed by:
Capt Osman Sam
Updated 2022
Lesson 14
Dry-Docking
Official (Closed), Non‐Sensitive
MA2029
Ship Stability
Dry-Docking
A vessel entering dry-dock should :
have sufficient GM
be upright
be slightly trimmed, usually by the stern
Lesson 14
Dry-Docking
© Copyright: Singapore Maritime Academy :- SP
Official (Closed), Non‐Sensitive
MA2029
Ship Stability
Dry-Docking
The general sequence of events during dry-docking includes:
lining-up over the keel block
closure of dock gates and commencement of pumping
reduction in rate of pumping as vessel’s stern post nears
the block
the critical period
further pumping caused the change in trim by the head
taking the blocks overall
Lesson 14
Dry-Docking
Official (Closed), Non‐Sensitive
MA2029
Ship Stability
The Critical Period
Definition: The interval of time commencing from
the time the vessel’s stern post landed on the
block until the vessel sits on the blocks overall.
During the critical period, part of the weight of the ship is
being borne by the blocks.
This creates an upthrust causing a virtual loss of GM which
may be calculated.
Positive GM needs to be maintained throughout the critical
period, or the ship may heel over and perhaps slip off the
blocks with disastrous results.
Lesson 14
Dry-Docking
© Copyright: Singapore Maritime Academy :- SP
Official (Closed), Non‐Sensitive
MA2029
Ship Stability
Calculating the Upthrust “P”
P
W F L
l
From the figure, trimming-moment = P x l
and trimming-moment is also = MCTC x change in trim (t)
P x l = MCTC x t
Therefore, P = MCTC x t
l
where, P = the upthrust in tonnes
t = Change in trim in cms
l = distance of C.F. from aft perpendicular in metres
Lesson 14
Dry-Docking
Official (Closed), Non‐Sensitive
MA2029
Ship Stability
Calculating the Upthrust “P”
The upthrust “P” can be calculated by the following
formula:
P
W F L
l
P = MCTC x Change in Trim
----------------------------------
l
Lesson 14
Dry-Docking
© Copyright: Singapore Maritime Academy :- SP
Official (Closed), Non‐Sensitive
MA2029
Ship Stability
Dry-Docking
P
W-P Should the vessel be inclined by an
external force during the critical
period, we can identify three
M
parallel forces acting in
W
ǿ
L
equilibrium on the vessel as
shown:
G
B B’
the weight of the ship W
K acting downwards through G
the upthrust P acting
W upwards through K
the buoyancy force (W – P)
acting upwards through B
Lesson 14
Dry-Docking
Official (Closed), Non‐Sensitive
MA2029
Ship Stability
Dry-Docking – Virtual Loss of GM
P
W-P Method 1:
From the figure, consider the two parallel
forces W and P. Their resultant W-P will act
M downwards through G’ such that :
x
G’ ǿ
W L
5t 5m
Gy
4m
ǿ
K W-P
W
25t 20t
25 x 1 = 5 x 5
Wxy=Pxx
Lesson 14
Dry-Docking
© Copyright: Singapore Maritime Academy :- SP
Official (Closed), Non‐Sensitive
MA2029
Ship Stability
Dry-Docking – Virtual Loss of GM
P
W-P Method 1:
From the figure, consider the two parallel
forces W and P. Their resultant W-P will act
M downwards through G’ such that :
x
G’ ǿ Wxy = Pxx
W L
W x GG’ x sin ǿ = P x KG’ x sin ǿ
Gy W x GG’ = P x KG’
ǿ
= P (KG + GG’)
K W-P
= P x KG + P x GG’
W x GG’ – P x GG’ = P x KG
W
GG’ (W – P) = P x KG
GG’ = P x KG
W–P
Lesson 14
Dry-Docking
Official (Closed), Non‐Sensitive
MA2029
Ship Stability
Dry-Docking – Virtual Loss of GM
P Method 2:
WW-P
From the figure, consider the two parallel
forces P and (W-P). Their resultant W will act
M upwards through M’ such that :
ǿ
W
M’
L
5t 25t 20t
x y
G 4m 1m
B B’
K
W
20 x 1 = 5 x 4
(W-P) x y = P x x
Lesson 14
Dry-Docking
© Copyright: Singapore Maritime Academy :- SP
Official (Closed), Non‐Sensitive
MA2029
Ship Stability
Dry-Docking – Virtual Loss of GM
P The upthrust P will cause a virtual loss of
WW-P GM. The virtual loss can be calculated
by two methods:
M Method 2:
ǿ From the figure, consider the two parallel
W L
forces P and (W-P). Their resultant W will act
M’
x y upwards through M’ such that :
G
B B’ (W – P) x y = P x x
K (W – P) MM’ x sin ǿ = P x KM’ x sin ǿ
(W – P) MM’ = P x KM’
W x MM’ – P x MM’ = P x KM’
W
W x MM’ = P x KM’ + P x MM’
W x MM’ = P (KM’ + MM’) = P x KM
Therefore, MM’ = P x KM
W
Lesson 14
Dry-Docking
Official (Closed), Non‐Sensitive
MA2029
Ship Stability
Exercises
1 A box-shaped vessel 150 m long, 10 m beam and 5 m
deep has a mean draught in saltwater of 3 m and is trimmed
1 m by the stern, KG = 3.5 m. State whether it is safe to
drydock this vessel in this condition or not.
