APPROVAL OF THE GUIDE

Recommended that the thesis entitled “DESIGN DEVELOPMENT OF METAMATERIAL INSPIRED

ANTENNA” presented by Piyush kumar and Arpita Mishra under my supervision and guidance
be accepted as fulfilling this part of the requirements for the award of Degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering. To the best of my knowledge, the
content of this thesis did not form a basis for the award of any previous degree to anyone else.

Date: ____________
DR. RITESH KUMAR BADHAI
Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Electronics and
Communication Engineering
Birla Institute Of Technology
Mesra, Off-campus Patna
 DECLARATION CERTIFICATE

I certify that

a) The work contained in the thesis is original and has been done by myself under
the general supervision of my supervisor.

b) The work has not been submitted to any other Institute for any other degree or
diploma.

c) I have followed the guidelines provided by the Institute in writing the thesis.

d) I have conformed to the norms and guidelines given in the Ethical Code of
Conduct of the Institute.

e) Whenever I have used materials (data, theoretical analysis, and text) from other
sources, I have given due credit to them by citing them in the text of the thesis and
giving their details in the references.

f) Whenever I have quoted written materials from other sources, I have put them
under quotation marks and given due credit to the sources by citing them and giving
required details in the references.

Piyush Kumar [BTECH/15133/22]

Arpita Mishra [BTECH/15127/22]

 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

This is to certify that the work embodied in this thesis entitled

“DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF METAMATERIAL INSPIRED
ANTENNA”, is carried out by Piyush Kumar (BTECH/15133/22) and Arpita
Mishra (BTECH/15127/22) has been approved for the degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering of Birla Institute of
Technology, Mesra, Off-Campus Patna.

Date:

Place:

Internal Examiner External Examiner

(Chairman)
In-charge of Department
 ABSTRACT

Traditional antennas are often big and can only do a few things. As our devices get
smaller and need to work with more types of wireless signals, we need better
antennas.
Metamaterials are special, man-made materials with unique patterns that can control
signals in new ways. By using these, we can design antennas that are:
• Much smaller in size,
• Able to work with several frequencies at once,
• Better at focusing signals and avoiding interference.
How it works:

1. Set the goal: Decide what the antenna should do (be tiny, work on many
frequencies, etc.).

2. Pick metamaterial shapes: Choose the best tiny building blocks for our needs.

3. Test on computer: Use software to design and check how the antenna will
work before building it.

4. Build and test: Create a real version and measure its performance. Make
improvements if needed.

Why it matters:
Metamaterial antennas could make our phones, wearables, and other gadgets smaller
and more powerful. In the future, they could even change how they work on the fly,
leading to smarter and more flexible wireless technology.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my project guide, Dr. Ritesh Kumar
Badhai, for his invaluable guidance and constant support throughout my Minor
Project. Working under his supervision has greatly enriched my learning experience
and inspired my interest in the field of metamaterial-inspired antennas. His insightful
suggestions and encouragement were instrumental in refining my project and
deepening my understanding of the subject.
I am also thankful to all the faculty members of the Electronics and Communication
Engineering department at BIT Mesra, Patna Campus, for their direct and indirect
assistance during my project. Their feedback and guidance helped me identify and
overcome challenges along the way.
My appreciation extends to the technical and non-technical staff, as well as my
friends at BIT Patna, whose help and cooperation made this journey smoother and
more enjoyable.
Above all, I am deeply grateful to my parents for their unwavering support and
encouragement throughout my studies. Their belief in me has been my greatest
motivation.
Finally, I extend my apologies and heartfelt thanks to anyone who has helped me but
whom I may not have mentioned by name.
Thank you.

ARPITA MISHRA
[BTECH/15127/22]
Piyush kumar
Date: [BTECH/15133/22]
CONTENTS

ABSTRACT i
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ii
LIST OF FIGURES iv

1. INTRODUCTION.............................................................. 09
1.1BACKGROUND........................................................09
1.2 MOTIVATION ..........................................................11
1.3 OBJECTIVE .............................................................12
1.4 SHORT DETAIL ABOUT METAMATERIAL ........14
1.5 PROJECT OUTLINE ...............................................15

2. LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................16

3. METAMATERIAL ANTENNA .........................................22
3.1 WHAT IS METAMATERIAL .................................22
3.2 TYPES OF METAMATERIAL ............................. 23
3.3 PROPERTY OF METAMATERIAL ...................... 24
3.4 DESIGN METAMATERIAL ….. ...........................26

4. PRINTED METAMATERIAL ANTENNA FOR WIRELESS

COMMUNICATION .....................................................29
4.1 ANTENNA PARAMETER .....................................29
4.2 CALCULATION .....................................................30
4.3 RECTANGULAR PATCH ANTENNA ...................32
4.4 INSET FEED ...........................................................33
4.5 SQUARE SRR .........................................................34
4.6 SRR 1 .......................................................................35
4.7 SRR 2 .......................................................................36
 4.8 META MODEL .................................................... 37

