B.

Tech
(Sem- VI)
Theory Examination (2022-23)
Antenna and Wave Propagation
Solution : KEC 603
Section A
Q1
SN Solution
a

e
B.Tech
(Sem- VI)
Theory Examination (2022-23)
Antenna and Wave Propagation
Solution : KEC 603
f

h A long wire antenna is a type of antenna in which the length of the wire is usually greater than
the length of the half-wave dipole i.e., λ/2. These are also known as harmonic antennas.
It offers operating frequency range between 500 kHz to 30 MHz.

j
B.Tech
(Sem- VI)
Theory Examination (2022-23)
Antenna and Wave Propagation
Solution : KEC 603

Section B
Q2
S Solution
N
a
B.Tech
(Sem- VI)
Theory Examination (2022-23)
Antenna and Wave Propagation
Solution : KEC 603
b
B.Tech
(Sem- VI)
Theory Examination (2022-23)
Antenna and Wave Propagation
Solution : KEC 603

d
B.Tech
(Sem- VI)
Theory Examination (2022-23)
Antenna and Wave Propagation
Solution : KEC 603
e The maximum frequency (and sky wave is supported) at which total internal reflection from
ionosphere takes place is called critical frequency.
It is given by: fc=9N max where Nmax: Maximum electron density in ionosphere.
For the frequencies above 30 MHz, the sky wave propagation exists. Signal multipath is the
common problem for the propagation of electromagnetic waves going through Sky wave. The
wave, which is reflected from the ionosphere, can be called as a hop or skip. There can be a
number of hops for the signal as it may move back and forth from the ionosphere and earth
surface many times. Such a movement of signal can be termed as multipath.
The measurable distance on the surface of the Earth from transmitter to receiver, where the
signal reflected from the ionosphere can reach the receiver with minimum hops or skips, is
known as skip distance.

Section C
Q3
a
B.Tech
(Sem- VI)
Theory Examination (2022-23)
Antenna and Wave Propagation
Solution : KEC 603
b

Section C
Q4
a Yagi Antenna Design

Yagi uda antennas were mostly observed on the roof of every house in past decades. The parasitic
components and dipoles collectively form a yagi uda antenna. In the below picture, the antenna
has more directors because placing more directors enhances the antenna’s directionality.
The feeder is considered a folded dipole and the reflector has more length which is placed at the
end of the antenna. Below picture shows the yagi uda antenna design diagram.

Yagi Uda Antenna Structure

In the design of the Yagi antenna, the structure which is in the form of a center rod where the
B.Tech
(Sem- VI)
Theory Examination (2022-23)
Antenna and Wave Propagation
Solution : KEC 603
components are placed is termed a boom. The active component is called a driven
component where a transmission line has an internal connection to it through a black stud. The
single material which is at the back end of the driven component is called a reflector where it
reflects the entire energy in the direction of the radiation pattern. And the other components that
are present before the driven component are called directors which reflect the beam in the
direction of the required angle.

In order to design a Yagi antenna, there are a few parameters to be considered which are:

 Driven component length – 0.458λ to 0.5λ

 Reflector length – 0.55λ – 0.58λ
 Director 1 length – 0.45λ
 Director 2 length – 0.40λ
 Director 3 length – 0.35λ
 Distance between the directors – 0.2λ
 Spacing between reflector to dipole – 0.35λ
 Spacing from dipole to director – 0.125λ

When the above-mentioned design parameters of the yagi uda antenna are met, one can easily
construct it.

The yagi uda antenna design equations are as follows:

All the below equations are corespondent to frequency and so for a 106Mh frequency

Driven component length = 143/f = 1.35 Mts

 Director 1 length = 138/f = 1.30 Mts

 Reflector length = 150/f = 1.41 Mts
 Director 2 length = 134/f = 1.26 Mts
 Boom length = (43/f) + (45/f) + (45/f) = 1.25 Mts

Working

In a typical antenna design, the conductor is usually bent into one or more geometric shapes
B.Tech
(Sem- VI)
Theory Examination (2022-23)
Antenna and Wave Propagation
Solution : KEC 603
such as a horizontal dipole or a folded dipole.

In Yagi-Uda antenna is mostly a folded dipole antenna. When an extrinsic excitation is supplied to
the dipole. The current flow across the active component creates a voltage across parasitic
components which makes the flow of current across it.

The component with more length than the wavelength/2 shows inductive characteristics so that the
current in the reflector component lags the induced voltage. On the other hand, the short length
component (director) induces capacitive characteristics so that the current flow across the director
leads the induced voltage.

