IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

CHAPTER NO.1

INTRODUCTION

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 1

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

With the development of smart grid, the grid has the opportunity to schedule its power supply
for the purpose of reducing the power peak-to-average ratio (PAR). The grid is programmed
to supply the energy in predefined schedules according to the RTC time set based on the
demand response (DR). This project benefits to utility companies is the reduction of the PAR
which would increase the stability of the entire electricity system.

In this project bus bar can be protected from the over current condition. Industrial instruments
failures have many causes and one of the main causes is over load.

The primary of the distribution transformer or any other transformer is designed to operate at
certain specific current, if that current flowing through that instrument is more than the rated
current, then immediately the System may burn because of over load, through this project we
are going to protect the bus bar from over load condition.

In this project work for generating high current more loads are applied to the circuit; so that
the current will be increased. Whenever the over current occurred the circuit will be tripped.

To trip the circuit, we are using one relay which will control through our microcontroller.
When over load is occurred relay will trip the total circuit and buzzer will on to indicate over
load.

Also detect energy theft using LDR.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 2

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

CHAPTER NO.2

LiTERATURE SURVEY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 3

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

LITERATURE SURVEY

1. GSM Enabled Smart Energy Meter and Automation of Home

Appliances

Author:- Himshekhar Das1, L.C.Saikia2

Electrical utilities are suffering from huge losses due to power theft, inadequate usage of
energy, unpaid bills, distorted power quality. Many viable solutions are proposed out of
which smart energy metering, energy management system and smart home automation are
some that seems to be potent enough.

2. Internet of Things(IOT) Based Smart Grid

Author:- 1.Mitali Mahadev Raut, 2.Ruchira Rajesh Sable, 3.Shrutika Rajendra Toraskar

Smart grid is one of the features of smart city model. It is energy consumption monitoring
and management system. Smart grids are based on communication between the provider and
consumer. One of the main issues with today’s outdated grid deal with efficiency. The grid
becomes overloaded during peak times or seasons. It is also possible to hack the system, and
basically, take free electricity. By using smart grid consumer and owner get daily electricity
consumption reading and owner can cut electricity supply remotely through internet if bill is
not paid. One more thing, the data collected from the smart meters should not be accessed by
any unauthorized entities. In case meter tempering is happened then owner and consumer get
message and then owner take the action accordingly. Fitting the circuit on customer’s energy
meter, from that energy consumption data can be acquired. After acquiring of data, that data
can be updated on cloud service, so that consumer and provider can access that data through
internet. The main part of project is smart grid meter. When LED in smart meter gives 3200
blinks this means one unit is consumed. Second feature of this project is one micro switch is
fitted in meter. This is to prevent meter tempering. There is one hidden switching circuit in
that, whenever any person try to open the meter switch will get popup and controller sends
the message to owner and consumer. Third feature of project is control meter; if bill is not

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 4

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

paid by customer then owner can cut the meter. Acquiring of data needs human resources, we
can save this critical resource by using smart grid application.

3. IoT Based Smart Energy Meter

Author:- 1.Birendrakumar Sahani, 2.Tejashree Ravi 3.Akibjaved Tamboli, 4.Professor R.S.
Pisal
We can see a person standing in front of our house from electricity board, whose duty is to
read the energy meter and handover the bills to the owner of that house every month. This is
nothing but meter reading. According to that reading we have to pay the bills. The main
drawback of this system is that person has to go area by area and he has to read the meter of
every house and handover the bills. Many times errors like extra bill amount, or notification
from electric board even though the bills are paid are common errors. To overcome this
drawback we have come up with an idea which will eliminate the third party between the
consumer and service provider, even the errors will be overcome. In this paper the idea of
smart energy meter using IoT and Arduino have been introduced. In this method we are using
Arduino because it is energy efficient i.e. it consume less power, it is fastest and has two
UARTS. In this paper, energy meters which is already installed at our houses are not
replaced, but a small modification on the already installed meters can change the existing
meters into smart meters. The use of GSM module provides a feature of notification through
SMS. One can easily access the meter working through web page that we designed. Current
reading with cost can be seen on web page. Automatic ON & OFF of meter is possible.
Threshold value setting and sending of notification is the additional task that we are
performing)

4. Internet of Things-aided Smart Grid: Technologies,

Architectures, Applications, Prototypes, and Future Research
Directions
Author:-
Yasir Saleem, Student Member, IEEE, Noel Crespi, Senior Member, IEEE, Mubashir Husain
Rehmani, Senior Member, IEEE, and Rebecca Copeland

Traditional power grids are being transformed into Smart Grids (SGs) to solve the problems
of uni-directional information flow, energy wastage, growing energy demand, reliability and

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 5

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

security. SGs offer bi-directional energy flow between service providers and consumers,
involving power generation, transmission, distribution and utilization systems. SGs employ
various devices for the monitoring, analysis and control of the grid, deployed at power plants,
distribution centers and in consumers’ premises in a very large number. Hence, an SG
requires connectivity, automation and the tracking of such devices. This is achieved with the
help of Internet of Things (IoT). IoT helps SG systems to support various network functions
throughout the generation, transmission, distribution and consumption of energy by
incorporating IoT devices (such as sensors, actuators and smart meters), as well as by
providing the connectivity, automation and tracking for such devices. In this paper, we
provide the first comprehensive survey on IoTaided SG systems, which includes the existing
architectures, applications and prototypes of IoT-aided SG systems. This survey also
highlights the open issues, challenges and future research directions for IoT-aided SG
systems.