4.8 NEW META MODEL 1 ......................................37

4.9 NEW META MODEL 2 ......................................38

4.10 NEW META MODEL 3 ......................................39

4.11 NEW META MODEL 4 ......................................40

5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK ….41

5.1 CONCLUSION .....................................................41
REFERENCES ....................................................................43
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 2D rectangular patch antenna ..............................32
Figure 1.2 Reflection coefficient plot ...................................32
Figure 1.3Current Distribution ….........................................32
Figure 1.4Radiation pattern ..................................................32

Figure2.1Inset-feed antenna .................................................33

Figure2.2Reflection coefficient plot ….................................33
Figure2.3Current Distribution ………...…...........................33

Figure3.1Square SRR …………..………...….....................34

Figure3.2Reflection coefficient plot …................................34
Figure3.3Current Distribution ………...…..........................34

Figure4.1 SRR 1 …………..………...…..............................35

Figure4.2Reflection coefficient plot …................................35
Figure4.3Current Distribution ………...…........................35

Figure5.1 SRR 2 …………..………...…..........................36

Figure5.2Reflection coefficient plot …............................36
Figure5.3Current Distribution ………...…..................…36

Figure6.1 2D Meta Model…………..………...…..........37

Figure6.2Reflection coefficient plot …............................37

Figure7.1 Meta Model 1 …………..………...…............38

Figure7.2Reflection coefficient plot …...........................38

Figure8.1 Meta Model 2 …………..………...…............39

Figure8.2Reflection coefficient plot …...........................39

Figure9.1 Meta Model 3 …………..………...…............40

Figure9.2 Meta Model 3D View …………..………...…40
Figure9.3 Reflection coefficient plot …..........................40
Figure9.4 Current Distribution ………...…....................40
Figure9.5Radiation pattern .............................................40
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND
Antennas provide the wireless transmission and reception of electromagnetic signals and play an
essential role in modern telecommunications. The latest wireless technologies such as the
upcoming 5G networks and IoT (Internet of Things) represent the vessel for the establishment of
a new era with advanced connectivity. As the demand for higher data rates, reliable communication
links, and compact high-performance transceivers booms, the antennas have to adapt and satisfy
the ever-increasing requirements. Modern antennas shall have small size, low profile and high
bandwidth, while the radiation pattern and gain should also be sufficient.
Metamaterials are engineered, man-made materials that are able of manipulating electromagnetic
waves in a different way than conventional, natural materials. For instance, structures that exhibit
negative permittivity::€< 0, are common examples of metamaterials
[3].
With metasurfaces, antennas gain super-strength, reaching farther and resisting interference better.
But what about crowded spaces? Imagine multiple antennas in a future phone. Interference would
be a mess! No worries! Metamaterial decoupling acts like invisible walls, ensuring each antenna
transmits and receives flawlessly, even when packed tightly together.
This is just the beginning. Active metamaterials are being explored, able to change their properties
on the fly, leading to even more adaptable and powerful antennas. Challenges remain, but the
potential is undeniable. An antenna is a seemingly simple device that plays a crucial role in our
wireless world. It acts as a bridge between electrical signals and electromagnetic (EM) waves,
allowing us to transmit and receive information without wires. Here's a breakdown of the key
concepts:
What Does an Antenna Do?
• Transmitting: An antenna takes electrical signals (like those from a radio or phone) and
turns them into electromagnetic (EM) waves that travel through the air. It’s like dropping
a pebble in a pond and watching the ripples spread out.
• Receiving: An antenna can also catch EM waves from the air and turn them back into
electrical signals for devices to use. Imagine feeling the ripples in the pond with your hand.

How Does an Antenna Work?

• When electricity flows through the antenna’s wire, it creates a magnetic field. As the
current changes, it also changes the magnetic field, which then creates an electric field.
These two fields together form an electromagnetic wave that moves away from the antenna.
• When receiving, the process is reversed. Incoming EM waves make electrons move in the
antenna, creating small electrical signals that the device can use.

Types of Antennas:
 • Dipole Antenna: Two wires or rods, simple and often used for basic demonstrations.
• Monopole Antenna: Like a dipole, but with one rod and a metal surface underneath;
common in phones.
• Dish Antenna: Shaped like a satellite dish, it focuses signals for longdistance
communication, such as satellite TV.

Key Antenna Characteristics :

• Frequency Range: The set of frequencies the antenna can handle well.
• Gain: How well the antenna sends or receives signals in a certain direction.
• Bandwidth: The range of frequencies where the antenna works best.
• Radiation Pattern: A visual map showing how strong the signal is in different directions.

In short, antennas are essential for wireless communication, turning electrical signals into waves
and back again, with different shapes and features for different uses.

