S.NO.

Newton Rapshson load flow analysis using MATLAB software

Aim:

To develop a software program to obtain real and reactive power flows, bus voltage magnitude
and angles by using N – R method.

Theory:

Load flow study in power system parlance is the steady state solution of the power system
network. The main information obtained from this study comprises the magnitudes and phase
angles of load bus voltages, reactive powers at generator buses, real and reactive power flow on
transmission lines, other variables being specified. This information is essential for the
continuous monitoring of current state of the system and for analyzing the effectiveness of
alternative plans for future system expansion to meet increased load demand.
Newton-Raphson method is an iterative method that approximates the set of non linear
simultaneous equations to a set of linear simultaneous equations using Taylor’s series expansion
and the terms are limited to first approximation. The rate of convergence is fast as compared to
the FDLF program and also it is suitable for large size system. So we go for N-R method.
The non-linear equations governing the power system network are,
I p   Y pqV p for all p
pq

where Ip is the current injected into bus p.

The complex power in pth bus is given by,
S p  V p I *p

 n  n  (1)
 V p  Y pqVq   V p  Y pq* Vq* ; p  2, ..................n.
 q 1   q 1 

Let , V p  V p e jp
V q  V q e j q
 pq   p   q and
Y pq  Y pq e jpq

In polar co-ordinates, the power on pth bus is given as,

n
S p  Pp  jQ p   V p Vq e j p q | Y pq | e jpq (2)
q 1
Separating the Real and Imaginary parts we get,

n
Pp   V p Vq Y pq cos( p   pq   q )
q 1
n
Qp   V p Vq Y pq sin( p   pq   q ) (3)
q 1
The Newton –Raphson method requires that a set of linear equations be formed expressing the
relationship between the changes in real and reactive powers and the components of the bus
voltages as follows:
P2( r )   P2
(r )
P2
(r )
P2
(r )
P2
(r)
  ( r ) 
    |    2 
    V  V    
    2 n 2 n
 
       |    
  
   
 
    Pn 
(r ) (r ) (r ) (r)
Pn P2 Pn 
|  
P ( r )    
   V

 V

 (r )

 n   2 n 2 n 

n

                   |                   (4)
 (r)   
Q2   Q2
(r )
Q2
(r )
Q2
(r )
Q2
(r )
  V ( r ) 
      |    2 
  V  V  
   2 n 2 n 



       |    
  
    
 
  Qn Qn 
(r ) (r ) (r ) (r )
 Q2 Qn 
 |   
Qn   
( r )
 n  V2

 Vn   Vn( r ) 
 2  
where, the coefficient matrix is known as Jacobian matrix.
In the above equation, bus 1 is assumed to be the slack bus. The Jacobian matrix gives
the linearized relationship between small changes in voltage angle  i(r ) and voltage magnitude
 Vi r  with the small changes in real and reactive power Pi r  and Qir  . Elements of the
Jacobian matrix are the partial derivatives of (2) and (3) evaluated at  ir  and  Vi r  .
The above relationship can be written in a compact form as,
P   J11 J12   
Q    J   (5)
   21 J 22   V 

The elements of Jacobian matrix are defined as,

J 11 :
J 22 :
Pp
 V p V q Y pq sin(  pQ
 p pq V Yq ) sin( q  p   ) q p (6) (8)
 q V
p pq p pq q
q

Pp n
Q
   V p V q Y pq sin( p p2Vpqp Ypp sin
n
q )  pp   V q Y pq sin(  p   pq   q ) (7 ) (9 )
 p q 1 Vp q 1
q p q p

J 12 :
Pp
 V p Y pq cos( p   pq   q ) q p (10) All
 Vq quantit
ies in
Pp n
 2 V p Y pp cos  pp   V q Y pq cos( p   pq   q ) (11) the
Vp q 1 linear
q p
Equati
on (4)
J 21 :
pertai
Q p n to
  V p V q Y pq cos(  p   pq   q ) q p (12 )
 q iterati
Q p n on r.
 p
 V p V q Y pq cos(  p   pq   q ) (13 ) The
q 1
q p linear
equati
on when solved for , ΔV gives the correction to be applied to |V| and , i.e.

