PAINT AND PAINT PRODUCTION OF SATIN (SILK) PAINT

BY

SILAS SAMPSON CHINDO

UG/19/0653

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

NIGER DELTA UNIVERSITY

WILBERFORCE ISLAND

BAYELSA STATE
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Paint factory or plant is an industrial site, usually consisting of building and machinery or more
commonly a complex having several buildings where workers process raw materials into paint.
Factories arose with the introduction of machinery during the industrial revolution when the capital
and space requirement became too great for cottage and workshops. Smith, J. (2020).
Paint is a subdivision of surface coating. It is a relatively opaque solid coating applied as thin layer
whose films are usually formed by polymerization of polyunsaturated oil. However, other
subdivision of surface coating includes; varnishes (clear coating), enamels (pigmented varnishes),
lacquers (film formed by evaporation only), printing inks and polishes. Paint generally have very low
thermal conductivity, electrically inert and can be washed and cleaned. The various raw materials
for making paints include pigments, vehicles, alkyd resin, surfactants, solvents (thinners) and
coloring matters. Paints are the materials employed as finishing for the other materials. They are
used to protect metals, timber and plastered surface from the effect of weather, heat, moisture,
gases etc., thereby improving their appearance. Paint are classified into oil, water and cement and
bituminom paints. There are also special paints used for special e.g. heat resisting, fire proofing,
chlorinated rubber paint etc.
Paint factory is regarded as an important or essential industry in many countries because of its
effect and function in the environment. Finally, this project (paint factory) will help in improving on
the face lift in Nigeria and also as well as job opportunities which our teeming youths desire.

1.2 STATEMENT OF ARCHITECTURAL PROBLEMS

In an industry building of this nature, it is impossible to solve all architectural problems involved.
However, every building has a general architectural problem that has to be solved towards the
realization of the design. But there are some specific problems that are unique to individual
projects, for example a paint factory
Subsequently, the core problem this project seeks to solve is centered on its purpose; a compromise
between man and machine. And this involves a careful flow in the synthesis of;
 Efficient work flow
 Making a statement to the society reflecting the mass production nature of the paint factory
 Advertising the paint products to the society as well as creating a welcome impact
 Expressing orderliness and aesthetic appeal
 Creating openness in a plant to give an impression of attractive working condition, efficient
production and painstaking devotion to the excellence of paint products.

1.3. OBJECTIVES

The principal objectives of this project is to provide an environmental capable of meeting the needs
of the people of Nigeria as a whole by providing them with a well defined paint factory which is ultra-
modern and which will meet their several needs in terms of seeking a solution for good appearance and
packaging of good products.

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Other objectives include;

 To create versatile, adaptable and flexible form for easy expansion with minimum damage
 To provide a good production layout with no conflict between raw and finished goods and
personnel in circulation
 To create an idea factory architecture and to introduce a level of automation in the proposed
paint factory in Nigeria
 To produce high-quality paint with good coverage, durability, color retention and resistance of
environmental factor

1.3 AIMS
The ultimate aim of this project is to create, functional, simple, pleasing, economical, orderly,
flexible, safe and convenient industrial building paint factory.
And to satisfy the key words of the aims, the following are inevitable;
 To produce paint that is easy to apply and environmentally friendly
 To create a system that will allow personnel; operational and administrative to enjoy
efficient and pleasant working environment
 To reflect the use to which the factory is to be put into which will be in form of an
advertisement for the product.

1.4 MOTIVATION
Establishing house or a commercial space does not stop at having the edifice erected on a piece of
land. This is since you have to make sure that your structure preserves its excellent condition so that
you can enjoy your investment for a long time. These are many industrial methods that you can do
to keep your home or your workspace in good condition but one of the most effective steps that you
should take is to have your walls re-applied with the right paint.

1.5 SCOPE OF WORK

The scope of studying paint production encompasses of various aspect such as formulating paints
with optimal characteristics like good coverage, durability etc. Additionally, the study includes
developing methods that are user friendly and ensuring the paints produced are environmentally
sustainable. This scope allows researchers to explore new materials, techniques and technologies to
enhance the quality and performance of paint while considering ecological impacts.

The factory will undertake on mass production basis, the manufacture of paint and other paint
products. It will also consist of four major paints of an industrial building
 Research
 Manufacturing
 Administration and
 Welfare

The research includes laboratory and library to investigate and recommend possible way of
producing better product and raw materials.
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 The manufacturing section, according to the manufacturing process, includes; dispersion,
mixing, sieving and canning
The administration comprises of offices, personnel and sales while
The welfare session includes the factory cline and staff canteen
Other components include the maintenance block, staff and visitors parking spaces,
warehouses for raw materials and finished products, delivery bays and yards etc.

