Numeric data type

X = 3j+2
type(X)
<type 'complex'>
Strings
• >>> x =‘duck’
>>> type(x)
>>> x =“ \n
Better is better than average.\n Good is better than
Better.\n Best is better than best.
>>> print(x)
>>> my_string = "Welcome to Python!"
>>> another_string = 'The bright red fox jumped the fence.’
>>> a_long_string = '''This is a

>>> my_string = "I'm a Python programmer!"

>>> otherString = 'The word "python" usually refers to a snake'
>>> tripleString = """Here's another way to embed "quotes" in a string"""
>>> my_number = 123
>>> my_string = str(my_number)

>>> x = int("123")

>>> string_one = "My dog ate "

>>> string_two = "my homework!"
>>> string_three = string_one + string_two # concatenation
• >>> my_String = “ This is my book!”
• >>> my_String.upper()
• >>> dir(my_String)
• >>> help (my_Stirng.captalize)
• >>> type(my_String)
• >>> my_String = “I like Apple”
• >>> My_String[0:2]
>>> my_String[0:-5]
>>> print(my_String[0])
>>> my_String[:]
>>> my_String[:1]
• String methods
>>> S.captalize()
>>> S.count(x) # returns the number of times x appears
>>> S.index(x) # returns the index of first substring identical
>>> S.find(t)
>>> S.join(Seq) # combine the strings into single string using s
as the glue.
More on Python types
More Python type
• Lists are sequences of things
• list can contain a number, a string, and another list
• >>> x= [24, “A”, [1,2]]
>>> x =[] # empty list
>>> x [23]
Creating a list
L = list (‘’hil’’)
M = list()
Operations on lists
• Indexing
>>> x =[12,-2,9,’a’,[1,2]]
X[1]
X[-1]
X[0;3]
X[:-1]
Y = [2]
x+y
x.append(50)
x.extend([2,3])
24 in x
• Lists containing list
Table = [[1,2,3],[2,3,4],[4,5,6]]
S = ‘abc’*4
S+S
one =str(1)
type(one)
I =int(str(1))
Type(I)
Empty= str()
>>> my_list = [1, 2, 3]
>>> my_list2 = ["a", "b", "c"]
>>> combo_list = my_list + my_list2
>>> combo_list
>>> alpha_list = [34, 23, 67, 100, 88, 2]
>>> alpha_list.sort()
>>> alpha_list
>>> alpha_list = [34, 23, 67, 100, 88, 2]
>>> sorted_list = alpha_list.sort()
>>> sorted_list
>>> print(sorted_list)
# none is important, you cannot assign it to a different variable
Tuples
• Using commas, we could create a sequence is called tuples
>>> x = (24, 27, 2.17, “w”, 7)
>>> y =(100,) # tuple with one element
>>> z=() # empty tuple
Not tuple
>>> y = (67)
>>> y == 67
# The parenthesis makes no difference
>>> s == 8
>>> t =5,
Making tuples
>>> L = tuple(‘hil’)
>>> L
>>> M = tuple()
>>> M
>>> K = (24, 2.15, “W”,9)
>>> K[-1]
>>> K[2]
>>>K[-1:-3]
Concatenation