1.2. MOTIVATION

Conventional antennas, while well-established, have limitations that metamaterial designs aim to
overcome. Here are some key motivations for developing metamaterial antennas:

Optimize Size Constraints:

• Traditional antennas can become bulky, especially at lower frequencies. Metamaterials, with their
ability to manipulate electromagnetic properties, can enable the design of compact antennas for
a specific frequency. This is crucial for applications where space is limited, such as mobile
phones, wearable electronics, and drones.

Enhancing Bandwidth and Gain:

• Conventional antennas often have a trade-off between bandwidth (operating frequency range)
and gain (signal strength). Metamaterials offer the potential to achieve wider bandwidths and
higher gain simultaneously. This is desirable for applications like next-generation wireless
communication systems (5G and beyond) that require handling a broader range of frequencies
and data traffic.

Beam Steering and Shaping:

• Metamaterials offer more control over the radiation pattern of the antenna. This allows for beam
steering, where the signal can be focused in a specific direction, and beam shaping to create
custom radiation patterns. This is useful for applications like satellite communication, radar
systems, and wireless charging with improved efficiency.
1.3. OBJECTIVE
The project aims to explore the following key aspects:

Design and Simulation of Metamaterial Antenna: The research investigates the antenna design
to obtain the metamaterial behaviour into the antenna design to manipulate electromagnetic waves
effectively.

Miniaturization and Efficiency: The primary objective is to achieve electrically small antennas
that maintain a compact form factor while exhibiting high radiation efficiency.

Bandwidth Enhancement: Conventional electrically small antennas often suffer from limited
bandwidth. The project aims to overcome this limitation by metamaterials. exploiting the
frequencyselective properties of metamaterials .

Performance Optimization: Parameters such as radiation pattern, gain and impedance matching
will be carefully adjusted to meet the specific requirements of microwave applications, ensuring
optimal functionality in real-world scenarios.

Literature Study:
Conduct a thorough review of existing research on metamaterial antennas for dual-band operation
(2.4 GHz). Focus on papers that explore different metamaterial unit cell designs, their impact on
antenna performance (bandwidth, gain, radiation pattern), and fabrication techniques. Resources
like IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, and ResearchGate can be valuable sources for relevant research
papers.

Simulation and Design:

Choose a simulation software like Ansys HFSS. Based on your literature review, design a
metamaterial unit cell that offers the desired properties for achieving dual-band operation (2.4
GHz). Integrate the metamaterial unit cell into a traditional antenna design (e.g., microstrip patch
antenna). Use the simulation software to analyze the performance of your designed antenna.
Parameters like S-parameters (reflection coefficient), radiation pattern, and gain will be crucial for
evaluating its effectiveness. Refine and iterate on your design based on the simulation results to
optimize the antenna's performance for both 2.4 GHz bands. Experimental Validation:
Once you have a promising design through simulation, fabricate a prototype of the metamaterial
antenna. This may involve techniques like photolithography or 3D printing depending on the
complexity of your design. Use real-world measurement equipment like Vector Network Analyzers
(VNAs) to measure the S-parameters of your fabricated antenna. Set up an anechoic chamber for
radiation pattern and gain measurements to validate the performance of your antenna in a
controlled environment. Compare the measured results with the simulation data to assess the
accuracy of your design and identify any discrepancies.
1.4. SHORT DETAIL METAMATERIAL

Metamaterials are special materials created by humans, not found in nature. They are made from
tiny, repeating structures called unit cells. These unit cells can be simple or complex in shape, and
by arranging them in certain patterns, we can give metamaterials unique abilities that regular
materials don’t have.

Key Features:
• Artificial Design: Metamaterials are carefully engineered to have properties that natural
materials cannot achieve.
• Custom Building Blocks: The unit cells can be shaped and arranged in many ways to
control how the material interacts with waves, like light, radio waves, or sound.

Unique Properties:
By changing the design of the unit cells, metamaterials can:

• Bend Waves Backwards: They can make light or radio waves bend in the opposite
direction, which is not possible with normal materials.
• Perfectly Absorb Waves: Some metamaterials can absorb all the energy from certain
waves, making them useful for things like stealth technology.
• Guide Electricity Efficiently: They can direct electrical currents more precisely.
Applications:
Metamaterials are opening up new possibilities in technology, such as:
• Super Lenses: Making microscopes or cameras that can see much finer details.
• Invisibility Cloaks: Bending light around objects to make them seem invisible (still
experimental).
• Advanced Antennas: Creating smaller, more powerful antennas for wireless devices.
• Sound Control: Designing materials that can block or control sound for noise reduction
or better medical imaging.

Metamaterials are a rapidly evolving field with exciting possibilities. Their ability to manipulate
electromagnetic waves in extraordinary ways is transforming various scientific and technological
domains.
1.5. PROJECT OUTLINE

This thesis is organized as follows:

CHAPTER 1: This chapter gives an overview of Antenna Background, Motivation, Objective and
Short Detail of Metamaterials of the thesis. CHAPTER 2: literature review of some IEEE Research
Paper.

