File Organization and Processing
Lecture 2
I/O System
Mohamed Mead
Peripheral devices
In addition to the processor and a set of memory
modules, the third key element of a computer
system is a set of input-output subsystem referred
to as I/O,
provides an efficient mode of communication
between the central system and the outside
environment.
Peripheral devices
Programs and data must be entered into computer
memory for processing and results obtained from
computations must be recorded or displayed for
the user,
Devices that are under the direct control of the
computer are said to be connected online. These
devices are designed to read information into or
out of the memory unit upon command from CPU.
Peripheral devices
Input or output devices attached to the
computer are also called peripherals.
Among the most common peripherals are
keyboards, display units, and printers.
Peripheral devices
We can broadly classify peripheral devices into three
categories:
Human Readable: Communicating with the computer users, e.g.
video display terminal, printers etc.
Machine Readable: Communicating with equipments, e.g. magnetic
disk, magnetic tape, sensor, actuators used in robotics etc.
Communication: Communicating with remote devices means
exchanging data with that, e.g. modem, NIC (network interface
Card) etc.
Peripheral devices
Control signals determine the
function that the device will perform
such as send data to I/O module,
accept data from I/O module.
Status signals indicate the state of
the device i.e. device is ready or not.
Data bits are actual data
transformation.
Block diagram of Peripheral device
Peripheral devices
Control logic associated with the device
controls the device's operation in response to direction from the I/O
module.
The transducer converts data from electrical to other forms of
energy during output and from other forms to electrical during
input.(Usually a transducer converts a signal in one form of energy to a signal in another)
Buffer is associated with the transducer to temporarily hold data
being transferred between the I/O module and external devices.
I/O modules
External devices are not
generally connected directly into
the bus structure of the
computer
I/O module is an interface for
the external devices
(peripherals) to CPU and Memory
I/O modules
An I/O module Provides an interface to the
processor and memory via the system bus
provide an interface to one or more I/O devices
The I/O module is a special hardware component
interface between the CPU and peripherals to
supervise and synchronize all I/O transformation
I/O modules
The major functions or requirements for an
I/O module fall into the following categories:
Control and timing
Processor communication
Device communication
Data buffering
Error detection
CONTROL AND TIMING
I/O module includes control and timing to
coordinate the flow of traffic between
internal resources and external devices.
The control of the transfer of data from
external devices to processor consists
following steps:
CONTROL AND TIMING
The processor ask the I/O module to check status of the
attached device.
The I/O module returns the device status.
If the device is operational and ready to transmit, the processor
requests the transfer of data by means of a command to I/O
module.
The I/O module obtains the unit of data from the external device.
The data are transferred from the I/O module to the processor
Processor Communication
I/O module communicates with the processor which involves:
Command decoding: I/O module accepts commands from the
processor.
Data: Data are exchanged between the processor and I/O module
over the bus.
Status reporting: Peripherals are too slow and it is important to
know the status of I/O module.
Address recognition: I/O module must recognize one unique
address for each peripheral it controls.
Device Communication
It involves commands, status information and
data.
Data Buffering
I/O module must be able to operate at both device and
memory speeds.
If the I/O device operates at a rate higher than the
memory access rate, then the I/O module performs
data buffering.
If I/O devices rate slower than memory, it buffers
data so as not to link the memory in slower transfer
operation.
Error Detection
I/O module is responsible for error detection
such as mechanical and electrical malfunction
reported by device
e.g. paper jam, bad ink track and transmission
error