1.6 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

To really collect important information towards the realization of this projects and to make an
important contribution to architecture, some research activities had been carried out and data
collected through;
 Use of libraries, research institute, books, journals, and unpublished manuscript of these
reports
 Personal interview from people
 Internet
 Visiting of existing paint factories site of the projects to determine their production
processes, organizational chart and determine the requirement and condition to be fulfilled
in the setting up of such factory

1.7 LIMITATION OF RESEARCH

Due to the limitation of standard paint factories in Nigeria, one is limited to researching with only small-
scale private paint factories. In researching with the private factories, it was discovered that the
factories were over protective of their setting. They feared that their competitors might get hold of
information given out of the research and have over them. Some of them that cooperated discourage
photographs. Materials on paint factories are not much available in libraries, research records and
documents on paint factories in Nigeria.

1.8 IMPORTANCE OF THE PROJECT

The importance or the breakthrough this project hope to achieve are;
 To provide a comprehensive setting for paint industry in Nigeria in order to help improve
attains technology and industrial independence
 To create job opportunities for the increasing labor forces
 It will help in saving foreign exchange by providing goods which would have been purchased
abroad

SIGNIFANCE OF STUDY

The significance of studying paint production lies in the ability to develop high-quality paints that
possess excellent coverage, durability, color retention and environmental resistance. Through
research in this area, we aim to produce paints that are user-friendly, easy to apply and
environmentally sustainable. This study plays a vital role in advancing the paint industry by creating
products that are not only meet customer demands but also contributes to environmental
conservation efforts.

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1.10. HISTORY OF PAINT MANUFACTURE

Paint is a thin protective or decorative coat or a subdivision of surface coating. Painting, the art of
laying colors on a surface, therefore necessitated the development of paint.

Paint was first developed in the prehistoric times when the early men recorded most of their activities in
colors on the walls of their caves. These crude paints consisted of colored earth or clays suspended in
water. However, the use of paint dated as far back as 1500 B.C, when the earliest paint works
discovered in caves of Lascaux, France, Altamira and Spain were believed to have been done.

The Egyptians artist, during the early civilization was a paint formulator. He devised his paints mostly
from natural pigments from resins, chalk, tale, clay etc., this could be regarded as mixture. However, by
1500 B.C, they imported such dies as indigo and madder to make blue and red pigment. By 1000 B.C.
they had developed a varnish from the gum of Arcais tree (gum Arabic) which contributed to the
performance of their arts. Colored crayon pigment and clay binder were used in Asia, while before 600
B.C. calcined mixtures and organic pigment were developed.

The discovery of oil paint brought a great improvement in the art of painting. The 15 th century brought
with it the knowledge of perspective in which objects could be represented in three dimensions. In this
period, however, and a more partial extent is the earlier classical epoch, efforts were being made to
widen the horizon of painting and to embrace with the scope of representations not only solid objects in
themselves, but objects as a whole in space, in due relation to each other and to the universe at large.

It was reserved, however, for the masters of 17th century perfectly to realize this ideal art and in their
hands painting as an art of representation is widened out of its fullest possible limits and the whole of
nature in all aspects becomes for the first time the subject of the picture. The development of painting
since the 17th century gave rise to the modern and more specialized method of paint production.

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 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. INTRODUCTION

A literature review on paint production typically involves gathering and analyzing existing research,
articles, and publications related to the subject. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the
current knowledge, trends, and advancements in the field of paint production. Jones, M. (2020). In my
review, I would explore various aspects such as the types of materials used in paint production, the
manufacturing processes, the latest technologies, limitations in testing and characterization facilities for
local materials, sustainability aspects like the environmental impact of different paints, and the long-
term viability of innovative paint types like silk paint. By synthesizing information from different sources,
a literature review helps in identifying gaps in knowledge, areas needing further research, and provides
a foundation for your own study or project on paint production.

Satin paint has become a popular choice for homeowners and designers due to its durability, versatility
and elegant finish. However, the production of satin paint involves a complex process that requires
careful attention to detailed and specific ingredients. Smith, J. (2023). This literature review aims to
examine the different stages of satin paint production, including the raw materials used, the
manufacturing process and the key factors that influence the final product quality.

2.2 OVERVIEW OF THE IMPORTANCE OF SILK PAINT WALL MAINTAINACE

Silk paint wall maintenance is crucial for several reasons, especially considering the unique properties of
silk.

 Aesthetic Preservation

- Maintains Sheen and Texture: Silk paint has a smooth, slightly shiny finish that enhances the visual
appeal of walls. Regular maintenance helps retain this sheen and the luxurious feel of the surface.

- Prevents Stains and Discoloration: Silk paint is often more prone to showing dirt, fingerprints, and
smudges due to its sheen. Proper cleaning and maintenance prevent these blemishes from becoming
permanent, ensuring the wall looks pristine.