CHAPTER 3: In chapter we discuss about the overview of

Metamaterial Antenna, types of Metamaterial, Properties of Metamaterial, Designing , making and
simulation of Metamaterial antenna.

CHAPTER 4: work done of the project : Rectangular Patch Antenna

,Ring shape patch Antenna , Inset feed antenna 1,2,3. Metamaterial based model , modified Model
at 2.4Ghz frequency : New Meta modal
1 , 2, 3,4.

CHAPTER 5: This chapter summarizes and suggests future scope to improve this research work.
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

In paper [1]. Literature Review of "A Wideband Dual-Polarized Antenna Using Shorted
Dipoles" by L. Wen et al.
This paper proposes a novel design for a wideband dual-polarized antenna using shorted dipoles.
Here's a review of its key points and its place in the existing literature:
Key Contributions:

• Wideband performance: The antenna achieves a wide bandwidth of 7.4 GHz (2.3-9.7 GHz)
covering various wireless communication bands, surpassing many existing dual-polarized
antenna designs.

• Simple structure: The design utilizes shorted dipoles and a feed network, offering simplicity
and ease of fabrication compared to more complex antenna structures.

• Dual-polarization: The antenna supports both horizontal and vertical polarizations, enabling
flexibility in communication systems and mitigating polarization mismatch issues.

• Compact size: The antenna maintains a compact size, making it suitable for integration into
various devices.

In paper[2]. Literature Review of "A Re-examination of the Fundamental Limits on the

Radiation Q of Electrically Small Antennas" by J.S. McLean (1996) This paper by McLean
presents a significant contribution to the understanding of the fundamental limits on the radiation
Q of electrically small antennas. Here's a breakdown of its key points and its place in the existing
literature:

-Key Contributions:

• Exact method: McLean derives an exact method for calculating the minimum radiation Q of
any general antenna, offering a more precise approach compared to previous approximate
methods.

• Agreement with previous work: The new method confirms the earlier results widely used in
the field, including Chu's and Wheeler's formulas, demonstrating its validity and consistency.
 • Simplified expression: The paper presents a simplified version of the exact formula, making
it easier to calculate the radiation Q for practical applications. Page | 17

• Focus on electrically small antennas: The study specifically addresses the limitations of
small antennas, a crucial aspect for miniaturization trends in wireless technologies.

In paper[3]. Literature Review of "Physical Limitations of OmniDirectional Antennas" by L. Chu

(1948)
This seminal paper by Chu laid the groundwork for understanding the fundamental
limitations of omnidirectional antennas. Using spherical wave functions, Chu analyzed the
directivity gain (G) and quality factor (Q) of an unspecified antenna under ideal conditions.
He then proposed three optimization criteria:

1. Maximum gain for a given complexity: maximizing signal strength within a set design
complexity.

2. Minimum Q: minimizing bandwidth limitations.

3. Maximum ratio of G/Q: balancing gain and bandwidth for optimal performance. Key
Findings:

• Gain and bandwidth are inherently linked; increasing gain leads to a higher Q and narrower
bandwidth.

• For an antenna of maximum dimension 2a, a gain less than or equal to 4a/λ (where λ is the
wavelength) offers the potential for a broad bandwidth.

• Antennas with infinitesimal dipole radiation patterns have the widest potential bandwidth.
Impact and Significance:

• Chu's work established a theoretical framework for analyzing and designing omnidirectional
antennas, inspiring generations of researchers.

• His limitations are widely cited and referenced in antenna design textbooks and research
papers.

• The paper's concepts have informed the development of various antenna types, including
dipoles, monopoles, and loop antennas. Limitations and Further Developments:
 • Chu's analysis assumes ideal conditions and doesn't address practical factors like losses and
fabrication constraints.

• The paper focuses on single-frequency applications and neglects the issue of multi-band
performance.

• Subsequent research has expanded upon Chu's work, considering more complex antenna
structures, real-world limitations, and multi-band requirements.

Conclusion:
Chu's "Physical Limitations of Omni-Directional Antennas" remains a cornerstone in antenna
theory and has profoundly influenced the development Page | 18 of the field. While
limitations exist, the paper's fundamental insights continue to guide antenna design and pave
the way for further advancements.

In paper[4].Literature Review of "Fundamental limitations of small antennas" by H. A. Wheeler

(1947)
Wheeler explores the inherent limitations of electrically small antennas (ESAs), defined as
those having a maximum dimension much smaller than the operating wavelength. Using
simple physical arguments and energy conservation principles, he derives formulas relating
the achievable radiation quality factor (Q) to the antenna's electrical size and volume. His
key findings established theoretical bounds for:

• Minimum Q: Smaller antennas inherently possess higher Q, leading to narrower bandwidths.

