MP

Unit 5

Advanced Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

1. Introduction to Advanced Microprocessors

• De nition and evolution of microprocessors.

• Difference between basic and advanced microprocessors.

• Need for advanced microprocessors in real-time and complex systems.

4. Pentium Processor

• Superscalar architecture (multiple instruction execution per cycle)

• Dual pipelines (U and V pipelines)

• On-chip cache (L1 and L2)

• Branch prediction and pipelining

• MMX Technology (MultiMedia eXtension)

5. Introduction to Microcontrollers

• De nition: A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed to govern a speci c

operation in an embedded system.

• Difference between Microprocessor and Microcontroller

◦ Microcontroller has CPU, memory, and I/O on a single chip.

◦ Microprocessor requires external components.

7. Applications of Microcontrollers

• Home appliances (microwave ovens, washing machines)

• Automotive (engine control, airbag systems)

• Medical devices

• Industrial automation

• Robotics
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Introduction to Intel 80186 Microprocessor

The Intel 80186 is an advanced version of the Intel 8086 microprocessor, introduced in 1982. It
was mainly designed for embedded systems rather than personal computers.

1. Basic Overview
• Type: 16-bit microprocessor

• Year Introduced: 1982

• Clock Speed: Typically 6 MHz or 8 MHz

• Data Bus: 16-bit

• Address Bus: 20-bit (can access up to 1 MB of memory)

• Technology: NMOS

2. Features of Intel 80186

• Instruction Set: Backward compatible with 8086/8088

• Integrated Peripherals:

◦ Two 16-bit timers

◦ Programmable interrupt controller (PIC)

◦ Programmable chip select logic

◦ DMA channels (Direct Memory Access)

◦ Clock generator

◦ Wait state generator

• Improved Performance: Executes instructions faster than 8086.

• Lower Power Consumption: Suitable for embedded systems.

• Internal Clock Generator: Eliminates the need for an external clock chip.
3. Architecture Enhancements Over 8086
Feature 8086 80186
Clock Generator External Built-in
Interrupt Controller External (8259) Built-in
Timers External (8253) Built-in
DMA Controller External (8237) Built-in (limited)
Instruction Speed Slower Up to 4 times faster

4. Applications of Intel 80186

• Widely used in embedded control applications

• Printers, fax machines, industrial automation

• Networking equipment, telecommunication systems

Note: It was not commonly used in PCs because of incompatibility with IBM PC standards due to
built-in hardware.
Introduction to Intel 80286 Microprocessor

The Intel 80286, also known as the iAPX 286, is a 16-bit advanced microprocessor introduced by
Intel in 1982. It was widely used in the second generation of IBM PCs (AT series) and marked a
major advancement in computing capabilities.

1. Basic Overview
• Type: 16-bit Microprocessor

• Introduced: 1982

• Clock Speed: 6 MHz to 25 MHz

• Data Bus: 16-bit

• Address Bus: 24-bit

• Memory Addressing: Up to 16 MB (Megabytes)

2. Key Features
• Real Mode & Protected Mode:

◦ Real Mode: Compatible with 8086 (1 MB memory limit).

◦ Protected Mode: New mode with memory protection and multitasking support,
allowing access to 16 MB of memory.

• Instruction Set:

◦ Backward compatible with 8086 and 80186.

◦ Introduced new instructions for memory management and multitasking.

• Memory Management Unit (MMU):

◦ Allows segmentation with protection.

◦ Prevents illegal memory access by user programs.

• Better Performance:

◦ Executes instructions faster than 8086/80186.

◦ Up to twice as fast at the same clock speed due to optimized hardware.

• Virtual Memory Support (via OS):

 ◦ Although 80286 does not have built-in virtual memory, it supports operating systems
that implement it.

3. Operating Modes
Mode Description
Real Mode 8086 compatibility mode (1 MB address space, no protection).
Protected Mode Full memory protection, multitasking, access to 16 MB memory.

Note: Switching from Real Mode to Protected Mode is possible, but switching back requires a
reset (a major limitation).

4. Architecture of 80286 (Simpli ed)

• ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

• Segment Registers (CS, DS, SS, ES)

• General Purpose Registers (AX, BX, CX, DX, etc.)