5. IoT-based smart grid system design for smart home

Author:- 1. Adi candra Swastika 2.Resa Pramudita 3.Rifgy Hakimi

Smart Grid and Internet of Things (IoT) are two technologies that become highly
developed lately. In the perspective of energy saving, smart grid is an excellent solution
to optimize the energy consumption while the IoT can be a solution that offers
consumers the convenience of having a realtime method to control and monitor energy
usage in a home. In this paper the authors propose the design of smart grid system
design based on IoT for smart home. The architecture of the proposed protocols to be
used, the working of the system, and the challenge in the system design are analyzed so
that the proposed design can improve the optimization of the system Smart grid itself.

6. Smart grid building automation based on Internet of Things

Author:-1.Ms Shweta Sidid 2. Prof. Mrs Shruti Gaur

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 6

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

the smart grid is basically “Integration of advance electrical information & which has ability
to communicate with user & utility”. It works smartly and faster than traditional transmission
and distribution system. Building automation is well known concept of automatic and smart
activities required in any building/mall. i.e. temperature control, door control, pressure
control. Internet of Things (IoT) is platform to establish a network of different
sensors/actuators through internet. Communication and control through secure and fast way is
possible from anywhere in world is main use of IoT. IoT help to data storage and analysis,
third party interference. This paper is basically focused on 1. Assembly and technology of
smart grid. 2. IoT architecture fundamentals and advantages. 3. Application and integration of
“Smart grid” & “IoT” specifically in building automation domain. 4. Demand side
management. This paper will demonstrate “Energy management & conservation by
renewable energy & by monitoring and control of electrical energy with the use of Internet of
Thing in existing building to get economic benefits”.

7. Assesment of Electric Energy Losses Aiming at Detection of Thefts

of Electricity

Author:- 1.Dimo Stoilov 2.Ivan Zagorchev 3.Velichko Atanasov

The paper describes relations between technical, nontechnical and total electric energy losses
in power systems and presents an innovative methodology for their accurate assessment
aiming at detection of thefts of electricity in the distribution networks. The power losses are
defined as the difference between the instant electric powers measured in two real points or
measured in two sets of real points in the electric power system.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 7

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

CHAPTER NO.3

EXISTING SYSTEM

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 8

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

3.1 Block Diagram

Basically a circuit will be fitted i.e smart meter in consumers home so from that we
will acquire data and after acquiring we will upload/update the data on cloud service so that
owner of smart grid (for E.g. MSEB or Reliance) and customer can access that data. The
smart meter circuit consists of LED which usually blinks 3200 times so to calculate that
impulse we fix LED which will indicate 1 Unit electricity consumption for 3200blinks i.e.
3200 impulse = 1KW. To pick the pulses in the circuit we connect photo detector on meter.
The output of this photo detector will be connected to transistor so that it amplifies the signal
which we obtained from photo detector. When LED blinks light of LED fall on photo
detector so that amplifier junction will break ,because of light junction breaking will leads to
flow of Leakage current which results into enabling of Transistor. When transistor is on, the
supply goes to ground which means we get low( 0) in output. When LED is off photo diode
off as no light falls on photo detector then transistor becomes o so supply we get high(1) in
output. Means when LED blinks we get Logic zero pulse. We use ATMega328
microcontroller in circuit. It is advance AT 1 series controller and 328 is number of

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 9

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

controller. Microcontroller counts how many pulses we get that is our unit consumption.
Second thing micro-switch is fixed on meter. One point of micro switch is connected to the
ground and other point is connected to microcontroller at pin. This all circuit is to prevent
meter tampering means to detect power theft. Basically, there is a hidden switch in meter,
whenever any person try to open the meter, the switch will get pop up and we get logic high
in controller pin and after that controller sends the message to owner and consumer that meter
has been tampered. Both daily consumption units micro switch data we take it as input in
controller and both these readings are displayed on LCD display. So because of that we can
check the status of meter. If bill is not paid by the customer then owners can remotely cut the
power supply PubNub site which is owners site. So relay contractor is connected in circuit.
When theft is detected we get logic one then relay contractor will get Open and electricity
supply of meter will get cut.

3.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

This system has many flaws such as labor work, time consuming. In order to eliminate these
errors this project proposes smart grid system.

Current system was not capable to give any indication about power theft detection. Also no
message sends to the user or MSEB. When theft gets detected Or if overload occurs power
disconnects to load. Using this system.