• Maximum gain: Gain and Q are inversely proportional, limiting the achievable gain for a
given size and frequency.

• Bandwidth-gain product: There exists a fundamental limit on the product of bandwidth and
gain for any ESA. Impact and Significance:

• Wheeler's work provided a groundbreaking framework for understanding and designing ESAs,
significantly impacting antenna theory and practice.

• His limitations are widely referenced and incorporated into antenna design textbooks and
software tools.

• The established bounds inform optimizations for various ESA applications, including mobile
devices, RFID tags, and wearable electronics. Limitations and Further Developments:
• Wheeler's analysis considers ideal, lossless antennas and omits practical factors like material
losses and fabrication constraints.

• The paper primarily focuses on single-frequency performance, neglecting the complexities of

multi-band operation.

• Subsequent research has built upon Wheeler's foundation, addressing realworld limitations,
exploring more complex antenna geometries, and investigating multi-band designs.
Conclusion:
Wheeler's "Fundamental limitations of small antennas" remains a landmark contribution to
antenna theory and continues to influence ESA design significantly. Although limitations exist,
the paper's core concepts pave the way for further advancements and optimizations in this
crucial area of antenna technology.
In paper[5]. Tayli D and Gustafsson M. Physical bounds for antennas above a ground plane. IEEE
Antennas Wireless Propagat Lett 2016; 15: 1281–1284.
This paper by Tayli and Gustafsson explores the fundamental limitations of antennas placed
above a ground plane. Building upon previous work by Chu and Wheeler, they derive exact
expressions for the minimum achievable directivity (D) and quality factor (Q) of such antennas
based on their maximum linear dimension (d) and operating wavelength (λ). They consider
both perfect conductor and finite conductivity ground planes, providing bounds for various
practical scenarios. Key Findings:

• The minimum achievable D scales as πd/λ for a perfect conductor ground plane and varies
slightly for finite conductivity cases.

• The minimum Q is inversely proportional to D, highlighting the inherent tradeoff between

directivity and bandwidth for antennas above a ground plane.

• The derived bounds are applicable to various antenna types, including dipoles ,
monopoles, and patches.

Impact and Significance:

• This work provides valuable insights into the performance limitations of common antenna
configurations, aiding in realistic design expectations and optimization strategies.

• The exact expressions improve upon previous approximations and offer more accurate
predictions for practical antenna designs.
• The established bounds inform antenna selection and design across various applications,
including wireless communication systems, RFID tags, and sensor networks.

Limitations and Further Developments:

• The analysis focuses on single-frequency performance and doesn't address multi-band

considerations.

• The paper assumes ideal current distributions in the antennas, which may not hold true for
complex geometries or real-world scenarios.
 CHAPTER 3
METAMATERIAL ANTENNA

3.1. WHAT IS METAMATERIAL

Metamaterials: Bending the Rules of Electromagnetism
Metamaterials are special materials that are not found in nature-they are created by humans to have
properties we can’t get from natural substances. What makes metamaterials unique is not what
they’re made of, but how they are structured. Imagine building something with Lego blocks: by
arranging the blocks in certain patterns, you can create objects with new abilities. In the same way,
scientists design metamaterials using tiny, repeating building blocks called unit cells to control
how waves like light or radio waves behave.
Key Features:
• Artificial Structure: Metamaterials are made from ordinary materials (like metals or
plastics) but arranged in special patterns much smaller than the wavelength of the waves
they affect.
• Unit Cells: These are the small, repeating shapes that make up a metamaterial. Their
size, shape, and arrangement decide how the material will interact with electromagnetic
waves.
• Custom Properties: By changing the design of the unit cells, metamaterials can do
things that natural materials cannot. For example, they can:
• Bend light or radio waves in the opposite direction (negative refraction).
• Guide and control electrical currents more efficiently.
• Absorb certain waves completely or even make objects seem
invisible.

3.2. Types of Metamaterials

Metamaterials are special materials designed to control waves like light, sound, or heat in ways
that natural materials cannot. There are different types of metamaterials, each with their own
unique uses. Here’s a simple overview of the main types:

1. Electromagnetic Metamaterials:
These are the most common type and are designed to interact with electromagnetic waves, such as
light and radio waves.
a) Split-Ring Resonators (SRRs): These are tiny, ring-shaped structures with a
gap. They help control magnetic fields and can be used to:
• Make antennas smaller without losing performance.
 • Create super lenses for very detailed imaging in microscopes or medical
devices.
b) Complementary Split-Ring Resonators (CSRRs): These are similar to SRRs
but have a different shape, giving even more control over waves. They can be
used for:
• Cloaking devices that could make objects invisible to radar (though true
invisibility is still only a theory).
• Special filters that only let certain radio waves pass through.

