1.

**Explain the function with example:**

- A function is a block of reusable code that performs a specific task.
- Example:
```python
def greet(name):
print("Hello, " + name + "!")

greet("Alice")
```

2. **Explain the function type with examples:**

- Function types include built-in functions, user-defined functions, and anonymous
functions (lambda functions).
- Examples:
- Built-in function: `print()`, `len()`
- User-defined function: `greet()` from the previous example
- Anonymous function (Lambda function): `lambda x: x * 2`

3. **Explain function Function Arguments with examples:**

- Function arguments are values passed to a function when it's called.
- Example:
```python
def power(x, y):
return x ** y

result = power(2, 3)
print(result) # Output: 8
```

4. **Explain Anonymous Functions (Lambda Functions) with example:**

- Anonymous functions, or lambda functions, are small, unnamed functions.
- Example:
```python
double = lambda x: x * 2
print(double(5)) # Output: 10
```

5. **Explain Recursive Function with an example:**

- A recursive function calls itself until it reaches a base case.
- Example:
```python
def factorial(n):
 if n == 0:
return 1
else:
return n * factorial(n-1)

print(factorial(5)) # Output: 120

```

6. **Write a Python function to check whether a number is even or odd:**

```python
def check_even_odd(num):
if num % 2 == 0:
return "Even"
else:
return "Odd"

print(check_even_odd(5)) # Output: Odd

```

7. **Write a Python program to display Fibonacci series using recursion:**

```python
def fibonacci(n):
if n <= 1:
return n
else:
return fibonacci(n-1) + fibonacci(n-2)

n_terms = 10
for i in range(n_terms):
print(fibonacci(i))
```

8. **What is class, what is object, what is method explain with an example:**

- **Class:** Blueprint for creating objects.
- **Object:** Instance of a class.
- **Method:** Function defined within a class.
- Example:
```python
class Dog:
def __init__(self, name):
self.n = name

def b(self):
return "Woof!"
 d = Dog("Buddy")
print(d.b()) # Output: Woof!
```

9. **What is data encapsulation explain with an example:**

- Data encapsulation bundles data and methods within a class.
- Example:
```python
class BankAccount:
def __init__(self):
self.b = 0

def d(self, a):

self.b += a

def w(self, a):

if self.b >= a:
self.b -= a
return a
else:
return "Insufficient funds"

a = BankAccount()
a.d(1000)
a.w(500)
print(a.b) # Output: 500
```

10. **What is inheritance explain with an example:**

- Inheritance allows a class to inherit properties and behaviors from another class.
- Example:
```python
class Animal:
def s(self):
pass # Abstract method

class Dog(Animal):
def s(self):
return "Woof!"

class Cat(Animal):
def s(self):
return "Meow!"
 d = Dog()
print(d.s()) # Output: Woof!
c = Cat()
print(c.s()) # Output: Meow!
```

11. **Explain different types of inheritance with examples:**

- **Single Inheritance:**
```python
class Parent:
def parent_method(self):
print("Parent method")

class Child(Parent):
def child_method(self):
print("Child method")

c = Child()
c.parent_method() # Output: Parent method
```
- **Multiple Inheritance:**
```python
class Parent1:
def parent1_method(self):
print("Parent 1 method")

class Parent2:
def parent2_method(self):
print("Parent 2 method")

class Child(Parent1, Parent2):

def child_method(self):
print("Child method")

c = Child()
c.parent1_method() # Output: Parent 1 method
c.parent2_method() # Output: Parent 2 method
```
- **Multilevel Inheritance:**
```python
class Grandparent:
def grandparent_method(self):
print("Grandparent method")
 class Parent(Grandparent):
def parent_method(self):
print("Parent method")

class Child(Parent):
def child_method(self):
print("Child method")

c = Child()
c.grandparent_method() # Output: Grandparent method
```

12. **Explain polymorphism with an example. Explain method overriding and

operator overloading with an example:**
- **Polymorphism:**
```python
class Animal:
def sound(self):
pass

class Dog(Animal):
def sound(self):
return "Woof!"

class Cat(Animal):
def sound(self):
return "Meow!"

def make_sound(animal):
return animal.sound()

dog = Dog()
cat = Cat()
print(make_sound(dog)) # Output: Woof!
print(make_sound(cat)) # Output: Meow!
```
- **Method Overriding:**
```python
class Animal:
def sound(self):
return "Generic sound"

class Dog(Animal):
 def sound(self):
return "Woof!"

d = Dog()
print(d.sound()) # Output: Woof!
```
- **Operator Overloading:**
```python
class Point:
def __init__(self, x, y):
self.x = x
self.y = y

def __add__(self, other):

return Point(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)

p1 = Point(1, 2)
p2 = Point(3, 4)
p3 = p1 + p2
print(p3.x, p3.y) # Output: 4 6
```