Section C
Q5
a The effective antenna aperture (Ae) of an antenna is the area presented by the antenna to receive
or transmit the electromagnetic wave. Thus, if the effective antenna aperture increase, the gain
of the antenna will increase.

The gain of the antenna represents the maximum radiation intensity in a given direction (or
absorbs incident power from that direction) when compared with a theoretical isotropic
B.Tech
(Sem- VI)
Theory Examination (2022-23)
Antenna and Wave Propagation
Solution : KEC 603
antenna.

Also, the gain of the antenna will decrease when increasing the wavelength (λ) of the signal. It
is because of radiation resistance of the antenna will increase when wavelength (λ) increases.

As per antenna theory, the relation between the gain (G) of the antenna and antenna aperture
(Ae) is given by:

In telecommunication, the effective height of an antenna is the height of the antenna's center
of radiation above the ground. It is defined as the ratio of the induced voltage to the incident
field .
In low-frequency applications involving loaded or nonloaded vertical antennas, the effective
height is the moment of the current distribution in the vertical section, divided by the input
current. For an antenna with a symmetrical current distribution, the center of radiation is the
center of the distribution. For an antenna with asymmetrical current distribution, the center of
radiation is the center of current moments when viewed from points near the direction of
maximum radiation.
Antenna temperature (Tant) is a parameter that describes how much noise an antenna produces in
a given environment. Antenna noise temperature is not the physical temperature of the antenna
but rather an expression of the available noise power at the antenna flange.

b
B.Tech
(Sem- VI)
Theory Examination (2022-23)
Antenna and Wave Propagation
Solution : KEC 603
Section C
Q6
a
B.Tech
(Sem- VI)
Theory Examination (2022-23)
Antenna and Wave Propagation
Solution : KEC 603
b

Section C
Q7
a In radio transmission, maximum usable frequency (MUF) is the highest radio
frequency that can be used for transmission between two points on Earth by reflection from
the ionosphere (skywave or skip) at a specified time, independent of transmitter power. This
index is especially useful for shortwave transmissions.
B.Tech
(Sem- VI)
Theory Examination (2022-23)
Antenna and Wave Propagation
Solution : KEC 603
B.Tech
(Sem- VI)
Theory Examination (2022-23)
Antenna and Wave Propagation
Solution : KEC 603
b Ground wave propagation is a type of radio propagation which is also known as a surface wave.
These waves propagate over the earth’s surface in low and medium frequencies. These are
mainly used for transmission between the surface of the earth and the ionosphere. These are
made up of several constituent waves.

It is known as a ground wave because it is the sum of the waves that are reflected by the earth’s
surface or any hills. The waves follow the earth’s curvature, enabling them to cover beyond the
horizon. Beyond the horizon, the waves get blocked by the earth’s curvature, and the signals are
produced by the diffracted surface wave.

Following is the table explaining the frequency of ground waves depending on the type of
ground:

Advantages of Ground Wave Propagation

 These waves have the tendency to bend around the corners or obstructions during
propagation which makes them more efficient and also, these are not affected by the
change in atmospheric conditions.

Disadvantages of Ground Wave Propagation

 High-frequency waves cannot be transmitted as the energy losses are more because of
the energy absorption in the earth’s atmosphere.
 These are used to cover short ranges and also involves attenuation of waves as they
interact with the eddy currents produced by the surface of the earth.

Applications Ground Wave Propagation

 These can be used for one-way communication from the military to submerged
submarines as they penetrate to a significant depth into seawater.
AM, FM and television broadcasting can be done with the help of ground waves.
Space wave propagation is defined for the radiowaves that occur within the 20km of the
atmosphere ie; troposphere, comprising of a direct and reflected waves. These waves are also
known as tropospheric propagation as they can travel directly from the earth’s surface to the
troposphere surface of the earth. It is also known as a line of sight propagation as the signals are
sent in a straight line from the transmitter to the receiver.

In order to prevent attenuation and loss of signal strength, the height of the antennas and
distance between them can be given as:
B.Tech
(Sem- VI)
Theory Examination (2022-23)
Antenna and Wave Propagation
Solution : KEC 603
Dm = (2RHt)-½ + (2RHr)-½

Where,

Dm: distance between the two antennas

R: radius of the earth, Ht: height of transmission antenna, Hr: height of receiver antenna

Applications of space wave propagation

It is used in various communication systems like

 A line of sight communication and satellite communication

 Radar communication
 Microwave linking

Space wave propagation limitations

 These waves are affected by the curvature of the earth.

 The propagation of these waves happens along the line of sight distance which is
defined as the distance between the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna
which is also known as the range of communication.