2. Acoustic Metamaterials:
These materials are designed to control sound waves.
• Sonic Filters:
They can block or absorb certain sounds, which is useful for noise cancellation in loud
environments.
• Acoustic Cloaking:
These can hide objects from sound waves, making them “silent” at certain frequencies.

3. Thermal Metamaterials:
These are used to control the flow of heat.
• Thermal Cloaking:
Materials that can hide objects from heat detection by controlling how heat moves around
them.
• Improved Heat Transfer:
Designs that help move heat more efficiently, which can be useful for cooling electronics
or improving solar panels.

4. Plasmonic Metamaterials:
These use tiny metal structures to interact with light at a very small scale.
• Sensitive Sensors:
They can detect very small amounts of chemicals or biological substances.

• Better Molecular Detection:

Used in advanced techniques like Raman spectroscopy to identify molecules more clearly.
3.3. PROPERTIES OF METAMATERIAL ANTENNA

Metamaterial antennas leverage the unique properties of metamaterials to achieve several

advantages over conventional antennas. Here's a breakdown of some key properties offered by
metamaterial antennas:

1. Miniaturization: • Conventional antennas can be bulky, especially at lower frequencies.

Metamaterials, with their ability to manipulate electromagnetic wave behavior, can be used to
design compact antennas that achieve the same performance as larger ones. This is
particularly beneficial for applications where space is limited, such as:

1. Mobile phones and wearables

2. Drones and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)

2. Multi-Band Operation: • Conventional antennas are usually optimized for a single

frequency range, limiting their use in devices that require multiple wireless services.
Metamaterials solve this by enabling antennas to operate efficiently across multiple frequencies
at once. This is achieved by designing the metamaterial’s tiny structures (unit cells) to respond
to different frequencies simultaneously.

Key Advantages:

• Single Antenna, Multiple Services: Devices like smartphones can use one antenna for Wi-
Fi (2.4 GHz) , 5G (3.5 GHz), and Bluetooth without needing separate components.

• Adaptability: Satellite systems and radar applications benefit from antennas that handle
diverse frequency bands, improving performance in communication and sensing.

3. Enhanced Gain and Directivity • Metamaterial antennas can make signals stronger and more
focused than regular antennas. This means they can send or receive signals over longer
distances and in a specific direction, instead of spreading energy everywhere.

Why is this useful?

• Satellite communication: Strong, targeted signals improve connection quality.

 • Wireless charging: Energy is directed straight to the device, making charging more
efficient.

• Radar systems: Focused signals help detect and track objects more accurately.

4. Reconfigurable Properties
Some metamaterial antennas are designed with special electronic components, such as PIN diodes
or varactor diodes, that allow them to change how they work in real time. This means the antenna
can adjust its frequency range or the direction it sends and receives signals, just by switching these
components on or off or by changing their settings.
Why is this useful?

• Cognitive radio systems: The antenna can automatically switch to different frequencies
to avoid interference and make the best use of available channels. • Smart antennas: The
antenna can change the direction of its signal to follow a moving device or focus on a
specific area, improving communication quality.

5. Reduced Side Lobe Levels

Conventional antennas often send out unwanted signals in directions other than the main beam,
called side lobes. These side lobes can cause interference with other nearby devices and lower the
overall quality of the signal.
Metamaterial antennas are specially designed to suppress these side lobes, resulting in a much
cleaner and more focused signal pattern. By using structures like split ring resonators, metamaterial
antennas can direct most of the energy into the main beam and minimize stray signals.
Why is this important?

• In crowded places like cellular networks, reducing side lobes helps prevent interference
between different antennas and improves network performance.

• For high-precision systems, such as radar or advanced communication links, a cleaner

signal ensures better accuracy and reliability.
3.4. DESIGN OF METAMATERIAL
Designing a metamaterial antenna involves a creative and iterative process, leveraging the unique
properties of metamaterials to achieve specific performance goals. Here's a breakdown of the key
steps involved:

1. Defining Requirements:
• Target Frequency Band(s): Identify the frequency
range(s) your antenna needs to operate in. This could be a single band (like 2.4 GHz for WiFi)
or multiple bands (like 2.4 GHz for a dual-band cellphone antenna).

• Application Considerations: Think about the application for your antenna.

This will influence factors like size constraints (mobile phone vs. base station antenna),
desired radiation pattern (omnidirectional vs. directional), and gain requirements (long-
range communication vs. short-range data transfer).

2. Metamaterial Unit Cell Selection

a. Research Existing Designs
• Split-Ring Resonators (SRRs): Tiny ring-shaped structures with gaps that create negative
permeability, ideal for miniaturizing antennas.

• Complementary SRRs (CSRRs): Inverse versions of SRRs that block specific

frequencies, useful for reducing interference.

b. Choose Based on Needs

• Miniaturization: SRRs are great for shrinking antenna size (e.g., a 5 GHz antenna using
SRRs can be 50x smaller).
• Ease of Fabrication: Simple SRRs are easier to make with photolithography, while
complex designs may need 3D printing.

