GMR Institute of Technology

Rajam, Andhra Pradesh

(An Autonomous Institution Affiliated to JNTUK, AP)

Cohesive Teaching – Learning Practices (CTLP)

Class 2nd Sem. – B. Tech. Department: BS & H
Course Engineering Mathematics-II Course Code 20MAX02
Prepared by Dr. Y Aditya, Assistant Professor
Lecture Topic Formation of Partial differential equations by eliminating arbitrary constants
Course Outcome (s) CO-5 Program Outcome (s) PO1, PO12
Duration 50 Min Lecture 46 of 60 Unit IV
Pre-requisite (s) Differentiations

1. Objective

❖ To impart basic knowledge on the concept of Partial differential equations (s)

2. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)

At the end of this session the students will able to:

A. Understand the concept of “Partial differential equations” (M)

B. Be able to understand how to solve first order partial differential equations (E)
C. Understand the concept of formation of partial differential equation from the given
equations involving arbitrary constants (M)
D. Exemplify its applications (T)

3. 2D Mapping of ILOs with Knowledge Dimension and Cognitive Learning Levels of

RBT

Cognitive Learning Levels

Knowledge
Remember Understand Apply Analyse Evaluate Create
Dimension
Factual
Conceptual A, D, C B
Procedural
Meta Cognitive
Teaching Methodology

❖ Chalk & Board, Visual Presentation

4. Evocation

5. Deliverables

PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Definition: An Equation which involves partial derivatives of an unknown function of two or
more independent variables is called a partial differential equation. A partial differential equation
contains one dependent variable and more than one independent variables.
In the case of two independent variables, z is considered as dependent variable and x, y as
independent variables.
In the case of three independent variables, u is considered as dependent variable and x, y, z
as independent variables.
z z 2z 2z 2z
Notation: p= = zx , q = = z y r = 2 = z xx s = = z xy t = 2 = z yy
x y x xy y
Order and Degree of partial differential equation: Order is the order of the highest partial
derivative occurring in the equation and its degree is the degree of the highest order derivative.
Linear partial differential equation: A partial differential equation is said to be linear if the
dependent variable and the partial derivatives occurred in first degree only and separately.

z z
Eg.1) x +y = nz is a first order first degree linear partial differential equation.
x y

 2v  2v  2v
Eg.2) + + = 0 is a second order and first degree partial differential equation.
x 2 y 2 z 2
Formation of partial differential equation: A partial differential equation can be formed either by
i) By elimination of arbitrary constants or ii) By elimination of arbitrary functions

Elimination of arbitrary constants: Let f(x, y, z, a, b)=0----(1) be an equation involving two

arbitrary constants a and b.

Differentiate (1) partially with respect to x and y, we get

 f f z f f z
+ = 0 ---- (2) and + = 0 ----- (3)
x z x y z y
Eliminating a and b from equations (1)-(3), we get F(x, y, z, p, q)=0 which is first order partial
differential equation.

Note-1: If the number of arbitrary constants to be eliminated is equal to the number of independent
variables, we get a partial differential equation of first order.

Note-2: If the number of arbitrary constants to be eliminated is greater than the number of
independent variables, we get a partial differential equation of higher order

Problem 1: Form the partial differential equation by eliminating arbitrary constants

i) z = ( x + a)( y + b) ii) z = ( x 2 + a)( y 2 + b) iii) z = ( x − a) 2 + ( y − b) 2

Solution: i) given z = ( x + a)( y + b) ----- (1)

Differentiate (1) partially with respect to x and y, we get
z z
= p = y+b & = q = x + a Placing these values in (1) we get z = pq is the diff. equation.
x y

ii) given z = ( x 2 + a)( y 2 + b) ----(1)

Differentiate (1) partially with respect to x and y, we get
z p z q
= p = 2 x ( y 2 + b)  = ( y 2 + b) & = q = 2 y ( x 2 + a)  = ( x 2 + a)
x 2x y 2y
pq
Placing these values in (1) we get z =  4 xyz = pq is the partial diff. equation of equation
4 xy
(1).
iii) given z = ( x − a) 2 + ( y − b) 2 ---- (1)
Differentiate (1) partially with respect to x and y, we get
z p z q
= p = 2( x − a)  = ( x − a) & = q = 2( y − b)  = ( y − b)
x 2 y 2
 2 2
 p q
Placing these values in (1) we get z =   +    16 z = p 2 + q 2 is the partial diff. equation
 4  4
of equation (1).
Problem 2: Form the partial differential equation by eliminating arbitrary constants
z = a( x + y) + b( x − y) + abt + c
Solution: given z = a( x + y) + b( x − y) + abt + c ---- (1)
Differentiate (1) partially with respect to x, y and t we get
z z z
= p = a+b& = q = a −b  = ab
x y t
2
 z   z  z
2

We have (a + b) = (a − b) − 4ab    =   − 4
2 2
is the partial diff. equation of equation
 x   y  t
(1).
Problem 3: Form the partial differential equation by eliminating arbitrary constants

z = xy + y x 2 − a 2 + b 2

Solution: given z = xy + y x 2 − a 2 + b 2 ---- (1)

Differentiate (1) partially with respect to x, and y we get
z xy xy
= p= y+  p− y = ---(2)
x x −a +b
2 2 2
x − a2 + b2
2

z
and = q = x + x 2 − a 2 + b 2  q − x = x 2 − a 2 + b 2 placing this in eq(2), we get
y
xy
p− y =  ( p − y)(q − x) = xy is the partial diff. equation of equation (1).
q−x

x2 y2 z2
Problem-4 Form the partial differential equation by eliminating a, b, c from + + =1
a2 b2 c2
x2 y2 z2
Solution given equation is + + = 1 ----- (1) this consists of three arbitrary constants in
a2 b2 c2
two independent variables.
2 x 2 zp
Differentiate w. r. t. x, we get + 2 = 0 ------- (2)
a2 c
2 y 2 zq
Differentiate w. r. t. y, we get + 2 = 0 ------- (3)
b2 c
 z p p z 2z
Differentiate eq(2) w. r. t. y, we get 0 + + = 0  z + pq = 0 is the partial diff.
c 2 y c 2 y yx
equation of equation (1).

6. Keywords

❖ Partial differential equations

❖ Arbitrary constants
❖ Arbitrary functions

7. Sample Questions

Remember

1. Explain different types of formations of partial differential equations.

2. Explain how to form partial differential equation by the elimination of arbitrary
functions.

Understanding

1. What is the difference between first and second order partial differential
equations?
2. How to form first and higher order partial differential equations from the given
linear and non-linear equations?

Apply

1. Form the differential equation of all planes whose x-intercept is always equal to the y-
intercept.

1) Eliminate the arbitrary constants from the following equations

1
i) z = x+a + y−a +b
2
1
ii) z = axe y + a 2 e 2 y + b
2
iii) Form the differential equation of all planes passing through the origin.

9. Stimulating Question (s)

1. Is the order of the partial differential equation depends on number of arbitrary

constants?
2. Can we get parameters in the partial differential equations in the formation?

10. Mind Map

11. Student Summary

At the end of this session, the facilitator (Teacher) shall randomly pick-up few students to
summarize the deliverables

12. Reading Materials

❖ Higher Engineering Mathematics, Dr. B.S. Grewal, Khanna Publishers, 2016, Page
no. 577-579.
❖ Engineering mathematics, vol. 2, Dr. T.K.V. Iyengar, Dr. B. Krishna Gandhi, S.
Ranganatham, M.V.S.S.N Prasad, S. Chand. Page no. 269-275.
❖ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bPPWp65qpIA

13. Scope for Mini Project

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