SMART HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM

Author(s) - Kesa Sayyed, Hiren Raval, Navya Prabhu

Student/KJ Somaiya Institute of Technology

Guide –Prof. Pradnya Kamble

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract
The main focus of this paper is the development of an IoT-enabled health monitoring system using an Arduino Uno
microcontroller and various biomedical sensors. This model measures various Spo2, Blood pressure, body temperature, heart
rate and ECG. The Data is collected and transmitted in real time to processing unit which includes monitoring and analysis of
a patient’s health. Cloud storage and wireless communication technique has been used that enables continuous health tracking.
This provides an affordable solution for both rural and urban healthcare applications. The proposed system enhances real-time
patient monitoring and assists healthcare professionals in diagnosing early symptoms of critical conditions. Frequent visit to
the hospital visits can be used to integrating IoT which ensures accessible and cost-effective healthcare solutions. The use of
this technology will improve healthcare accessibility, in areas where medical resources are limited. The study also addresses
challenges such as sensor calibration, data security, and real-time transmission, providing a well-rounded discussion on the
implementation and future improvements.

Keywords: SpO2, heart rate, body temperature, blood pressure, ECG

<H1> Introduction
Internet of Things (IoT) is a technology that can connect physical components to the internet, which enable seamless
communication, data collection and storage, and automation across different industries. In IoT sensors are integrated with
actuators and embedded systems with wireless communication technologies. This allows data to in real time without
intervention. This enhances efficiency, decision-making and automation by enabling smart devices to analyse and respond to
with accuracy. IoT has revolutionized ways to operate systems by improving convenience, productivity, and resource
management, everywhere from smart homes and industrial automation to healthcare and agriculture. IoT has been evolving
itself as technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) and cloud computing has evolved through years with a drive for
innovation that enhances daily life and optimize complex processes.

IoT-based healthcare systems leverage interconnected sensors, microcontrollers, and cloud computing to monitor patients'
health in real time, reducing the need for frequent hospital visits. This is beneficial, for those in remote areas with limited
access to medical facilities, for aged patients and people with chronic diseases. With the help of IoT and its integration with
healthcare, continuous monitoring of vital parameters becomes possible, which facilitates early disease detection and timely
medical intervention. This paper focuses on exploring a healthcare project which is based on IoT-based health monitoring
system using an Arduino Uno, focusing on its design, implementation, and potential to change modern healthcare.

Information Classification: General

Rest of the paper is structured as follows. Section-2 reviews the extant literature. Section-3 describes the sample and
variables. Section-4 explains the research methodology. Secttion-5 discusses the empirical findings. Section-6 summarises the
paper.

Literature review
The wearable device developed by Wu et al. [16] monitors various physiological parameters, including body temperature
(BT), electrocardiograph (ECG), and heart rate (HR). Using Pulse Arrival Time (PAT) to measure ECG and PPG, it is
possible to estimate blood pressure (BP). The interaction between humans and remote monitoring programs is straightforward
because all the components are designed within a rigid framework. In addition, the power consumption of the devices is low,
and they can communicate wirelessly to make tailored measurements of a specific physiological signal. The physiological
measurements can be wirelessly transmitted to a gateway using a BLE module. The data are encrypted at the sensor patch and
gateways to maintain privacy, ensuring transmission security. The wearable sensor system is connected to the cloud using a
smartphone and a Raspberry Pi module as a gateway; the data can be retrieved and analyzed from the cloud. Despite its low
energy consumption, BLE technology is unsuitable for wireless communication over long distances and high data rates.

Islam et al. [17] developed an intelligent monitoring system for use in a hospital. It not only collects data on patients’ BT, HR,
and other vital signs but also monitors environmental factors in the hospital room, such as CO, CO 2, and humidity. The
success rate of modern healthcare systems is ~95% agreement between monitored and actual data in all cases. Medical staff
can view the data in real-time, either on-site or remotely. Hypothetically, the technology would be helpful during medical
crises and epidemics, as medical personnel would have almost instant access to raw data. The prototype created is incredibly
easy to design and use. Such devices could be helpful in managing infectious-disease outbreaks, such as COVID-19.
Potentially, this system could save more lives by improving the efficiency of the existing healthcare system. However, at this
stage, the system still lacks some epidemic-related sensors that need to be evaluated once implemented.