 . Longevity of the Paint

- Prevents Peeling and Cracking: Regular upkeep, including gentle cleaning and occasional touch-ups,
helps prevent the paint from peeling or cracking, which can occur over time due to wear and tear or
environmental factors.

- Protects Against Moisture Damage: Silk paint is somewhat resistant to moisture, but over time, it
can become vulnerable if not properly maintained. Ensuring walls are dry and addressing any moisture
issues promptly can prevent damage to the paint.

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  Health and Hygiene

- Reduces Dust and Allergen Accumulation: Walls can accumulate dust, dirt, and allergens, which can
affect indoor air quality. Regular cleaning of silk-painted walls helps keep these particles at bay,
promoting a healthier living environment.

- Prevents Mold Growth: Silk paint is less porous than matte finishes, making it less susceptible to
mold. However, in areas with high humidity, regular maintenance ensures that any mold or mildew is
promptly addressed before it can cause significant damage.

 Cost Efficiency

- Reduces the Need for Repainting: Well-maintained silk-painted walls can extend the lifespan of the
paint, reducing the frequency of repainting and saving costs in the long run.

- Avoids Expensive Repairs: Early detection and maintenance of minor issues can prevent them from
escalating into costly repairs, such as dealing with peeling paint or water damage.

 Enhances Property Value

- Maintains Market Appeal: For homeowners looking to sell or rent their property, well-maintained
silk-painted walls can enhance the aesthetic appeal and value of the home, making it more attractive to
potential buyers or tenants.

 . Ease of Cleaning

- Resists Dirt and Stains: Silk paint is generally easier to clean compared to matte finishes due to its
smooth surface. Regular maintenance ensures that the paint's resistance to dirt and stains remains
effective, making cleaning easier over time.

2.3 HISTORIAL BACKGROUND OF PAINT

Paint is any liquid, liquefiable or mastic composition that after application to substrate in a thin layer,
convert to solid film. It is most commonly used to protect colour or texture to objects. Paint can be made
or purchased in many colors and in many different types such as water-colour, synthetic etc., paint is
typically stored, sold and applied as a liquid but most types dry into solid.

Ancient coloured walls at Egypt which were exposed for years to the elements, still possess their brilliant
colour, as vivid as when they were painted about 2000 years ago. The Egyptians mixed their color with a
gummy substance and applied them separately from each other without any blending or mixture. They
appear to have used six colours: white, black, blue, red, yellow and green.

They first covered the area entirely with white then traced the design in black, leaving out the light of the
ground colour, they used minimum for red and generally of dark tinge.

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2.4 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF USING LOCAL MATERIALS IN PRODUCTION OF SILK PAINT

Using local materials in the production of silk paint offers several significant benefits:

1. Cost-Effectiveness: Local materials reduce transportation costs, making production more affordable.
This can lead to lower prices for consumers and higher profitability for producers.

2. Environmental Impact: Utilizing local resources reduces the carbon footprint associated with long-
distance transportation. It also encourages sustainable practices by promoting the use of regionally
available, renewable resources.

3. Supporting Local Economies: Purchasing materials locally supports local suppliers and businesses,
which in turn contributes to the local economy. It helps create jobs and stimulates economic growth
within the community.

4. Cultural Relevance: Local materials often have cultural significance or traditional value. Incorporating
these into production can result in products that resonate more with the local population, enhancing
their appeal and marketability.

5. Quality and Adaptability: Local materials are often better suited to the local climate and conditions,
which can enhance the quality and durability of the paint. They may also offer unique properties that
make the paint more adaptable to specific local needs.

6. Supply Chain Reliability: Sourcing materials locally can lead to a more reliable supply chain, as
producers are less dependent on international suppliers, reducing the risk of delays or shortages due to
global market fluctuations.

2.5 RESEARCH PROCESS

A research process survey was carried out at some existing paint factories by way of documentation and
case studies with the intention of reviewing as well as appraising the scope of the client’s intention with
particular reference to their far-reaching implications.

Empirical Review of Related Books on Paint Factories

European Scientific Journals (March 2013). This paper attempts to analyze the factors that affects the
internal and external environmental conditions on workers of the Jordanian paint factories, in terms of
the degree of satisfaction with these condition and their impact on the case of the general satisfaction
of these institutions as well as the impact on productivity and career on the state of job rotation. The
results showed that there is a strong relation between these variables and employee satisfaction and
stability, especially the case of the internal conditions with minor variations among workers categories,
but the effects on productivity were not strong. The empirical findings will certainly help both
researchers and practitioners to integrate the internal and external environmental conditions on
workers of the Jordanian paint factories. In order to get a better understanding of the degree of
satisfaction.