Automatically power will schedule using this system

3.3 PURPOSE

Smart grid is one of the features of smart city model. It is energy consumption monitoring
and management system. Smart grids are based on communication between the provider and
consumer. One of the main issues with today’s outdated grid deal with efficiency. The grid
becomes overloaded during peak times or seasons. It is also possible to hack the system, and
basically, take free electricity. By using smart grid consumer and owner get daily electricity
consumption reading and owner can cut electricity supply remotely through internet if bill is
not paid. One more thing, the data collected from the smart meters should not be accessed by

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 10

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

any unauthorized entities. In case meter tempering is happened then owner and consumer get
message and then owner take the action accordingly. Fitting the circuit on customer’s energy
meter, from that energy consumption data can be acquired. After acquiring of data, that data
can be updated on cloud service, so that consumer and provider can access that data through
internet. The main part of project is smart grid meter. When LED in smart meter gives 3200
blinks this means one unit is consumed. Second feature of this project is one micro switch is
fitted in meter. This is to prevent meter tempering. There is one hidden switching circuit in
that, whenever any person try to open the meter switch will get popup and controller send the
message to owner and consumer. Third feature of project is control meter, if bill is not paid
by customer then owner can cut the meter. Acquiring of data needs human resources, we can
save this critical resource by using smart grid application.

3.4 PROBLEM:

1.Avoid the possibility of hacking the system, and basically, taking free electricity.
2. To prevent meter tempering.
3. Real-time Models and design methods describing reliable interworking of
heterogeneous systems (e.g. technical/economical/ social/environmental system).
4.To reduce the human efforts, and to cut the power automatically if the bill is not paid.

3.5 SOLUTION:

To avoid problem of the electricity from theft we are invent smart grid energy meter. In this
meter we are control or observe the thefting of electricity through ARDUINO UNO and
interfacing of relay, LDR, current sensor, etc with the ARDUINO UNO.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 11

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

CHAPTER NO.4

BLOCK DIAGRAM AND OPERATION OF MODULE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 12

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

4.1 SOFTWARE DESIGN

SOFTWARE USED
 ARDUINO IDE(PROGRAMMING)
 PROTEUS (SIMULATION)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 13

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

CHAPTER NO.5

METHODOLOGY

METHODOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 14

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

5.1 Hardware Design

5.1.1 Circuit diagram and Operation of module

ARDUINO UNO:- Arduino board is the heart of our system. Entire functioning of system
depends on this board. Arduino reacts to the 5v supply given by opto-coupler and keeps on
counting the supply and then calculates the power consumed and also the cost. This data, it
continuously stores on webpage, so that users can visit any time and check their consumption.
It even reacts accordingly as per programed, to the situations like message sending during
threshold value etc.

CURRENT SENSOR:-

RELAY:-

LCD:- All information will be displayed on LCD. Like current values

IOT MODULE:- Wi-Fi stands for Wireless Fidelity. We are using Wi-Fi which acts as heart
for IoT. Through Wi-Fi the consumer can set changes in threshold value, he can ON and OFF
the energy meter. Time to time the readings of units and cost are displayed on webpage.
Consumer can accesses the Arduino board and meter with help of Wi-Fi.

POWER SUPPLY:- 5v , 1A DC

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 15

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig, 5.1 Circuit Diagram

HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

• ARDUINO UNO

• CURRENT SENSOR

• RELAY

• LCD

• IOT MODULE

• POWER SUPPLY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 16

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 17

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

Arduino uno

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It

has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a
16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset
button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a
computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.
The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial
driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed
as a USB-to-serial converter.

MicrocontrollerATmega328

Operating Voltage5V

Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V

Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V

Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

Analog Input Pins 6

DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA

DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA

Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader S

RAM 2 KB (ATmega328)

EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)

Clock Speed 16 MHz

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 18

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

Fig no. 5.2 Arduino Model

The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply.
The power source is selected automatically. External (non-USB) power can come either from
an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a
2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted
in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector. The board can operate on an
external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may
supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage
regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts. The
power pins are as follows: • VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an
external power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated
power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the
power jack, access it through this pin. • 5V. The regulated power supply used to power the
microcontroller and other components on the board. This can come either from VIN via an
on-board regulator, or be supplied by USB or another regulated 5V supply. • 3V3. A 3.3 volt
supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50 mA. • GND.
Ground pins.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 19

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(),
digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or
receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of
20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions: • Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX).
Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. TThese pins are connected to the
corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip . • External Interrupts: 2 and
3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge,
or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt() function for details. • PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and
11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function. • SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI),
12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication, which, although provided by
the underlying hardware, is not currently included in the Arduino language. • LED: 13. There
is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the LED is on,
when the pin is LOW, it's off.

The Uno has 6 analog inputs, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different
values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the
upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the analogReference() function.
Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality: • I 2C: 4 (SDA) and 5 (SCL). Support
I2C (TWI) communication using the Wire library. There are a couple of other pins on the
board: • AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference(). •
Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button
to shields which block the one on the board.

The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another
Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial
communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega8U2 on the
board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to
software on the computer. The '8U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no
external driver is needed. However, on Windows, an *.inf file is required.. The Arduino
software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the
Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted
via the USB-toserial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial
communication on pins 0 and 1). A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 20

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

on any of the Uno's digital pins. The ATmega328 also support I2C (TWI) and SPI
communication. The Arduino software includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus

The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software (download). Select
"Arduino Uno w/ ATmega328" from the Tools > Board menu (according to the
microcontroller on your board). For details, see the reference and tutorials. The ATmega328
on the Arduino Uno comes preburned with a bootloader that allows you to upload new code
to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. It communicates using the original
STK500 protocol (reference, C header files). You can also bypass the bootloader and
program the microcontroller through the ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header; see
these instructions for details. The ATmega8U2 firmware source code is available . The
ATmega8U2 is loaded with a DFU bootloader, which can be activated by connecting the
solder jumper on the back of the board (near the map of Italy) and then resetting the 8U2.
You can then use Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS X and
Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can use the ISP header with an external programmer
(overwriting the DFU bootloader).