13. **What is Exception Handling? List out and explain Built-in Exceptions:**
- Exception handling is a mechanism to handle errors gracefully during program
execution

.
- Built-in exceptions include `ZeroDivisionError`, `NameError`, `TypeError`,
`ValueError`, `FileNotFoundError`, etc.

14. **How to handle exceptions, explain syntax and give one example:**
- Syntax:
```python
try:
# Code block that may raise an exception
except ExceptionType:
# Code to handle the exception
```
- Example:
```python
try:
x=1/0
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Cannot divide by zero")
 ```

15. **Explain except clause with no exception with an example:**

- The `except` clause with no exception specified catches any exception that
occurs.
- Example:
```python
try:
x=1/0
except:
print("An error occurred")
```

16. **Explain except clause with multiple exceptions with an example:**

- The `except` clause can handle multiple exceptions by specifying them in a
tuple.
- Example:
```python
try:
x = int(input("Enter a number: "))
result = 10 / x
except (ValueError, ZeroDivisionError):
print("Invalid input or cannot divide by zero")
```

17. **Explain try and finally block with an example:**

- The `finally` block is executed regardless of whether an exception occurs or not.
- Example:
```python
try:
f = open("example.txt", "r")
# Perform file operations
finally:
f.close()
```

18. **Explain Raising an exception with an example:**

- You can raise an exception using the `raise` statement.
- Example:
```python
x = -1
if x < 0:
raise ValueError("Number must be non-negative")
```
19. **List and explain any five exceptions in Python:**
- `ZeroDivisionError`: Raised when division or modulo by zero occurs.
- `NameError`: Raised when a local or global name is not found.
- `TypeError`: Raised when an operation or function is applied to an object of
inappropriate type.
- `ValueError`: Raised when a built-in operation or function receives an argument
that has the right type but an inappropriate value.
- `FileNotFoundError`: Raised when a file or directory is requested but cannot be
found.

20. **Explain The match(), search(), findall() method Function with syntax and an
example:**
- `match(pattern, string)`: Matches a pattern only at the beginning of the string.
- `search(pattern, string)`: Searches for the first occurrence of a pattern in the
string.
- `findall(pattern, string)`: Finds all occurrences of a pattern in the string.
- Example:
```python
import re
text = "The cat sat on the mat."
result = re.match(r'The', text)
```

21. **Explain Search and Replace with example in the re module:**

- `re.sub(pattern, replacement, string)`: Searches for all occurrences of a pattern
in the string and replaces them with the specified replacement.
- Example:
```python
import re
text = "The cat sat on the mat."
new_text = re.sub(r'cat', 'dog', text)
```

22. **Write all Regular Expression Patterns:**

- Regular expression patterns include `^` (start of string), `$` (end of string), `.`
(any character except newline), `*` (zero or more occurrences), `+` (one or more
occurrences), `?` (zero or one occurrence), `[ ]` (character class), `{ }` (specifies
exact number of occurrences), etc.

23. **W.A.P to Retrieve all lines that contain "the" with lower or upper case letter:**
```python
with open("file.txt", "r") as file:
for line in file:
 if "the" in line.lower():
print(line)
```

24. **W. A. P to retrieve lines that starts with a and ends with n:**
```python
with open("file.txt", "r") as file:
for line in file:
if line.strip().startswith("a") and line.strip().endswith("n"):
print(line)
```

25. **Differentiate between Text file and Binary files?:**

- Text files contain human-readable characters, while binary files contain encoded
data that may not be human-readable.
- Text files can be opened and edited with a text editor, while binary files require
specific software to interpret their contents.