|V|(r+1) = |V|(r) + |V|(r) (14)

 (r+1) =  (r) +  (r) (15)
Next we get a new set of linear equations evaluated at (r+1)th iteration and the process is
repeated. Convergence is tested by the power mismatch criteria. This method converges to high
accuracy nearly always in 2 to 5 iterations from a flat start (|V| = 1 p.u. and θ =0 ) for all buses
where |V|, θ are unknown, independent of system size.
At PV bus at the end of an iteration and if it violates the limits, the PV bus is switched to
a PQ bus. When Q is within limits, then it is switched back to PV bus.
 Flowchart:
Start

Read bus data, line data, bus power & tolerance

Form [Y bus ] matrix

Initialize all bus voltages

Set iter count = 0

Iter = Iter +1

Update voltage Calculate real power & reactive power

magnitude and phase mismatch [∆P] [∆Q] using the current values
angles of   & V taking Q limit violations in to

V   V   V 
new old account

     at

new old

all buses except slack No

∆P≤tol
bus
∆Q≤tol

Yes
Solve the equation
    1  2   P  Calculate real & reactive
V      Q  line flows in all the lines
   3 4  

Print the result

Solve the equation
 P   H M     Stop
Q    N L  V 
    
To find   & V 

Algorithm:
The computational procedure for Newton-Raphson method using polar coordinate is as follows:

Step 1: Form Ybus matrix.

Step 2: Assume initial values of bus voltages V p o and phase angles  op for load buses
and phase angles for PV buses. Normally we set the assumed bus voltage
magnitude and its phase angle equal slack bus quantities V1 = 1.0,  1 =0o.
Step 3: Compute Pp and Qp for each load bus from the Equations (2) and (3).
Step 4: Compute the scheduled errors Pp and Q p for each load bus from the
following relations:
Ppk  Pp sp  Ppk cal p  2,3.....n

Q kp  Q p sp  Q kp cal p  2,3.....n

For PV buses, the exact value of Q p is not specified, but its limits are known. If
the calculated value of Q p is within limits, only Pp is calculated. If the
calculated value of Q p is beyond the limits, then an appropriate limit is imposed
and Q p is also calculated by subtracting the calculated value of Q p from the
appropriate limit. The bus under consideration is now treated as a load on
(PQ) bus.
Step 5: Compute the elements of the Jacobian matrix using the estimated V p and  p
from step2.
Step 6: Obtain  and  V p from Equations (4) and (5).

Step 7: Using the values of  p and  V p calculated in step 6, modify the voltage
magnitude and phase angle at all loads by the Equations (14) and (15). Start the
next iteration cycle at step 2 with these modified V p and  p .

Step 8: Continue until scheduled errors Ppk and Q kp for all load buses are within a

specified tolerance, ie, Ppk < , Q kp < 

where,  denotes the tolerance level for load buses.
Step10: Calculate line flows and power at the slack bus exactly in the same manner as in
the Gauss Seidal method.

Sample Problem:

The load flow data for a 3-bus system is given in tables 1 and 2. The voltage magnitude at bus 2
is to be maintained at 1.0 p.u. The maximum and minimum reactive power limits for bus 2 are
0.3 and 0 p.u. respectively. Taking bus 1 as slack bus, determine the voltages of the various
buses at the end of first iteration starting with a flat voltage profile for all buses except slack bus
using N-R method.