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 21

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

CURRENT SENSOR
Accurate sensor to measure AC/DC current up to 20A. The sensor can even measure
high AC mains current and is still isolated from the measuring part due to integrated hall
sensor. The board operates on 5V.

Fig.no.5.3 Current Sensor

ACS712 current sensor operates from 5V and outputs analog voltage proportional to current
measured on the sensing terminals. You can simple use a microcontroller ADC to read the
values

Sensing terminal can even measure current for loads operating at high voltages like 230V AC
mains while output sensed voltage is isolated from measuring part.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 22

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

Features

100 mV/A output sensitivity

5.0 V, single supply operation

Output voltage proportional to AC or DC currents

Factory-trimmed for accuracy

Extremely stable output offset voltage

Nearly zero magnetic hysteresis

Ratiometric output from supply voltage

Low-noise analog signal path

Device bandwidth is set via the new FILTER pin

5 µs output rise time in response to step input current

80 kHz bandwidth

Total output error 1.5% at TA = 25°C

Small footprint, low-profile SOIC8 package

1.2 mΩ internal conductor resistance

2.1 kVRMS minimum isolation voltage from pins 1-4 to pins 5-8

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 23

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

LCD DISPLAY

1. LCD (LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY):

LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display. LCD is finding wide spread use replacing LEDs (seven segment
LEDs or other multi segment LEDs) because of the following reasons:

1. The declining prices of LCDs.

2. The ability to display numbers, characters and graphics. This is in contrast to LEDs, which are
limited to numbers and a few characters.

3. Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, thereby relieving the CPU of the task of
refreshing the LCD. In contrast, the LED must be refreshed by the CPU to keep displaying the data.

4. Ease of programming for characters and graphics.

These components are “specialized” for being used with the microcontrollers, which means that
they cannot be activated by standard IC circuits. They areused for writing different messages on a
miniature LCD.

A model described here is for its low price and great possibilities most frequently used in practice. It
is based on the HD44780 microcontroller (Hitachi) and can display messages in two lines with 16
characters each. It displays all the alphabets, Greek letters, punctuation marks, mathematical
symbols etc. In addition, it is possible to display symbols that user makes up on its own. Automatic

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 24

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

shifting message on display (shift left and right), appearance of the pointer, backlight etc. are
considered as useful characteristics.

Pins Functions

There are pins along one side of the small printed board used for connection to the microcontroller.
There are total of 14 pins marked with numbers (16 in case the background light is built in). Their
function is described in the table below:

Function Pin Number Name Logic State Description

Ground 1 Vss - 0V

Power supply 2 Vdd - +5V

Contrast 3 Vee - 0 - Vdd

D0 – D7 are interpreted as
0
4 RS commands
1
D0 – D7 are interpreted as data

Write data (from controller to

0
Control of 5 R/W LCD)
1
operating Read data (from LCD to controller)

Access to LCD disabled

0
Normal operating
6 E 1
Data/commands are transferred
From 1 to 0
to LCD

Data / commands 7 D0 0/1 Bit 0 LSB

8 D1 0/1 Bit 1

9 D2 0/1 Bit 2

10 D3 0/1 Bit 3

11 D4 0/1 Bit 4

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 25

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

12 D5 0/1 Bit 5

13 D6 0/1 Bit 6

14 D7 0/1 Bit 7 MSB

LCD screen:

LCD screen consists of two lines with 16 characters each. Each character consists of 5x7 dot matrix.
Contrast on display depends on the power supply voltage and whether messages are displayed in
one or two lines. For that reason, variable voltage 0-Vdd is applied on pin marked as Vee. Trimmer
potentiometer is usually used for that purpose. Some versions of displays have built in backlight
(blue or green diodes). When used during operating, a resistor for current limitation should be used
(like with any LE diode).

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 26

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

LCD Basic Commands

All data transferred to LCD through outputs D0-D7 will be interpreted as commands or as data,
which depends on logic state on pin RS:

RS = 1 - Bits D0 - D7 are addresses of characters that should be displayed. Built in processor

addresses built in “map of characters” and displays corresponding symbols. Displaying position is
determined by DDRAM address. This address is either previously defined or the address of
previously transferred character is automatically incremented.