(Ans: GM = 0.54 m 0r 0.573m)
See
solution
Lesson 14
Dry-Docking
© Copyright: Singapore Maritime Academy :- SP
Official (Closed), Non‐Sensitive
MA2029
Ship Stability
Solutions to Ex 1
KB = 3/2 = 1.5 ∆= 150x10x3x1.025 = 4612.5
BM = B²/12d = 10²/36 = 2.7778 BML = L²/12d = 150²/36 = 625
KM = 1.5 + 2.7778 = 4.2778 GML = 625‐2 = 623
KG = 3.5000 MCTC = (WxGML)/100L = 4612.5x623/15000 = 191.5725
GM = 4.2778 ‐ 3.5 = 0.7778
P = MCTCxt/l = 191.5725x100/75 = 255.43
GG1 = 255.43x3.5/4357.07 = 0.2052 MM,
GM1 = 255.43x4.2778/4612.5 = 0.2369
G1M = 0.7778‐0.2052 = 0.5726 GM1 = 0.7778‐0.2369 = 0.5409
GZ = 0.5726 Sinθ GZ = 0.5409 Sinθ
RM = W x GZ RM = W x GZ
= 4357.07 x 0.5726 Sinθ = 4612.5 x 0.5409 Sinθ
= 2494.9 Sinθ = 2494.9 Sinθ
Lesson 14
Dry-Docking
Official (Closed), Non‐Sensitive
MA2029
Ship Stability
Solutions to Ex 1
KB = 3/2 = 1.5 ∆= 150x10x3x1.025 = 4612.5
BM = B²/12d = 10²/36 = 2.7778 BML = L²/12d = 150²/36 = 625
KM = 1.5 + 2.7778 = 4.2778 GML = 625‐2 = 623
KG = 3.5000 MCTC = (WxGML)/100L = 4612.5x623/15000 = 191.5725
GM = 4.2778 ‐ 3.5 = 0.7778
P = MCTCxt/l = 191.5725x100/75 = 255.43
GG1 = 255.43x3.5/4357.07 = 0.2052 MM,
GM1 = 255.43x4.2778/4612.5 = 0.2369
G1M = 0.7778‐0.2052 = 0.5726 GM1 = 0.7778‐0.2369 = 0.5409
GZ = 0.5726 Sinθ GZ = 0.5409 Sinθ
RM = W x GZ RM = W x GZ
= 4357.07 x 0.5726 Sinθ = 4612.5 x 0.5409 Sinθ
= 2494.9 Sinθ = 2494.9 Sinθ
Lesson 14
Dry-Docking
© Copyright: Singapore Maritime Academy :- SP
Official (Closed), Non‐Sensitive
MA2029
Ship Stability
Exercises
2 A ship of 4,000 tonnes displacement, 126 m long, has
KM = 6.7m, KG = 6.1 m. The centre of flotation is 3m aft of
amidships. MCTC = 120 t-m. Find the maximum trim at which
the ship may enter a drydock if the minimum GM at the critical
instant is to be 0.3m.
(Ans: max trim = 0.896 m or 0.938 m by the stern)
See
solution
Lesson 14
Dry-Docking
Official (Closed), Non‐Sensitive
MA2029
Ship Stability
Solutions to Ex 2
KM = 6.7 GM = 0.6
KG = 6.1 Min GM = 0.3
Loss GM = 0.3
GG1 = P x KG / W‐P MM1 = P x KM / W
0.3 = 6.1P / 4000 ‐ P 0.3 = 6.7P / 4000
0.3(4000‐P) = 6.1P P= 4000 x 0.3 / 6.7
1200 ‐ 0.3P = 6.1P = 179.1045 t
6.4P = 1200
P= 1200/6.4
= 187.5 t
P = MCTC x t / l t = 187.5 x 60/120
t = P x l / MCTC = 93.78 cm
= 0.9378 m
t = 179.045 x 60/120
= 89.5523 cm
= 0.8955 m
Lesson 14
Dry-Docking
© Copyright: Singapore Maritime Academy :- SP
Official (Closed), Non‐Sensitive
MA2029
Ship Stability
The virtual loss of GM after taking the blocks overall
When a ship takes the blocks overall, the water level will
then falls uniformly as the pumping continues. For each cm
fallen by the water level, P will be increased by an amount
equal to the TPC.