Table 1: Impedance for sample system

Bus code Impedance Line charging
admittance y’pq /2
1-2 0.06+j0.18 j0.05
1-3 0.02+j0.06 j0.06
2-3 0.04+j0.12 j0.05

Table 2: Assumed bus voltages, Generation and loads

Bus code Voltages Generation Load
MW MVAR MW MVAR
p.u p.u p.u p.u p.u
1 1.06 0 0 0 0
2 1 0.2 0 0 0
3 1 0 0 0 0.25

Solution:

Formation of Ybus :

Y11 Y12 Y13 

Ybus = Y21 Y22 Y23 
Y31 Y32 Y33 
1
Y12 = - =-(1.667-j5)
0.06  j 0.18
= 5.27 108.4 0

1
Y13 = - =-(5-j15)
0.02  j 0.06
= 15.81 108.4 0

1
Y23 = - =-(2.5-j7.5)
0.04  j 0.12
= 7.906 108.4 0

1 1
Y11 = + + j0.05+j0.06 =6.667-j19.89
0.06  j 0.18 0.02  j 0.06
=21.97   71.50
 1 1
Y22 = + + j0.05+j0.05 =4.167-j12.4
0.06  j 0.18 0.04  j 0.12
=13.08   71.50

1 1
Y33 = + + j0.06+j0.05=7.5-j22.39
0.02  j 0.06 0.04  j 0.12
=23.61   71.50

21.97  71.5 0 5.27108.4 0 15.81108.4 0 

 
Ybus =  5.27108.4 0 13.08  71.5 0 7.906108.4 0 
 15.81108.4 0 7.906108.4 0 23.61  71.5 0 
 

Flat start profile:

Given V1 = 1.06+ j0 ; δ1 = 00 ; V3 = 1 0 0

Choose V20 =1+j0 and δ20 = δ30 = 0

Calculation of change in real and reactive powers:

Pp = Pp(specified) – Pp(calculated)

Qp = Qp(specified) – Qp(calculated)

n
Pp   V p Vq Y pq cos( p   pq   q )
q 1
n
Q p   V p Vq Y pq sin( p   pq   q )
q 1

P2(cal) = |V2|2|Y22|cos θ22 + |V2||V1||Y21|cos(δ2 + θ21 - δ1) + |V2||V3||Y23|cos(δ2 + θ23 – δ3)

= 1  13.08 cos(-71.5) + 1  1.06  5.27cos(108.4) + 1  7.906cos(108.4)
= -0.11p.u

P3(cal) = |V3|2|Y33|cos θ33 +|V3||V1||Y31|cos(δ3 + θ31 – δ1) + |V3||V2|Y32|cos( θ32 + δ3 - δ2 )

= 1  23.61 cos(-71.5) + 1  1.06  15.81cos(108.4) + 1  7.906cos(108.4)
=- 0.3 p.u

Q2(cal) = |V2|2|Y22|sin θ22 + |V2||V1||Y21|sin(δ2 + θ21 – δ1) + |V2||V3||Y23|sin(δ2 + θ23 – δ3)

= 1  13.08 sin(-71.5) + 1  1.06  5.27sin(108.4) + 1  7.906sin(108.4)
= 0.4 p.u
Q3(cal) = |V3|2|Y33|sin θ33 + |V3||V1||Y31|sin(δ3 + θ31 – δ1) + |V3||V2||Y32|sin(δ3 + θ32 – δ2)
= 1  23.61 sin(-71.5) + 1  1.06  15.81sin(108.4) + 1  7.906sin(108.4)
= 1.02 p.u.

Calculation of specified quantities :

P2(specified) = PG2 - PD2 = 0.2 – 0.0 = 0.2 p.u

Q2(specified) = QG2 - QD2 = 0 p.u

P3(specified) = PG3 - PD3 = 0.0 p.u

Q3(specified) = QG3 - QD3 = -0.25 p.u

The change in real and reactive powers are,

ΔP20 = P2(specified) – P2(calculated) = 0.2 + 0.11 = 0.31 p.u.