Hamim et al. [19] present an IoT-based healthcare-monitoring system for patients and older adults based on an Android
application. The sensors in this prototype collect BT, HR, and Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) data that are fed into a single
system, the Arduino Uno platform. Raspberry Pi transfers the data to cloud storage. Android Studio was used to develop the
Android app, in which health parameters collected from patients can be visualized. Doctors can use the application to
prescribe necessary prescriptions and track the patient’s health over time.

In [18], Al-Sheik and Ameen propose an IoT health-monitoring system for cell phones that remotely monitors patients’ vital
signs, including BT, ECG, and blood-oxygen saturation (SpO2). Arduino was used to measure and process this system. This
system uses Wi-Fi to send the data to a cloud service on the IoT platform called Blynk; the data can be monitored in real-time.
For security and privacy reasons, the results are sent to a specific smartphone that the doctor can monitor. Therefore, two
microcontrollers, Arduino and NodeMCU, are used, which still need to be improved. For long-distance transmission, Wi-Fi
technology is not the ideal option.

Methodology and model specifications

The proposed system integrates multiple biomedical sensors with an Arduino Uno microcontroller for real-time health
monitoring:

 Blood Oxygen &amp; Heart Rate Sensor (MAX30102/MAX30100): Uses photoplethysmography (PPG) to measure
SpO2 and pulse rate.
 Temperature Sensor (DS18B20/LM35): Provides body temperature readings.
 Blood Pressure Sensor (BMP180): Estimates blood pressure variations.
 ECG Monitoring (AD8232 ECG Module): Captures real-time ECG signals.

Hardware Description
A. Body Temperature Sensor

The DSl8B20 is a reasonable sensor for measuring the human body temperature (exact to ±O.5°Centigrate over the extent of
−10°C to +85°C). We can put these sensors at different spots of the human body like on forehead, under arms and even under
the tongue on account of its waterproof. The DS18B20 has three wires i.e. VCC, GND, DATA are mounted in a solitary wire.
This temperature is connected to the DS18B20 body temperature sensor.
 B. Pulse Rate Sensor

Heart rate information can be truly helpful whether you're planning a practice schedule, concentrate your movement or
nervousness levels or simply need your shirt to flicker with your heart beat. The issue is that heart rate can be hard to quantify.
Fortunately, the Pulse Sensor Amped can take care of that issue!

The Pulse Sensor Amped is an attachment and play heart-rate sensor for Arduino. It can be utilized by understudies,
specialists, competitors, producers, and amusement and versatile engineers who need to effectively join live heart-rate
information into their tasks. It basically consolidates a basic optical heart rate sensor with enhancement and noise cancelation
hardware making it quick and simple to get solid heartbeat readings. Additionally, it tests control with only 4mA current draw
at 5V so it's awesome for portable applications.

Simply attach the Pulse Sensor to your ear cartilage or fingertip and connect it to your 3 or 5 Volt Arduino and you're prepared
to peruse heart rate! The 24” link on the Pulse Sensor is ended with standard male headers so there is no soldering required.
Obviously, Arduino illustration code is accessible and additionally a Processing sketch for imagining heart rate information.

Features

 Diameter = 0.625” (~16mm)

 Overall thickness = 0.125” (~3mm)

 Cable length = 24” (~609mm)

 Voltage = 3V to 5V

 Current consumption = ~4mA at 5V

There are three primary links in the beat sensor as appeared in Figure 3. They are red wire, dark wire and purple wire. Each of
them should be associated with the Arduino board to reach. The red wire needs to interface with +3V to +5V stick dark wire to
GND (Ground) stick and purple wire to the information stick. Beat Sensor is utilized to identify the pulse through ear
cartilage. Basically, Pulse Sensor is a Photoplethysmograph which is typically measure blood-oxygen level (SpO2).
Photoplethysmograph gives heart beat information which is an analogy swing in voltage.

