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Lecture2_FileOrganization

The document discusses the role of peripheral devices and I/O modules in computer systems, highlighting their importance in facilitating communication between the CPU, memory, and external devices. It categorizes peripheral devices into human-readable, machine-readable, and communication types, and outlines the major functions of I/O modules, including control, timing, and error detection. Additionally, it explains the processes involved in data transfer and the significance of buffering in managing speed discrepancies between devices and memory.

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6 views

Lecture2_FileOrganization

The document discusses the role of peripheral devices and I/O modules in computer systems, highlighting their importance in facilitating communication between the CPU, memory, and external devices. It categorizes peripheral devices into human-readable, machine-readable, and communication types, and outlines the major functions of I/O modules, including control, timing, and error detection. Additionally, it explains the processes involved in data transfer and the significance of buffering in managing speed discrepancies between devices and memory.

Uploaded by

abdonasr1998
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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File Organization and Processing

Lecture 2

I/O System

Mohamed Mead
Peripheral devices
In addition to the processor and a set of memory
modules, the third key element of a computer
system is a set of input-output subsystem referred
to as I/O,

 provides an efficient mode of communication


between the central system and the outside
environment.
Peripheral devices
Programs and data must be entered into computer
memory for processing and results obtained from
computations must be recorded or displayed for
the user,
Devices that are under the direct control of the
computer are said to be connected online. These
devices are designed to read information into or
out of the memory unit upon command from CPU.
Peripheral devices

 Input or output devices attached to the


computer are also called peripherals.

 Among the most common peripherals are


keyboards, display units, and printers.
Peripheral devices
 We can broadly classify peripheral devices into three
categories:
 Human Readable: Communicating with the computer users, e.g.
video display terminal, printers etc.
 Machine Readable: Communicating with equipments, e.g. magnetic
disk, magnetic tape, sensor, actuators used in robotics etc.
 Communication: Communicating with remote devices means
exchanging data with that, e.g. modem, NIC (network interface
Card) etc.
Peripheral devices
 Control signals determine the
function that the device will perform
such as send data to I/O module,
accept data from I/O module.
 Status signals indicate the state of
the device i.e. device is ready or not.
 Data bits are actual data
transformation.

Block diagram of Peripheral device


Peripheral devices
 Control logic associated with the device
 controls the device's operation in response to direction from the I/O
module.
 The transducer converts data from electrical to other forms of
energy during output and from other forms to electrical during
input.(Usually a transducer converts a signal in one form of energy to a signal in another)
 Buffer is associated with the transducer to temporarily hold data
being transferred between the I/O module and external devices.
I/O modules
External devices are not
generally connected directly into
the bus structure of the
computer

I/O module is an interface for


the external devices
(peripherals) to CPU and Memory
I/O modules
An I/O module Provides an interface to the
processor and memory via the system bus

provide an interface to one or more I/O devices

The I/O module is a special hardware component


interface between the CPU and peripherals to
supervise and synchronize all I/O transformation
I/O modules
The major functions or requirements for an
I/O module fall into the following categories:
 Control and timing
 Processor communication
 Device communication
 Data buffering
 Error detection
CONTROL AND TIMING

 I/O module includes control and timing to


coordinate the flow of traffic between
internal resources and external devices.

The control of the transfer of data from


external devices to processor consists
following steps:
CONTROL AND TIMING
 The processor ask the I/O module to check status of the
attached device.
 The I/O module returns the device status.
 If the device is operational and ready to transmit, the processor
requests the transfer of data by means of a command to I/O
module.
 The I/O module obtains the unit of data from the external device.
 The data are transferred from the I/O module to the processor
Processor Communication
 I/O module communicates with the processor which involves:
 Command decoding: I/O module accepts commands from the
processor.
 Data: Data are exchanged between the processor and I/O module
over the bus.
 Status reporting: Peripherals are too slow and it is important to
know the status of I/O module.
 Address recognition: I/O module must recognize one unique
address for each peripheral it controls.
Device Communication

 It involves commands, status information and


data.
Data Buffering
I/O module must be able to operate at both device and
memory speeds.
If the I/O device operates at a rate higher than the
memory access rate, then the I/O module performs
data buffering.
If I/O devices rate slower than memory, it buffers
data so as not to link the memory in slower transfer
operation.
Error Detection

I/O module is responsible for error detection


such as mechanical and electrical malfunction
reported by device

e.g. paper jam, bad ink track and transmission


error

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