ΔP30 = 0 +( - 0.3) = -0.3 p.u.
ΔQ20 = 0- 0.4 = -0.4 p.u.
ΔQ30 = -0.25 -1.02 = -1.27 p.u.
Calculation of Jacobian matrix elements :

Elements of J1:

P2
 2 |V2||Y22|cos θ22 +|V1||Y21|cos(δ2 + θ21 - δ1) + |V3||Y23|cos(δ3 + θ23 – δ2)
V2

= 2  1  13.08 cos(-71.5) + 1.06  5.27cos(108.4) + 1  7.906cos(108.4)

= 4.04

P2
 |V2||Y23|cos(δ2 + θ23 – δ3)
V3
= 1  7.906 cos(108.4)
= -2.5
P3
 |V3||Y32|cos( θ32 + δ2 - δ3 )
V2
= 1  7.906 cos(108.4)
= -2.5
P3
 2|V3||Y33|cos θ33 +|V1||Y31|cos(δ1 + θ31 – δ3) + |V2||Y32|cos( θ32 + δ2 - δ3 )
V3
= 2  1  23.61 cos(-71.5) + 1.06  15.81cos(108.4) + 1  7.906cos(108.4)
= 7.2
Elements of J2:

P2
 |V2||V1||Y21|sin(δ2 + θ21 – δ1) - |V2||V3||Y23|sin(δ3 + θ23 – δ2)
 2
= 1  1.06  5.27sin(108.4) – 1  1  7.906 sin(108.4)
= -12.8
P2
 - |V2||V3||Y23|sin(δ2 + θ23 – δ3)
 3
= - 1  1  7.906 sin (108.4)
= -7.5
P3
 - |V3| |V2||Y32|sin(δ3 + θ32 – δ2)
 2
= - 1  1  7.906 sin (108.4)
= -7.5

P3
 -|V3||V1||Y31|sin(δ3 + θ31 – δ1) - |V3||V2||Y32|sin(δ3 + θ32 – δ2)
 3
= - 1  1.06  15.81sin(108.4)-1  1  7.906sin(108.4)
= - 23.4

Elements of J3:

Q2
 {2|V2||Y22|sin θ22 + |V1||Y21|sin(δ2 + θ21 – δ1) +|V3||Y23|sin(δ2 + θ23 – δ3 ) }
V2
= {2  1  13.08 sin(-71.5) + 1.06  5.27sin(108.4) + 1  7.906sin(108.4)}
= - 12.01

Q2
 { |V2||Y23|sin(δ2 + θ23 – δ3) }
V3
={ 1  7.906sin(108.4)}
= 7.5

Q3
 { |V3||Y32|sin(δ2 + θ32 – δ3)}
V2
= { 1  7.906sin(108.4)}
= 7.5
Q3
 { 2|V3||Y33|sin θ33 - |V1||Y31|sin(δ3 + θ31 – δ1) - |V2||Y32|sin(δ3 + θ32 – δ2)
V3
= {2  1  23.61 sin(-71.5) +1  1.06  15.81sin(108.4) + 1  7.906 sin (108.4)}
= 21.4

Elements of J4:
Q2
 { |V2||V1||Y21|cos(δ2 + θ21 - δ1)+ |V2||V3||Y23|cos(δ2 + θ23 – δ3) }
 2
= 1  1.06  5.27cos(108.4) + 1  7.906cos(108.4)
= -4.26

Q2
 { |V2||V3||Y23|cos(δ2 + θ23 – δ3) }
 3
= - { 1  7.906cos(108.4)}
= 2.5
Q3
 { |V3||V1||Y31|cos(δ3 + θ31 – δ1) + |V3||V2||Y32|cos(δ3 + θ32 – δ2)
 3
= 1  1.06  15.81cos(108.4) + 1  7.906cos(108.4)
= - 7.8

The general matrix form of load flow equation is,

P   J 11 J 12   V 
Q    J J 22 
 
   21  

0.31   4.04  2.5  12.8  7.5  v 2 

 0.3    2.5 7.2  7.5  23.4 v3 
 
 0.4   12.01 7.5  4.26 2.5   2
    
 1.27   7.5 21.4 2.5  7.8   3 

Result:

The load flow study of the given power system using Newton-Raphson method was conducted
using MATLAB and results was verified.