RS = 0 - Bits D0 - D7 are commands which determine display mode. List of commands which LCD
recognizes are given in the table below:

Command RS RW D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 Execution Time

Clear display 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1.64mS

Cursor home 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x 1.64mS

Entry mode set 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 I/D S 40uS

Display on/off control 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 D U B 40uS

Cursor/Display Shift 0 0 0 0 0 1 D/C R/L x x 40uS

Function set 0 0 0 0 1 DL N F x x 40uS

Set CGRAM address 0 0 0 1 CGRAM address 40uS

Set DDRAM address 0 0 1 DDRAM address 40uS

Read “BUSY” flag (BF) 0 1 BF DDRAM address -

Write to CGRAM or DDRAM 1 0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 40uS

Read from CGRAM or DDRAM 1 1 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 40uS

I/D 1 = Increment (by 1) R/L 1 = Shift right

0 = Decrement (by 1) 0 = Shift left

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 27

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

S 1 = Display shift on DL 1 = 8-bit interface

0 = Display shift off 0 = 4-bit interface

D 1 = Display on N 1 = Display in two lines

0 = Display off 0 = Display in one line

U 1 = Cursor on F 1 = Character format 5x10 dots

0 = Cursor off 0 = Character format 5x7 dots

B 1 = Cursor blink on D/C 1 = Display shift

0 = Cursor blink off 0 = Cursor shift

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 28

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

LCD Initialization:

Once the power supply is turned on, LCD is automatically cleared. This process lasts for
approximately 15mS. After that, display is ready to operate. The mode of operating is set by default.
This means that:

1. Display is cleared

2. Mode

DL = 1 Communication through 8-bit interface

N = 0 Messages are displayed in one line

F = 0 Character font 5 x 8 dots

3. Display/Cursor on/off

D = 0 Display off

U = 0 Cursor off

B = 0 Cursor blink off

4. Character entry

ID = 1 Addresses on display are automatically incremented by 1

S = 0 Display shift off

Automatic reset is mainly performed without any problems. Mainly but not always! If for any reason
power supply voltage does not reach full value in thecourse of 10mS, display will start perform
completely unpredictably. If voltage supply unit cannot meet this condition or if it is needed to
provide completely safe operating, the process of initialization by which a new reset enabling display
to operate normally must be applied. Algorithm according to the initialization is being performed
depends on whether connection to the microcontroller is through 4- or 8-bit interface. All left over
to be done after that is to give basic commands and of course- to display messages.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 29

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

Fig: Procedure on 8-bit initialization.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 30

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

1. Battery:

 Product Name : 12v / 1.3 Ah Recharg

 Description
 Output Voltage: 12v.
 Current Output: 1.3ah.
 Application of 12v/1.3 Ah Rechargeable Battery

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 31

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

ESP 8266 WI-FI MODULE:

Espressif Systems’ Smart Connectivity Platform (ESCP) is a set of high performance, high integration
wireless SOCs, designed for space and power constrained mobile platform designers. It provides
unsurpassed ability to embed WiFi capabilities within other systems, or to function as a standalone
application, with the lowest cost, and minimal space requirement.

ESP8266EX offers a complete and self-contained WiFi networking solution; it can be used to host the
application or to offload WiFi networking functions from another application processor.

When ESP8266EX hosts the application, it boots up directly from an external flash. In has integrated
cache to improve the performance of the system in such applications.

Alternately, serving as a WiFi adapter, wireless internet access can be added to any micro controller-
based design with simple connectivity (SPI/SDIO or I2C/UART interface).

ESP8266EX is among the most integrated WiFi chip in the industry; it integrates the antenna
switches, RF balun, power amplifier, low noise receive amplifier, filters, power management
modules, it requires minimal external circuitry, and the entire solution, including front-end module,
is designed to occupy minimal PCB area.

ESP8266EX also integrates an enhanced version of Tensilica’s L106 Diamond series 32-bit processor,
with on-chip SRAM, besides the WiFi functionalities. ESP8266EX is often integrated with external
sensors and other application specific devices through its GPIOs; sample codes for such applications
are provided in the software development kit (SDK).

Espressif Systems’ Smart Connectivity Platform (ESCP) demonstrates sophisticated system-level

features include fast sleep/wake context switching for energy-efficient VoIP, adaptive radio biasing
for low-power operation, advance signal processing, and spur cancellation and radio co-existence
features for common cellular, Bluetooth, DDR, LVDS, LCD interference mitigation.

Features

• 802.11 b/g/n

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 32

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

• Integrated low power 32-bit MCU

• Integrated 10-bit ADC

• Integrated TCP/IP protocol stack

• Integrated TR switch, balun, LNA, power amplifier and matching network

• Integrated PLL, regulators, and power management units

• Supports antenna diversity

• WiFi 2.4 GHz, support WPA/WPA2

• Support STA/AP/STA+AP operation modes

• Support Smart Link Function for both Android and iOS devices

• SDIO 2.0, (H) SPI, UART, I2C, I2S, IR Remote Control, PWM, GPIO

• STBC, 1x1 MIMO, 2x1 MIMO

• A-MPDU & A-MSDU aggregation & 0.4s guard interval

• Deep sleep power <10uA, Power down leakage current < 5uA

• Wake up and transmit packets in < 2ms

• Standby power consumption of < 1.0mW (DTIM3)

• +20 dBm output power in 802.11b mode

• Operating temperature range -40C ~ 125C

• FCC, CE, TELEC, WiFi Alliance, and SRRC certified

Important AT commands

 AT+CWLAP List all the access points

 AT+CWJAP?+CWJAP=“ssid”, ”password” Join Access Point

 AT+CIFSR Get IP Address

 AT+CWMODE?+CWMODE=3 Select the respective mode

Parameters:

Categories Items Values

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 33

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

Certificates FCC/CE/TELEC/SRRC

WiFiProtocles 802.11 b/g/n

Frequency Range 2.4G-2.5G (2400M-2483.5M)