• Instruction Pointer & Flags

• Memory Management Unit (MMU)

• Control Unit

• Bus Interface Unit

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5. Applications of 80286
• Used in IBM PC/AT systems

• Basis for multi-user systems and early Unix-based PCs

• Industrial and commercial embedded systems (less common)

6. Comparison with 80186

Feature 80186 80286
Memory Addressing 1 MB 16 MB
Operating Modes Real Mode only Real + Protected Mode
MMU Support No Yes
Used in PCs? Rarely (embedded use) Widely used (IBM PC AT)
Clock Speed Up to 8 MHz Up to 25 MHz

Intel 80386 Microprocessor

1. Introduction

• Introduced: 1985

• Type: 32-bit microprocessor

• Address Bus: 32-bit (can address up to 4 GB of physical memory)

• Data Bus: 32-bit

• Clock Speed: 12 MHz – 40 MHz

2. Key Features

• 32-bit Architecture: First Intel processor to fully support 32-bit registers, ALU, and data/
address buses.

• Virtual Memory Support: Can handle very large programs using paging.

• Memory Management Unit (MMU): Supports segmentation and paging.

• Operating Modes:

◦ Real Mode: 8086 compatibility mode (1 MB addressable).

◦ Protected Mode: Full access to memory protection, multitasking.

 ◦ Virtual 8086 Mode: Runs 8086 programs in a protected environment.

• Multitasking & Multiuser Support: OS-level feature support for Unix, Windows NT, etc.

3. Architecture Components

• General Purpose Registers (EAX, EBX, etc.)

• Segment Registers

• Control Registers (CR0–CR3 for paging)

• Descriptor Tables (GDT, LDT)

• Paging Unit: Converts virtual address to physical address.

4. Applications

• High-level operating systems (Windows 95/NT, Unix).

• High-end embedded systems.

• Servers and advanced computing tasks.

Intel 80486 Microprocessor

1. Introduction

• Introduced: 1989

• Type: 32-bit microprocessor

• Clock Speed: 20 MHz – 100 MHz

• Architecture: Improved 80386 with additional features

2. Key Features

• Pipelined Architecture: Fetch → Decode → Execute → Memory → Write-back

(Improves instruction throughput)

• On-Chip Cache: 8 KB of L1 cache (split into instruction and data).

• Integrated FPU: First Intel CPU with built-in math coprocessor (FPU).

• Reduced Instruction Cycle Time: Faster instruction execution.

• Backward Compatible: Fully compatible with 80386 instructions.

3. Architecture Enhancements
 • Execution Unit: Handles ALU operations.

• Bus Interface Unit: Handles communication with memory.

• Floating Point Unit (FPU): On-chip hardware for mathematical operations.

• Instruction Prefetch Queue: Improves speed via pipelining.

4. Versions

• 486DX: With built-in FPU

• 486SX: Without FPU (cheaper version)

• 486DX2: Internal clock runs twice the external clock (e.g., 66 MHz internal, 33 MHz
external)

• 486DX4: Internal clock runs 3x faster

5. Applications

• Personal computers

• Scienti c computing

• CAD applications

• Multimedia processing

Comparison: 80386 vs. 80486

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 Feature Intel 80386 Intel 80486
Year Introduced 1985 1989
Data/Address Bus 32-bit / 32-bit 32-bit / 32-bit
Clock Speed 12 – 40 MHz 20 – 100 MHz
On-Chip Cache No Yes (8 KB L1 cache)
FPU External (80387) Integrated (in 486DX)
Pipelining No Yes (5-stage pipeline)
Performance Moderate Higher (2x faster at same MHz)

1. What is an Embedded System?

An embedded system is a computer system that is designed to perform a speci c task or function
within a larger mechanical or electrical system.

Key Characteristics:

• Dedicated Functionality: Performs a speci c job.

• Real-Time Operation: Often works in real-time conditions.

• Resource-Constrained: Limited memory, processing power, etc.

• Reliable and Stable: Must work continuously with minimal failure.