1. Arduino UNO: A microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P. It provides digital and analog input/output pins for
interfacing with sensors and modules. It is widely used in embedded systems and IoT projects due to its ease of use and
extensive community support.

2. Blood Oxygen Sensor/Heart Rate Sensor (MAX30102 or MAX30100): These are optical sensors used to measure blood
 oxygen saturation (SpO2) and heart rate. They use photoplethysmography (PPG) to detect changes in blood volume through
light absorption.

MAX30102: Has a built-in infrared (IR) and red LED, providing improved accuracy and power efficiency.

MAX30100: A similar sensor but older and may require additional calibration for accurate readings.

3. Temperature Sensor (DS18B20 or LM35): The DSl8B20 is the one of the best reasonable sensors for measuring the human
body temperature (exact to ±O.5°Centigrate over the extent of −10°C to +85°C) [3]. We can put these sensors at different
spots of the human body like on forehead, under arms and even under the tongue on account of its waterproof. The DS18B20
has three wires i.e. VCC, GND, DATA are mounted in a solitary wire. This temperature is connected to the DS18B20 body
temperature sensor.

DS18B20: A digital sensor with high accuracy and waterproof capabilities, making it ideal for biomedical applications.

LM35: An analog temperature sensor that provides a voltage output proportional to temperature (in °C).

4. Blood Pressure Sensor (BMP180)

A digital barometric pressure sensor commonly used for environmental sensing. Although primarily designed for atmospheric
pressure measurement, it can be adapted to estimate blood pressure variations when combined with appropriate algorithms and
calibration.

5. ECG Monitoring (AD8232 ECG Module)

A compact, low-power module for measuring electrical activity of the heart. It provides analog ECG waveforms, which can be
processed and analysed for arrhythmias or other cardiac conditions.

6. Digital Stethoscope

A device that captures auscultation signals (heartbeat and lung sounds) and converts them into digital format. It allows sound
amplification, noise reduction, and remote diagnosis capabilities.

7. LCD Display

A screen used to display real-time sensor readings and system status. Typically, a 16x2 LCD (16 characters per row, 2 rows) is
used for simple display needs.

Implementation

System Block Diagram

<H2> Pre-crisis estimations

<H3> Summary statistics: The summary statistics of dependent, independent and control variables for pre-crisis period are
presented in the Table 2.

Table 1: Pre-crisis summary statistics.

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SR varies within -4.203 and 50.044 with a mean value of 0.389. The average values of OC1 and OC5 are 0.334 and 0.577,

<H3> Correlation analysis

The correlation matrix for the pre-crisis period is depicted in the Table 3. It is detected that the co-efficient values between the

<H3> Dynamic panel estimations

The two-step GMM estimations (Models: 1-3) are reported in the Table 4.
 H2> Post-crisis estimations

<H3> Summary statistics: The summary statistics of dependent, independent and control variables for post-crisis period are
presented in the Table 5.

SR varies within -0.094 and 8.525 with a mean value of 0.332. The average values of OC1 and OC5 are 0.374 and 0.618,

<H3> Correlation analysis

The correlation matrix for the post-crisis period is depicted in Table 6. It is detected that the co-efficient values between the
.

<H3> Dynamic panel estimations

The two-step GMM estimations (models: 1-3) are reported in the Table 7.
Table 2: Post-crisis GMM estimations.

<H1> Conclusion
This study has tested the effect of ownership concentration and institutional ownership on the firm-level stock return for the

Information Classification: General

<H1> References
Brockman, P., French, D. and Tamm, C. (2014). REIT organizational structure, institutional ownership, and stock
performance. J. Real Estate Portf. Manag. 20(1):21-36.
Cella, C. (2009). Institutional investors and corporate investment. United Sates: Indiana University, Kelley School of
Business.