802.11 b: +20 dBm

Tx Power 802.11 g: +17 dBm

802.11 n: +14 dBm

802.11 b: -91 dbm (11 Mbps)

WiFiParamters Rx Sensitivity 802.11 g: -75 dbm (54 Mbps)

802.11 n: -72 dbm (MCS7)

PCB Trace, External, IPEX Connector, Ceramic

Chip
Types of Antenna

UART/SDIO/SPI/I2C/I2S/IR Remote Control

Peripheral Bus GPIO/PWM

Operating Voltage 3.0~3.6V

Operating Current Average value: 80mA

Operating Temperature Range -40°~125°

Hardware Paramaters Ambient Temperature Range Normal temperature

Package Size 5x5mm

External Interface N/A

WiFi mode station/softAP/SoftAP+station

Security WPA/WPA2

Encryption WEP/TKIP/AES

Firmware Upgrade UART Download / OTA (via network)

Supports Cloud Server Development / SDK for

custom firmware development
Software Parameters Ssoftware Development

Network Protocols IPv4, TCP/UDP/HTTP/FTP

User Configuration AT Instruction Set, Cloud Server, Android/ iOS

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 34

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

App

Major Applications

Major fields of ESP8266 applications to Internet-of-Things include:

• Home Appliances

• Home Automation

• Smart Plug and lights

• Mesh Network

• Industrial Wireless Control

• Baby Monitors

• IP Cameras

• Sensor Networks

• Wearable Electronics

• WiFi Location-aware Devices

• Security ID Tags

• WiFi Position System Beacons.

Fig: ESP8266

Power Supply Design

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 35
 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

POWER SUPPLY:

The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The a.c. input i.e.,

230V from the mains supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and is fed to a rectifier.

The output obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating d.c voltage. So in order to get a pure d.c

voltage, the output voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any a.c components

present even after rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage regulator to obtain a

pure constant dc voltage.

230V AC
D.C
50Hz Output

Step down Bridge

transformer Rectifier
Regulator
Filte

Fig: Power supply

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 36

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

Transformer:

Usually, DC voltages are required to operate various electronic equipment and these

voltages are 5V, 9V or 12V. But these voltages cannot be obtained directly. Thus the a.c

input available at the mains supply i.e., 230V is to be brought down to the required voltage

level. This is done by a transformer. Thus, a step down transformer is employed to decrease

the voltage to a required level.

Rectifier:

The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into pulsating

D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier

is used because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification.

The Bridge rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage using both

half cycles of the input ac voltage. The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown in the figure. The

circuit has four diodes connected to form a bridge. The ac input voltage is applied to the

diagonally opposite ends of the bridge. The load resistance is connected between the other

two ends of the bridge.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 37

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct, whereas

diodes D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in series with the

load resistance RL and hence the load current flows through RL.

For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and D4 conduct

whereas, D1 and D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 and D4 will be in series with the

load resistance RL and hence the current flows through R L in the same direction as in the

previous half cycle. Thus a bi-directional wave is converted into a unidirectional wave.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 38

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 39

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

Filter:

Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of
rectifier and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the mains
voltage and load is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage
received at this point changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stage.

Voltage regulator:

As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage regulator is an
electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. In this
project, power supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order to obtain these voltage levels,
7805 and 7812 voltage regulators are to be used. The first number 78 represents positive
supply and the numbers 05, 12 represent the required output voltage levels. The L78xx series
of three-terminal positive regulators is available in TO-220, TO-220FP, TO-3, D2PAK and
DPAK packages and several fixed output voltages, making it useful in a wide range of
applications. These regulators can provide local on-card regulation, eliminating the
distribution problems associated with single point regulation. Each type employs internal
current limiting, thermal shut-down and safe area protection, making it essentially
indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1 A output current.
Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with
external components to obtain adjustable voltage and currents.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 40

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

RELAY MODULE
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to mechanically
operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-state relays.
Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with
complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several
circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long
distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they repeated the signal coming in from one circuit
and re-transmitted it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges
and early computers to perform logical operations.

A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric
motor or other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with
no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with
calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect
electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions
are performed by digital instruments still called "protective relays".

Magnetic Latching Relays Magnetic Latching relays require one pulse of coil power
to move their contacts in one direction, and another, redirected pulse to move them back.
Repeated pulses from the same input have no effect. Magnetic Latching relays are useful in
applications where interrupted power should not be able to transition the contacts.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 41

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

Magnetic Latching relays can have either single or dual coils. On a single coil device,
the relay will operate in one direction when power is applied with one polarity, and will reset
when the polarity is reversed. On a dual coil device, when polarized voltage is applied to the
reset coil the contacts will transition. AC controlled magnetic latch relays have single coils
that employ steering diodes to differentiate between operate and reset commands.

A simple electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of wire wrapped around a soft iron
core, an iron yoke which provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a movable
iron armature, and one or more sets of contacts (there are two in the relay pictured). The
armature is hinged to the yoke and mechanically linked to one or more sets of moving
contacts.

It is held in place by a spring so that when the relay is de-energized there is an air gap
in the magnetic circuit. In this condition, one of the two sets of contacts in the relay pictured
is closed, and the other set is open. Other relays may have more or fewer sets of contacts
depending on their function. The relay in the picture also has a wire connecting the armature
to the yoke. This ensures continuity of the circuit between the moving contacts on the
armature, and the circuit track on the printed circuit board (PCB) via the yoke, which is
soldered to the PCB.