Examples:

• Microwave oven

• Washing machine

• ATM

• Automotive engine control systems

• Industrial robots
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 • Medical devices

2. Components of an Embedded System

• Microcontroller / Microprocessor

• Memory (RAM, ROM, EEPROM)

• Input Devices (e.g., sensors)

• Output Devices (e.g., motors, displays)

• Communication Interfaces (UART, SPI, I2C, etc.)

• Software / Embedded OS (Bare-metal or RTOS)

3. Microcontroller vs Microprocessor
Feature Microcontroller Microprocessor
De nition A single chip with CPU + memory + I/O A CPU chip; memory and I/O external
Purpose Speci c control applications General-purpose computation
Cost Low High
Speed Moderate High
Examples 8051, AVR, PIC, ARM Intel 8086, 80286, Pentium series

4. What is a Microcontroller?
A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed to govern a speci c operation in an
embedded system. It typically includes:

• CPU (Central Processing Unit)

• RAM (Temporary memory)

• ROM/Flash (Permanent memory)

• I/O Ports (Input/Output)

• Timers and Counters

• Communication Ports (UART, SPI, etc.)

Common Microcontrollers:

• 8051

• AVR (e.g., ATmega328)

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 • PIC

• ARM Cortex-M series

5.Applications of Embedded Systems with Microcontrollers

• Consumer Electronics: Smart TVs, remotes, washing machines

• Automobiles: Airbag systems, anti-lock brakes

• Medical Devices: ECG monitors, insulin pumps

• Industrial Control: Automation systems, sensors

• Communication: Routers, mobile devices

6. Advantages of Embedded Systems

• Cost-effective

• Low power consumption

• Small size

• Faster response time

• Reliable and ef cient for dedicated tasks

Summary Table
Term Description
Embedded System A specialized system that performs a dedicated task
A small computer on a single IC used in embedded
Microcontroller
systems
Key Features Small, low power, real-time, task-speci c
Common
8051, ARM, PIC, AVR
Examples
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8051 Microcontroller
The 8051 Microcontroller is one of the most popular microcontrollers developed by Intel in 1980.
It is widely used in embedded systems, robotics, automation, and control applications.

Basic Details:

• Type: 8-bit microcontroller

• Developed by: Intel (originally as MCS-51 family)

• Data Bus: 8-bit

• Address Bus: 16-bit (64 KB external memory)

• Memory: 4 KB ROM, 128 Bytes RAM (on-chip)

2. Features of 8051
• 8-bit ALU, registers, and data bus

• 4 KB on-chip ROM

• 128 Bytes on-chip RAM

• 32 I/O lines (divided into 4 ports: P0–P3)

• 2 Timers/Counters (T0 and T1)

• 1 Serial communication port (UART)

• 5 Interrupt sources (2 external, 3 internal)

• On-chip oscillator and clock circuitry

3. 8051 Architecture
Main Components Explained:

Component Description
CPU Executes instructions, controls all operations.
ALU Performs arithmetic and logic operations.
Registers (A, B) Temporary storage during execution. A (Accumulator) is widely used.
Program Counter (PC) Holds the address of the next instruction.
Stack Pointer (SP) Points to the top of the stack (used in function calls, interrupts).
ROM (Program Memory) 4 KB for storing the program code permanently.
RAM (Data Memory) 128 Bytes for temporary storage of variables and data.
I/O Ports (P0–P3) 4 parallel ports (8-bit each) used for interfacing with external devices.
Timers/Counters T0 and T1 for generating delays or counting external events.
Serial Port Full duplex UART for serial communication (RS232).
Interrupts 5 interrupt sources to handle events like timers or external signals.

4. Pin Diagram (Summary)

The 8051 has 40 pins, including:

• Vcc, GND (Power)

• Port 0 to Port 3 (I/O)

• ALE, EA, PSEN (External memory control)

• RST (Reset)

5. Applications of 8051 Microcontroller

• Home appliances (microwave ovens, washing machines)

• Robotics and automation

• Industrial control systems

• Medical devices

• Embedded systems and IoT

6. Summary Table
Feature Description
Word Size 8-bit
On-chip ROM 4 KB
On-chip RAM 128 Bytes
I/O Ports 4 Ports (P0–P3)
Timers/Counters 2 (T0 and T1)
Serial UART (full
Communication duplex)
Interrupts 5 sources