Force P at anytime during the drydocking operation is equal
to the difference between the weight of the ship and the
weight of the water it is displacing at the time.
i.e. P = TPC x reduction in mean draught
Lesson 14
Dry-Docking
Official (Closed), Non‐Sensitive
MA2029
Ship Stability
Exercise
33. A ship of 6,500 tonnes displacement enters dry-dock on
an even keel. KM = 6.3 m, KG = 5.6 m and TPC 48 tonnes.
Find the virtual loss of metacentric height after the ship has
taken the blocks overall and the water has fallen another
0.3m.
(Ans: 1.40 m or 1.59 m)
See
solution
Lesson 14
Dry-Docking
© Copyright: Singapore Maritime Academy :- SP
Official (Closed), Non‐Sensitive
MA2029
Ship Stability
Solutions to Class Ex 3
P = TPC x Reduction in Draft
= 48 x 0.3 x 100
= 1,440.00 tonnes
Method 1: Method 2:
P x KM P x KG
MM1 = GG1 =
W W - P
1440 x 6.3 1440 x 5.6
= =
6500 6500 - 1440
9072 8064
= =
6500 5060
= 1.39569 m = 1.59368
m
Lesson 14
Dry-Docking
Official (Closed), Non‐Sensitive
MA2029
Ship Stability
Exercise (Con’t from Q3)
To determine the depth of water in the dry-dock when the
vessel just loses positive stability.
4 If the depth of water in the dry-dock was 7 m at the
instant the ship (in the previous question) just take the block,
calculate the depth of water when the ship just lose positive GM.
(Ans: 6.849 m)
See
solution
Lesson 14
Dry-Docking
© Copyright: Singapore Maritime Academy :- SP
Official (Closed), Non‐Sensitive
MA2029
Ship Stability
Solutions to Class Ex 4
Lesson 14
Dry-Docking
Official (Closed), Non‐Sensitive
MA2029
Ship Stability
Exercise
To calculate the draught when the vessel takes the blocks
fore and aft.
5 A vessel of displacement 6,500 tonnes , 150m in length
and floating at a draught of 6.0 m forward and 6.85 m aft enters
dry-dock. LCF 4 m forward of amidships, MCTC 140 t-m and
TPC 24 tonnes. Calculate the draught when the vessel takes the
blocks fore and aft.
(Ans: 6.339 m)
See
solution
Lesson 14
Dry-Docking
© Copyright: Singapore Maritime Academy :- SP
Official (Closed), Non‐Sensitive
MA2029
Ship Stability
Solutions to Class Ex 5
Assuming the inclination of the dock's keel block = 0
Draft : Forward = 6.00 m
Draft : Aft = 6.85 m
Draft : Mean (Observed) = 6.425 m
Trim (t) = 0.85 m
Vessel's TPC = 24.00 tonnes
Vessel's MCTC = 140.00 tonnes-m
Vessel's LCF = 4 Fwd of Amidships
Vessel's Length = 150 m
l= 79 m from AP
Vessel's Displacement (W) = 6500 tonnes
Lesson 14
Dry-Docking
Official (Closed), Non‐Sensitive
MA2029
Ship Stability
Solutions to Class Ex 5
t x MCTC
P=
l
0.85 x 100 x 140
=
79
11900
=
79
= 150.6329 tonnes
P = TPC x Reduction in Mean Draft
Reduction in Mean Draft = P / TPC
= 150.633 / 24
= 6.2764 cm
= 0.0628 m
Lesson 14
Dry-Docking
© Copyright: Singapore Maritime Academy :- SP
Official (Closed), Non‐Sensitive
MA2029
Ship Stability
Solutions to Class Ex 5
Trim Correction = ( FY x t ) / LBP
= (4 x 0.85 ) / 150
= 0.0227m ( - )
Observed Mean Draft = 6.4250m
True Mean Draft = 6.4023m
Reduction in Mean Draft = 0.0628 m ( - )
Mean Draft when vessel take the block Fwd & Aft = 6.3396 m
Lesson 14
Dry-Docking
Official (Closed), Non‐Sensitive
MA2029
Ship Stability
Exercise
6 M.V. Starship is about to enter a dry-dock with
draughts 3.3m forward and 3.9m aft. Her KG is 9.5
m. Show by calculation, how would you determine if
the ship has adequate stability?
See
solution
Lesson 14
Dry-Docking
© Copyright: Singapore Maritime Academy :- SP
http://www.sma.sp.edu.sg
Thank you
© Copyright: Singapore Maritime Academy :- SP