>>> k+t
Identify at least difference between list and tuples.
Tuples once created, it cannot be modified
• >>> my_tuple = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
• >>> my_tuple[0:3]
• >>> another_tuple = tuple()
• >>> abc = tuple([1, 2, 3])
• >>> abc_list = list(abc) # casting (type)
Dictionaries
• Dictionaries stores mappings between many kinds of data
types.
• Example: How to store the students name and their choice
of electives?
• we want something like this
>>> MSc_DS
{ ‘Patel Raj’ : [‘Advanced Regression’, ‘ MLII’],
‘Harschit’ : [‘No SQL’, Advanced R Prog’], …..}
Dictionaries
• Most often we use string as the keys of a dictionary and use all
kind of items as values.
>>> d = {‘x’:43, ‘y’:56, ‘z’ :7}
>>> y ={1:2, 3:6}
>>> z ={}
>>> L= dict(x=43, y=56, z =7}
Also, M = dict([[1,2],[3,6]])
>>> d[‘x’]
>>> M[1]
>> d[‘w’]
• Dictionaries and lists can be mixed.
• Dictionaries can be used to build information
• Used to collect various attributes of an object
• >>> my_dict = {}
• >>> another_dict = dict()
• >>> my_other_dict = {"one":1, "two":2, "three":3}
• >>> my_other_dict
• >>> my_other_dict["one"] # to access the value
• >>> my_dict = {"name":"Mike", "address":"123 Happy Way"}
• >>> my_dict["name"]
• >>> "name" in my_dict
>>>"state" in my_dict
• How get the key values in Dictionaries?
>>> my_dict.keys()
Find the even, odd numbers and outliers in the given list,
separate them
IF …
• >>> if 2 > 1:
• print("This is a True statement!")
• >>> var1 = 1
• >>> var2 = 3
• >>> if var1 > var2:
• print("This is also True") if var1 > var2:
• print("This is also True")
• else:
• print("That was False!")
• # Python 2.x code
• value = raw_input("How much is that doggy in the window? ")
• value = int(value)

• if value < 10:

• print("That's a great deal!")
• elif 10 <= value <= 20:
• print("I'd still pay that...")
• else:
• print("Wow! That's too much!")
Boolean operators
• x = 10
• y = 20

• if x < 10 or y > 15:

• print("This statement was True!")
• x = 10
• y = 10
• if x == 10 and y == 15:
• print("This statement was True")
• else:
• print("The statement was False!")
• my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]
• x = 10
• if x not in my_list:
• print("'x' is not in the list, so this is True!")
• x = 10
• if x != 11:
• print("x is not equal to 11!")
• my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]
• x = 10
• z = 11
• if x not in my_list and z != 10:
• print("This is True!")
Checking for Nothing & special characters

• if empty_string == "":
• print("This is an empty string!")
• >>> print("I have a \n new line in the middle")
• >>> print("This sentence is \ttabbed!")

• >>> print("This is a backslash \")

• >>> print("This is a backslash \\")
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,200, 120, 11, 13, 12, 2, 8, 102]
even = []
not_even = []
outlier = []
for i in my_list:
if i > 90:
outlier.append(i)
elif i%2 == 0:
even.append(i)
else:
not_even.append(i)
print('Even numbers', even)
print('Odd numbers', not_even)
print('outliers', outlier)
• Find the sum of all numbers in the given list
sum = 0
for i in my_list:
sum = sum + i
print('Sum of the elements in the list', sum)
Find the sum of even numbers in the list
even = []
for i in my_list:
if i%2 == 0:
even.append(i)
# step 2: add all items in even list
num = 0
for i in even:
sum= sum + i
print('The sum of even numbers', sum)
• Find the number of even numbers in the given list.
count = 0
for i in range(len(my_list)):
if my_list[i]%2==0:
count = count +1
print('The count of even numbers in the list', count)
• Use zip function to aggregate two given lists
state_id = [1,2,3,4]
state = [‘Karnataka', ‘Goa', ‘AP’, ‘TN’]
for i, j in zip(state_id, state):
print(f'{i} {j}’) #f’ formatted strings
• Extract a particular type form the given tuple that has
mixed data type.
• Ex: g_tu = (1,”AB”, 3, 4,”CD”,5), extract only integers
g_tu = (1,”AB”, 3, 4,”CD”,5)
for i in g_tup:
if type(i) == int:
print(i)
• Suppose you’ve created list that contains tuples as
list_tup = [(1,2), (4,5), (7,9)] How to unpack the tuples and
create two lists from the list.
list_tup = [(1,2), (4,5), (7,9)]
list1 = []
list2 = []
for i,j in list_tup:
list1.append(i)
list2.append(j)

print('List of first tuple items', list1)