3. Antenna Selection and Integration

a. Base Antenna Design

• Use a microstrip patch antenna (common for Wi-Fi/5G) or a dipole antenna as your
starting point.
b. Integration Strategy
• Embed SRRs in the Substrate: Place SRRs under the patch to reduce size and improve
bandwidth.
 • Superstrate Layer: Add a metamaterial layer above the patch to focus signals (e.g.,
satellite antennas).

4. Simulation and Optimization

a. Software Tools
• Use CST Studio or Ansys HFSS to model the antenna. These tools predict performance
(gain, bandwidth) before building.

b. Testing Different Designs

• Adjust SRR size, gap width, and placement. For example:
• Smaller rings → higher frequency.
• Closer placement → better miniaturization.
• Optimize for S-parameters (signal matching) and gain (signal strength).

5. Fabrication and Testing

a. Fabrication Methods
• Photolithography: Etch SRRs on copper-clad boards for precise designs (common for Wi-
Fi antennas).

• 3D Printing: Use conductive inks for complex shapes (e.g., NASA’s balloon antenna).

b. Performance Testing
• Vector Network Analyzer (VNA): Check if the antenna resonates at target frequencies
(e.g., 2.4 GHz for Wi-Fi).
• Anechoic Chamber: Measure radiation patterns to ensure signals focus in the right
direction
 CHAPTER 4
PRINTED METAMATERIAL ANTENNA FOR WIRELESS
COMMUNUCATION

4.1. ANTENNA PARAMETER

• Operating Frequencies and B.W: Operating frequency of desirable applications and
allocated bandwidth required at same applications.
Example- Op. Freq (FR) = 2.4 GHz; Lower cut in frequency (FL) is
= 2.2 GHz; Higher cut in frequency (FH) = 2.5 GHz then, B.W = FH- FL = 2.5-
2.2 = 0.3 GHz or 300 MHz
B.W% = (𝐹𝐻−𝐹𝐿×100)/Fr = 12.5%

• Antenna Material Based on Relative Permittivity (Ꜫr): Selection of

material based on required operating frequency. If operating frequency is below 10 GHz
then FR4 (Ꜫr =4.4) can be selected due to its low cost and availability.

• Reflection Coefficient (S11): The reflection coefficient/ return loss is a parameter that
describes how much of a power is reflected by an impedance in the transmission medium
or conducting element. It is measured in decibel (dB). We observe S11 ≥ -10 dB (90% of
incident power gets reflected from the antenna) for better impedance matching.

• Gain: The term antenna gain defines the degree to which an antenna concentrates radiated
power in a given direction, or absorbs incident power from that direction, compared with a
reference antenna. It is measured in dB.

• Current Density Distribution: Over the conducting element within the radiating surface
amount of current distribution over the metallic plane such as patch and ground element. It
is measured in dB.

• Radiation Pattern: Antenna radiates a pattern or form of radiation in co and cross plane
at 0 ̊ & 90 ̊ respectively in terms of power over the desired surfaces.
4.2. CALCULATION

Given - Op. Frequency = 2.4 GHz ; Speed of Light (c) = 3×10^8 m/s ; Relative permittivity of
material (εr) = 4.4 ; Height of material (h) = 1.6 mm

• Step 1 - Width of Patch (W) :

W = c/(2×Fr) × √(2/(εr+1)) = 3×10^8/(2×2.4×10^9) × √(2/4.4+1) = 38 mm
W = 38 mm

• Step 2 - Effective Dielectric Constant (εreff) : εreff = (εr+1)/2 + (εr-1)/2 {1 +

12 ^h}^-0.5 w εreff = (4.4+1)/2 + (4.4-1)/2 {1 + 12 1.6/38}^-0.5 = 4.08 εreff= 4.08

• Step 3 - Variation of length based on εreff (ΔL) :

ΔL = 0.412 × (εreff+0.3)(W/h+0.264)/(εreff-0.258)(W/h+0.8) × h
ΔL = 0.412 × (4.08+0.3)(38/1.6+0.264)/(4.08-0.258)(38/1.6+0.8) ×
1.6 = 0.739
ΔL = 0.739
• Step 4 - Length of Patch (L) :
L = c/(2Fr√εreff) - 2ΔL
L = 3×10^8/(2×2.4×10^9√3.986) - 2×0.739 = 29.4 mm
L = 29.4 mm
• Step 5: Substrate Width (Ws) :
Ws = 6h + W = 6 × 1.6 + 38 = 47.6 mm
Ws = 47.6 mm
• Step 6: Substrate Length (WL) :
WL = 6h/2 + L + FL = 6 × 1.6/2 + 29.4 + 15.4 = 49.6 mm
WL = 49.6 mm

FL (Feed Length) = λg/4 λ0 = c/Fr = 3×10^8/2.4×10^9 = 125 mm λg = λ0/√εreff =

125/√4.08 = 61.88 mm
FL = λg/4 = 61.88/4 = 15.47 mm
 4.3. RECTANGULAR PATCH ANTENNA

Fig1.1. 2D rectangular patch antenna Fig1.2. current distribution

Fig 1.3. Reflection coefficient plot.