When an electric current is passed through the coil it generates a magnetic field that
activates the armature and the consequent movement of the movable contact either makes or
breaks (depending upon construction) a connection with a fixed contact. If the set of contacts
was closed when the relay was de-energized, then the movement opens the contacts and
breaks the connection, and vice versa if the contacts were open. When the current to the coil
is switched off, the armature is returned by a force, approximately half as strong as the
magnetic force, to its relaxed position. Usually this force is provided by a spring, but gravity
is also used commonly in industrial motor starters. Most relays are manufactured to operate
quickly. In a low-voltage application this reduces noise; in a high voltage or current
application it reduces arcing

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 42

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

SOFTWARE REQUIRMENT:

 ARDUINO
 PROTEUS
 ESP FIRMWARE FLASHER

ARDUINO

INSTALLING THE DRIVERS FOR THE ARDUINO UNO

 Plug in your board and wait for Windows to begin it’s driver installation process
 After a few moments, the process will fail, despite its best efforts
 Click on the Start Menu, and open up the Control Panel
 While in the Control Panel, navigate to System and Security. Next, click on System
 Once the System window is up, open the Device Manager
 Look under Ports (COM & LPT). You should see an open port named “Arduino UNO
(COMxx)”. If there is no COM & LPT section, look under ‘Other Devices’ for
‘Unknown Device’

 Right click on the “Arduino UNO (COMxx)” or “Unknown Device” port and choose
the “Update Driver Software” option
 Next, choose the “Browse my computer for Driver software” option

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 43

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

 Finally, navigate to and select the Uno’s driver file, named “ArduinoUNO.inf”,
located in the “Drivers” folder of the Arduino Software download (not the “FTDI
USB Drivers” sub-directory). If you cannot see the .inf file, it is probably just hidden.
You can select the ‘drivers’ folder with the ‘search sub-folders’ option selected
instead.
 Windows will finish up the driver installation from there

Launch and Blink!

After following the appropriate steps for your software install, we are now ready to test your
first program with your Arduino board!

 Launch the Arduino application

 If you disconnected your board, plug it back in
 Open the Blink example sketch by going to: File > Examples > 1.Basics > Blink

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 44

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

 Select the type of Arduino board you’re using: Tools > Board > your board type

 Select the serial/COM port that your Arduino is attached to: Tools > Port > COMxx

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 45

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

 If you’re not sure which serial device is your Arduino, take a look at the available
ports, then unplug your Arduino and look again. The one that disappeared is your
Arduino.
 With your Arduino board connected, and the Blink sketch open, press the ‘Upload’
button

 After a second, you should see some LEDs flashing on your Arduino, followed by the
message ‘Done Uploading’ in the status bar of the Blink sketch.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 46

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

 If everything worked, the onboard LED on your Arduino should now be blinking!
You just programmed your first Arduino!

Select the type of Arduino board you’re using: Tools > Board > your board type

 Select the serial port that your Arduino is attached to: Tools > Port > xxxxxx (it’ll
probably look something like “/dev/tty.usbmodemfd131” or “/dev/tty.usbserial-131”
but probably with a different number)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 47

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

 If you’re not sure which serial device is your Arduino, take a look at the available
ports, then unplug your Arduino and look again. The one that disappeared is your
Arduino.
 With your Arduino board connected and the Blink sketch open, press the ‘Upload’
button

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 48

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

 After a second, you should see some LEDs flashing on your Arduino, followed by the
message ‘Done Uploading’ in the status bar of the Blink sketch.
 If everything worked, the onboard LED on your Arduino should now be blinking!
You just programmed your first Arduino!

PROTEUS STEPS TO CREATE NEW PROJECT

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 49

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

Step 1: Download Library Zip Folder from Our Website

Download the Library Files Zip Folder from

websitehttps://www.theengineeringprojects.com/2015/12/arduino-library-proteus-
simulation.html, open it and paste these two files ArduinoTEP.LIB and ArduinoTEP.IDX
files in to Library folder path( C:\Program Files (x86)\Labcenter Electronics\Proteus 8
Professional\LIBRARY).

2) Double click on Proteus 8 professional shortcut generated on Desktop following window

will popup

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 50

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

3) click on new project

4) In the field of Name, write name of project and in the field of path browse path for project
like this

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 51

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

5) Now click on next

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 52

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 53

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

 Click the "Pick from library (P)" button as shown in the figure

 Now Search Arduino

 Select Arduino uno

 Click OK

 After selecting component, click anywhere in the design area to select it and then
click again to place it

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 54

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

1. CONNECTING COMPONENTS

 Place all the required components

 Connect the desired nodes by clicking at starting and ending points

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 55

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

2. LOAD HEX FILE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 56

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

 To create hex file press simply verify in your Arduino ide software

 Double click the Arduino Uno to open its properties

 C:\Users\UserName\AppData\Local\Temp\arduino_build_

 Browse for the HEX file as shown and select it

And don't worry, in PROTEUS, there is no need to provide the RESET circuit or crystal
oscillator to the microcontroller. It will work just fine even without it. The frequency can be
adjusted in the properties window as well.