print('List of second tuple items', list2)
• Use enumerate(), to extract elements in a tuple
my_tup = ('Apple', 'Orange', 'Banana')
for i,j in enumerate(my_tup, start=1):
print(i,j)
• Looping through Dictionaries
my_dict = {"apple": 2.50, "orange": 1.99, "banana": 0.59}
• How to extract all the keys in the dictionary?
for i in my_dict.keys():
print(i)
• How to access all the values in a dictionary?
for i in my_dict.values():
print(i)
• How to access both the keys and the values together from a
dictionary?
for i,j in my_dict.items():
print('Key: ', i)
print(f'Value: {j}’)
• Find an average of all values in a dictionary?
for i in my_dict.values():
values.append(i)

average = sum(values)/len(values)
print(f'Average of values: {average}')
• How to update all values in the dictionary?
• Suppose you are offering a discount of 25% on all fruits.
for i, j in my_dict.items():
my_dict.update({i: j*.75})
print(my_dict)
• Print each word in the given sentence.
sent = ‘Today is a great day'
# splitting the sentence into words
sent_split = sent.split()
# extract each word with a loop
for i in sent_split:
print(i, end = ' / ')
• While loop
i=0
while i < 10:
print(i)
i=i+1
----
while i < 10:
print(i)
if i == 5:
break
i += 1
i=0

while i < 10:

if i == 3:
i += 1
continue

print(i)

if i == 5:
break
i += 1
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

for i in my_list:
if i == 3:
print("Item found!")
break
print(i)
else:
print("Item not found!")
• Write a function to sum of digits in the given integer
>>> def SoD(n):
num= abs(n)
total = 0
while num >= 1:
total = total + (num % 10)
num = num //10
return total
Create a triangle with ***’s
def triangle():
print('*’)
print('* *’)
print('* * *’)
print('* * * *’)
Write a function to find area of a rectangle
def arear(l, b):
area= l*b
return area
• Write a function to assign grades for the given mark
def assignGrade(marks):
if marks >= 90:
grade = 'A’
elif marks >= 70:
grade = 'B’
elif marks >= 50:
grade = 'C’
elif marks >= 40:
grade = ‘D’
else:
grade = 'F’
return grade
>>> range(start, end, increment)
Using range (), write a function to find factorial of an integer
>>> def factorial(n):
if n < 0:
return ‘Factorial is undefine’
fact =1
for i in range(1, n+1):
fact =fact*i
return factorial
Pop()
A = [10,20,10,30,10,50]
A.pop(4)
Print(A)
---
A= [10,20, 30,40,10,10]
A.remove(10)
Print(A)
• List Comprehension
• these are very handy
>>> x = [i for i in range(5)]
>>> x = ['1', '2', '3', '4', '5']
>>> y = [int(i) for i in x]
>>> y
>>> vec = [[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9]]
>>> [num for elem in vec for num in elem]
>>> print( {i: str(i) for i in range(5)} )
>>> my_dict = {1:"dog", 2:"cat", 3:"hamster"}
>>> print( {value:key for key, value in my_dict.items()} )
import
>>> import this
>>> from math import sqrt
>>> sqrt(12)
>>> from math import pi, sqrt
>>> from math import * # * is wild card character
>>> sqrt(7)
>>> pi*5*5
*args and **kwargs
• Setting up many argument or keyword arguments in a
function
>>> def many(*args, **kwargs):
print(args)
print(kwargs)
>>> many(1,2,3, name =“Ram”, Class=“MSc”)
Scope and Global
def function_a(): def function_a():
a=1 global a
b=2 a=1
return a+b b=2
return a+b
def function_b():
c=3 def function_b():
return a+c c=3
return a+c
print( function_a() )
print( function_b() ) print(function_a())
print(function_b())
Learning from the Library
• Introspection
• csv
• ConfigParser
• logging
• os
• smtplib / email
• subprocess
• sys
• thread / queues
• time / datetime
• Introspection
• type
• dir
• Help
• X = “abc”
• Y =7
• Z= None
>>> type(X)
Dir
dir(“abc”)
>>> import sys
dir(sys)
help()
CSV module
• Reading a CSV file
• Download the file
http://www.who.int/tb/country/data/download/en/.