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2.6 Overview of silk paint

Silk paint is a popular type of interior wall paint known for its smooth, subtle sheen and luxurious finish.
Here’s an overview of silk paint, including its properties, uses, advantages, and considerations:

 Properties of Silk Paint

- Finish: Silk paint is characterized by a smooth, mid-sheen finish that lies between matte and glossy. It
reflects light gently, giving walls a soft, satin-like appearance.

- Texture: The paint creates a sleek surface that feels smooth to the touch, adding a sophisticated look
to interior spaces.

- Durability: Silk paint is generally more durable than matte finishes, making it suitable for areas that
experience higher traffic or need frequent cleaning.

 Uses of Silk Paint

- Interior Walls: It is commonly used on interior walls in living rooms, bedrooms, hallways, and dining
areas. Its subtle sheen adds a touch of elegance without being overpowering.

- Ceilings: Silk paint can also be used on ceilings to create a light-reflective surface, enhancing the
brightness and spaciousness of a room.

- Accent Walls: The paint is often chosen for accent walls to draw attention to specific areas within a
space, as its sheen highlights textures and architectural details.

- Kitchens and Bathrooms: Due to its moisture resistance and ease of cleaning, silk paint is also
popular in kitchens and bathrooms.

 Advantages of Silk Paint

- Easy to Clean: The smooth surface of silk paint makes it easier to wipe down and clean, which is
particularly useful in households with children or pets.

- Light Reflectivity: The paint’s reflective qualities help to brighten rooms, making them feel larger and
more open.

- Durability: Silk paint is more resistant to scuffs, marks, and general wear and tear compared to matte
finishes, which helps it maintain its appearance longer.

- Versatility: It works well in a variety of settings, from modern to traditional interiors, and pairs nicely
with other paint finishes.

 Considerations When Using Silk Paint

- Surface Preparation: Silk paint tends to highlight imperfections in walls due to its sheen. Proper
surface preparation, including filling cracks and sanding, is crucial for a smooth finish.

- Application: It requires careful application to avoid visible brush strokes or roller marks.

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Applying it in even coats is important to achieve a uniform finish.

- Touch-Ups: Touching up silk paint can be tricky because the sheen might vary between the new and
old paint. It’s often better to repaint entire sections rather than spot touch-ups.

- Lighting: The paint’s sheen can change the perception of color under different lighting conditions. It’s
important to test the paint in the actual room before committing to it.

 Cost

- Price Point: Silk paint tends to be slightly more expensive than matte finishes due to its added
durability and finish. However, the cost can vary depending on the brand and quality.

 Environmental Considerations

- VOC Content: Like other paints, silk paint may contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which can
impact indoor air quality. However, many manufacturers now offer low-VOC or VOC-free options for
healthier indoor environments.

- Eco-Friendly Options: There are environmentally friendly silk paints available that use sustainable
materials and processes, which are ideal for eco-conscious consumers.

 Best Practices for Maintenance

- Regular Cleaning: Regular dusting and occasional wiping with a damp cloth can help maintain the
appearance of silk-painted walls.

- Avoiding Harsh Chemicals: Use mild soap solutions when cleaning to avoid damaging the paint’s
finish.

 8. Common Comparisons

- Versus Matte Paint: Silk paint is more durable and easier to clean than matte paint, but it highlights
imperfections more. Matte paint, on the other hand, is better at concealing flaws but is less durable.

- Versus Gloss Paint: Silk paint is less shiny than gloss paint, making it more subtle and less likely to
show imperfections while still providing some sheen.

2.7 TYPES OF SATIN PAINT

The types of paints used in silk painting generally fall into two categories: dye-based paints and acrylic-
based paints. Here’s a breakdown of each type:

 Dye-Based Paints
- Steam-Set Dyes: These dyes require steaming after application to set the colors permanently.
They penetrate deeply into the silk fibers, resulting in vibrant and translucent colors. They
maintain the silk's

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natural softness and sheen.

- Iron-Set Dyes: These dyes are fixed by ironing the silk after the dye has dried. They are less commonly
used but can be easier for beginners who don't have access to a steamer.

- Cold-Set Dyes: These dyes are fixed without heat, often by using a chemical fixative. They are less
vibrant than steam-set dyes but more convenient to use.

 Acrylic-Based Paints

- Fixed-Heat Paints: These paints are similar to fabric paints and are fixed with heat, either by ironing
or using a heat press. They sit on the surface of the silk, creating a more opaque and less vibrant finish
compared to dyes, but they are easier to work with and require less post-painting processing.

- No-Heat Set Paints: Some acrylic-based paints do not require heat to set and instead cure over time.
These are less common but can be convenient for projects where heat setting is not possible.

 Water-Based Resist Paints

Although not a paint used for coloring, water-based resist paints are used in silk painting to
create outlines or barriers that prevent dyes from bleeding into unwanted areas. These resist
paints can be clear or colored and are essential in techniques like gutta or batik.