Fig 1.3. Reflection coefficient plot.

Area: 49.6mmx47.6mm, Reflection coefficient: -10dB at 2.4GHz.
4.4 INSERT FEED

Fig2.1. 2D inset-feed antenna.

Fig2.2. Reflection coefficient plot

Fig2.3. Radiation pattern. Fig2.3. Radiation pattern.

• Area: 49.6mmx47.6mm, Reflection coefficient: -15.8dB at 2.4GHz.

• Gain: 0.96dB
4.5 SQUARE SRR

Fig.3.1. Square SRR Fig.3.2. Current Distribution

Fig.3.2. Reflection Coefficient plot

• At 9.6 GHz, |S(1,2)| = 0.5759, indicating moderate transmission between

ports.

• Return loss |S(1,1)| is low near 9.6 GHz, showing decent impedance
matching.
4.6 SRR 1

Fig.4.1. 2D SRR 1 Fig.4.2. Current Distribution

Fig.4.3. Reflection coefficient plot

Fig.4.3. Reflection coefficient plot

• Area: 14mmx14mm
• At 2.195 GHz, |S(1,2)| = 0.6884, showing fairly good transmission from port 1 to port 2. •
|S(1,1)| is moderate at this frequency, indicating partial reflection and acceptable matching.
4.7 SRR 2

Fig.5.1. 2D SRR 2 Fig.5.2. CurrentDistribution

Fig.5.3. Reflection coefficient plot

• Area: 14mmx14mm
• A sharp dip in both |S(1,1)| and |S(1,2)| near 2.48 GHz indicates strong
resonant behavior, likely representing a notch or band-stop filter effect.
• Reflection coefficient: -23.2dB at 2.4GHz
4.8 META MODEL 1

Fig 6.1 2D Metamodel antenna.

Fig 6.2. Reflection coefficient plot.

• Area: 49.6mmx47.6mm, Reflection coefficient: -6.9dB at 2.4GHz.

• 2 Split Rings are used
4.9 META MODEL 2

Fig 7.1 3D Metamodel antenna.

Fig 7.2. Reflection coefficient plot.

• Area: 49.6mmx47.6mm, Reflection coefficient: -24.7db at 2.4GHz.
• SRR rings are used, due to which improved reflection Coefficient is
achived.
4.10 META MODEL 3

Fig 8.1 3D Metamodel antenna.

Fig 8.2. Reflection coefficient plot.

• Area: 49.6mmx47.6mm, reflection coefficient: -21dB at 2.4GHz.

• Ring Placement is changed, due to which reflection coefficient value has
changed.
• 3 SRR rings are used.
4.11 META MODEL 4

Fig 9.1. 2D Metamodel antenna. Fig 9.2. 3D Metamodel 3 antenna.

Fig 9.3. Reflection coefficient plot.

Fig.9.4. Current Distribution Fig.9.5. Radiation pattern

• Area: 49.6mmx47.6mm, Reflection coefficient: -45.87dB at 2.4GHz.
• Gain: 4.8dB

• Ring Placement is changed.

• split ring resonator is inserted on the substrate
 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK

5.1. CONCLUSION

Working on the Design and development of metamaterial inspired antennas.

> First we make a rectangular patch antenna using HFSS software.
• Gain =2.4GHz
• Reflection coefficient (S11) = -10dB.

> Further we introduced inset feed in the rectangular antenna:

• Area:39.6mmx37.6mm.
• Reflection coefficient: -15 dB at 2.4 GHz.

> Further we made a Square SRR metamaterial unit:

• Area = 2.5 mm × 2.5 mm ×0.25mm
• Frequency = 10 GHz

> After that, we designed two more SRR metamaterial units, with the second one being the
final SRR unit, achieving a reflection coefficient of -23dB.

> Subsequently, we developed several metamaterial-based models, the final model, which
incorporates 3 SRR units, achieved the following performance:
• Reflection coefficient of -45.87 dB at 2.4 GHz

> Due to RAM limitations, only three SRR rings were added. This placement of SRR rings was
chosen because of its low reflection coefficient.
5.2. FUTURE SCOPE OF THIS WORK

To achieving specific performance enhancements beyond traditional antenna designs by the using
the metamaterial inspired structures. That help to achieve high gain, wide bandwidth and good
impedance matching, so our future scope of work is it modify the model by using metamaterial of
improve the gain, bandwidth, performance and efficiency of the antenna using metamaterials.
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