3. SIMULATING THE CIRCUIT

 The controls at the left-bottom corner will help you simulate the circuit in real time

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 57

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

The above picture is the complete circuitry for testing an LED on P2.0 like toggling (ON /
OFF) through programming but we will get to that part later on. At this point, you will just
see the LED glow if you have programmed it to be always ON.

Like this developer done design on Proteus before starts working on Hardware.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 58

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

CHAPTER NO. 6

PCB DESIGN AND ARTWORK

POWER SUPPLY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 59

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

LCD DISPLAY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 60

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 61

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

SYSTEM SPECIFICATION

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 62

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

CHAPTER NO.7

RESULT

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 63

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

APPLICATION,ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATION

ADVANTAGES
After implementing proposed architecture one could have following benefits:

1. It works faster & accurately with minimum utilization of energy. As a result saves time and
money.

2. Building security purpose: By using smart phone and personal computer one can monitor
and control smart plug, Security checks, locks, Temperature and Pressure.

3. IoT support machine to machine communication but in this architecture human to machine
interfacing is possible.

4. In this architecture communication is wirelessly as well as seamlessly.

DISADVANTAGES

1. System congestion is possible due to heavy sensor and actuator data transmission.

2. Redundancy is difficult and is not covered in this project. The work is going on in this
field. 3. Confidential/Corporate data can be leak through this IoT. Because every user cannot
maintain its server separately. It’s difficult.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 64

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

CHAPTER NO.8

COST ANALYSIS

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 65

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

CHAPTER NO.9
CONCLUSION

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 66

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

CONCLUSION:
A revolution in energy domain is underway, namely the Smart Grid. Smart Grid is owner as
well as user friendly technology. User can check daily consumption from any location using
internet. Owner can control customer meter from control unit. Smart grid represents one of
the most promising and prominent internet of things applications. More efficient transmission
of electricity. Quicker restoration of electricity after power disturbances.Reduced operations
and management costs for utilities, and ultimately lower power costs for consumers. Time
saving technology. Control on Meter tempering.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 67

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

FUTURE SCOPE:
Our project IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID, but in future we can also add GSM
MODEM is mainly intended to operate the devices like fans, lights, motors etc.., through a
GSM based mobile phone. The system has a GSM modem, temperature, current, voltage
sensors and the devices to be operated through the switches like Relay which are interfaced to
the micro controller. The micro controller is programmed in such a way that if a particular
fixed format of sms is sent to GSM modem from mobile phone, which is fed as input to the
micro controller which operates the appropriate devices. A return feedback message will be
sent to the mobile from GSM modem. The temperature at the place where devices are being
operated can be known. In future we can use this project in several applications by adding
additional components to this project. This project can be extended by using GPRS
technology, which helps in sending the monitored and controlled data to any place in the
world. The temperature controlling systems like coolant can also use in places where
temperature level should be maintained. By connecting wireless camera in industries,
factories etc we can see the entire equipments from our personal computer only by using
GPRS and GPS technology. The monitoring and controlling of the devices can be done from
the personal computer and we can use to handle so many situations. By connecting
temperature sensor, we can get the temperature of dangerous zones in industries and we can
use personal computer itself instead of sending human to there and facing problems at the
field. The temperature sensor will detect the temperature and it gives information to the micro
controller and micro controller gives the information to the mobile phone from that we can
get the data at pc side.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 68

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 69

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

CHAPTER NO. 10

REFERENCES

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 70

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

REFERENCES

[1]. Jyotishman Pathak, Yuan Li, Vasant Honavar and James D. McCalley, "A Service-
Oriented Architecture for Electric Power Transmission System Asset Management", In
ICSOC Workshops, pp: 26-37, 2006.

[2]. B. A. Carreras, V. E. Lynch, D. E. Newman and I. Dobson, "Blackout Mitigation

Assessment in Power Transmission Systems", Hawaii International Conference on System
Science, January 2003. [3]. Xiaomeng Li and Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy, "A Neural
Network Based Wide Area Monitor for a Power System", IEEE Power Engineering Society
General Meeting, Vol. 2, pp: 1455-1460, 2005.

[4]. Argonne National Laboratory, "Assessment of the Potential Costs and Energy Impacts of
Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure equirements for Electric Utility Substations",
Draft Energy Impact Issue Paper, 2006.

[5]. R.R. Negenborn, A.G. Beccuti, T. Demiray, S. Leirens, G. Damm, B. De Schutter and M.
Morari, "Supervisory hybrid model predictive control for voltage stability of power
networks", Proceedings of the 2007 American Control Conference, New York, New York, pp:
5444-5449, July 2007.

[6]. Daponte, M. Di Penta and G.Mercurio, "TRANSIENTMETER: A Distributed

Measurement System for Power Quality Monitoring", IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,
Vol. 19, Issue. 2, pp: 456-463, 2004.

[7]. G. Pudlo, S. Tenbohlen, M. Linders and G. Krost, "Integration of Power Transformer

Monitoring and Overload Calculation into the Power System Control Surface", IEEE/PES
Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exhibition, Vol. 1, pp: 470-474 Asia Pacific,
2002.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 71

 IOT BASED SMART ENERGY GRID

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,SRCOE Page 72