26. **What are the different operations we can perform on file?**

- Reading from a file
- Writing to a file
- Appending to a file
- Closing a file
- Renaming a file
- Deleting a file

27. **How to open and close files? Also, give the Syntax for the same:**
- To open a file: `file_object = open(filename, mode)`
- To close a file: `file_object.close()`
- Example:
```python
file = open("example.txt", "r")
# Perform operations on file
file.close()
```

28. **What are the different modes to open a file?**

- `r`: Read mode
- `w`: Write mode
- `a`: Append mode
- `r+`: Read and write mode
- `w+`: Write and read mode
- `a+`: Append and read mode
- `rb`, `wb`, `ab`, `rb+`, `wb+`, `ab+` for binary files
29. **Differentiate between file modes r+ and w+ with respect to Python:**
- `r+`: Opens the file for both reading and writing. File pointer starts at the
beginning of the file. Raises `FileNotFoundError` if the file does not exist.
- `w+`: Opens the file for both reading and writing. Truncates the file to zero length
if it exists, or creates a new file if it does not exist.

30. **Write a statement in Python to perform the following operations:**

- To open a text file "MYPET.TXT" in write mode: `file = open("MYPET.TXT", "w")`
- To open a text file "MYPET.TXT" in read mode: `file = open("MYPET.TXT", "r")`
- To open a binary file "LOG.DAT" in read mode: `file = open("LOG.DAT", "rb")`
- To open a binary file "LOG.DAT" in write mode: `file = open("LOG.DAT", "wb")`

31. **Differentiate between 'w' and 'a' modes:**

- `'w'` mode: Opens the file for writing. If the file already exists, it will be truncated
to zero length. If the file does not exist, it creates a new file.
- `'a'` mode: Opens the file for appending. If the

file does not exist, it creates a new file. The file pointer is positioned at the end of
the file, so new data will be written to the end.

32. **Differentiate between read() and readlines():**

- `read()`: Reads the entire file content as a single string.
- `readlines()`: Reads all lines of the file and returns them as a list of strings, each
representing one line.

33. **Differentiate between Absolute Pathnames and Relative Pathnames:**

- Absolute Pathnames: Specifies the exact location of a file or directory from the
root directory.
- Relative Pathnames: Specifies the location of a file or directory relative to the
current working directory.

34. **Write a program to display all the lines in a file "python.txt" which have the word
"to" in it:**
```python
with open("python.txt", "r") as file:
for line in file:
if "to" in line:
print(line)
```

35. **A text file "PYTHON.TXT" contains alphanumeric text. Write a program that
reads this text file and writes to another file "PYTHON1.TXT" entire file except the
numbers or digits in the file:**
 ```python
with open("PYTHON.TXT", "r") as file:
with open("PYTHON1.TXT", "w") as new_file:
for line in file:
new_line = ''.join([i for i in line if not i.isdigit()])
new_file.write(new_line)
```

36. **Explain any 3 methods associated with files in Python:**

- `read()`: Reads the entire file content as a single string.
- `write()`: Writes a string to the file.
- `close()`: Closes the file.

37. **Explain the role of the Regular Expressions in the following snippets:**
i) `p = re.compile('\d+')`: Finds all occurrences of one or more digits in the string.
ii) `p = re.compile('ca+t')`: Finds all occurrences of 'cat', 'caat', 'caaat', etc. in the
string.
iii) `p = re.compile('ca*t')`: Finds all occurrences of 'ct', 'cat', 'caat', 'caaat', etc. in
the string.
iv) `p = re.compile('a/{1,3}b')`: Finds all occurrences of 'a/b', 'a//b', 'a///b', etc. in the
string.
v) `result = re.findall(r'\w*', 'AV is largest Analytics community of India')`: Finds all
words in the string.

38. **Explain split() method of regular expression with suitable examples:**

- The `split()` method splits a string into a list using a specified pattern as the
delimiter.
- Example:
```python
import re
text = "The quick brown fox"
words = re.split(r'\s', text)
print(words) # Output: ['The', 'quick', 'brown', 'fox']
```

39. **What is module? What are the advantages of using module?**

- A module is a file containing Python code that defines functions, classes, and
variables.
- Advantages of using modules:
- Encapsulation: Organizes code into logical units.
- Reusability: Modules can be imported and reused in different programs.
- Maintainability: Changes made in a module affect all programs importing it.
- Namespace management: Modules provide separate namespaces to avoid
naming conflicts.
40. **Explain various functions of the math module:**
- The `math` module in Python provides various functions for mathematical
operations like trigonometry, logarithms, exponentiation, etc.
- Some functions include `math.sqrt(x)` (square root of x), `math.sin(x)` (sine of x),
`math.log(x)` (natural logarithm of x), `math.exp(x)` (exponential function of x), etc.