Calculus and Analytical Geometry

Lecture Notes
Hafsa Jameel

October 14, 2024

Contents
1 Introduction to Complex Numbers, Explaining Argand’s Di-
agram 2
1.1 Complex Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.1 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Roots of Negative Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.1 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Equality of Complex Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 Algebra of Complex Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4.1 Addition of Complex Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4.2 Subtraction of Complex Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4.3 Multiplication of Complex Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4.4 Division of Complex Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4.5 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4.6 Solving Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4.7 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5 The Argand Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5.1 Points on the Argand diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.5.2 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.6 Modulus of a Complex Number |z| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.6.1 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

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1 Introduction to Complex Numbers, Explain-
ing Argand’s Diagram
The aim of this chapter is to introduce you to some of the basic concepts
associated with complex numbers.

1.1 Complex Numbers

A complex number, z is an expression with two terms (or components),
z = a + ib where, i2 = −1 and a, b ∈ R. For example,

z = 3 + 4i.

The term without containing i is called the real part, Re(z) and the coef-
ficient of i is the imaginary part, Im(Z). Therefore the real part of 3 + 4i
is 3 and the imaginary part is 4.

1.1.1 Examples
1.
Given two complex numbers, z1 = 2 + 3i and z2 = 2 − 3i. Find the
following;

ˆ Re(z1 ) = 2

ˆ Im(z1 ) = −3

ˆ Re(z2 ) =

ˆ Im(z2 ) =

ˆ Im(z2 ) + 2Re(z1 ) =

ˆ Re(z1 ) − 3Re(z2 ) =

1.2 Roots of Negative Numbers

√
We can easily work with roots of negative numbers since i = −1 is always
a factor!

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1.2.1 Examples
√ √ √
1. √−16 =√−1√16 = 4i√
2. √−27 = −1 27 = 3 3i
3. √−144 =
3. −125 =

1.3 Equality of Complex Numbers

If two complex numbers, say a + bi and c + di are equal then both their real
and imaginary parts are equal;

a+bi = c+di =⇒ a = c and b = d

1.4 Algebra of Complex Numbers

1.4.1 Addition of Complex Numbers
Addition of complex numbers is defined by separately adding real and imag-
inary parts; so if

z = a + bi and w = c + di,

then

z + w = (a + c) + (b + d)i.

1.4.2 Subtraction of Complex Numbers

Subtraction of complex numbers is defined by separately Subtracting real
and imaginary parts; so if

z = a + bi and w = c + di,

then

z − w = (a − c) + (b − d)i.

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1.4.3 Multiplication of Complex Numbers
Multiplication is straight forward provided you remember that i2 = −1. If

z = a + bi and w = c + di,

then

zw = (a + bi)(c + di),
= ac + (ad + bc)i + bdi2 ,
= ac + (ad + bc)i − bd.

1.4.4 Division of Complex Numbers

Dividing complex numbers is mathematically similar to the division of two
real numbers. If z1 = a + bi and z2 = c + di are the two complex numbers,
then dividing complex numbers z1 and z2 is mathematically written as:
z1 a + bi
=
z2 c + di
To divide the two complex numbers, follow the given steps:

z1 1 + 2i
=
z2 1 − 2i
ˆ First, calculate the conjugate of the complex number (complex con-
jugate is obtained by changing the sign of the imaginary part of the
complex number) that is at the denominator of the fraction.

z¯2 = 1 + 2i

ˆ Multiply the conjugate with the numerator and the denominator of the
complex fraction.
z1 1 + 2i 1 + 2i
= ×
z2 1 − 2i 1 + 2i

ˆ Apply the algebraic properties to solve the expression.

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 z1 (1 + 2i)2
= 2
z2 1 − (2i)2
1 + 4i2 + 4i
=
1 − 4i2
−3 + 4i
=
5
3 4
= − + i
5 5

1.4.5 Examples
1. Given two complex numbers, z1 = 2 + 3i and z2 = 5 + 2i find z1 + z2 ,
z1 − z2 , Im(z1 + z2 ) and 2z1 − 3z2 .

2. Evaluate (3 − 2i)2 .

3. Evaluate (2 + i)(3 − 2i).

4. Evaluate Im(3 − 2i)2 .

5. Evaluate i3 .

6. Evaluate (1 − 2i)(3 + 4i).

7. If z = 3i, find Real and Imaginary part of z.

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8. Evaluate .
i
3
9. Simplify, .
1+i
4 + 7i
10. Simplify, .
2 + 5i

1.4.6 Solving Equations

Just as you can have equations with real numbers, you can have equations
with complex numbers, as illustrated in the example below.

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1.4.7 Examples
1.
Solve each of the equation for the complex numbers z.
(a) 4 + 5i = z − (1 − i)
(b) (1 + 2i)z = 2 + 5i
Solution:
(a) 4 + 5i + (1 − i) = z
z = 5 + 4i
(b) DIY
2. Solve the following equations for real x and y
(a) 3 + 5i + x − yi = 6 − 2i
(b) x + yi = (1 − i)(2 + 8i)
Solution:
(a) x − yi = 6 − 2i − 3 − 5i
x − yi = 3 − 7i
x = 3, y = 7 (By using equality condition)
(b) DIY
3. If a robot needs to move from z = 3+4i to a new position by translating
it (2, −1):
Translating vector = 2 − i
The new position is:
z ′ = z + 2 − i = (3 + 4i) + (2 − i) = (3 + 2) + (4 − 1)i = 5 + 3i

1.5 The Argand Diagram

An Argand diagram is a convenient way of representing complex numbers
graphically in a 2-D plane.
Complex numbers can be represented as points or vectors on the Argand
diagram, since z = x + iy where (x, y) is either a point or vector components.
The x-axis in the Argand diagram is called the real(Re) axis and the
y-axis is called the imaginary(Im) axis.

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1.5.1 Points on the Argand diagram

1.5.2 Examples
Sketch an Argand diagram to represent the following;

1. z1 = 2 + 4i

2. z2 = −3 − 3i

3. z3 = z2∗

1.6 Modulus of a Complex Number |z|

The modulus of a complex number is the distance of the complex number
from the origin in the argand plane.
p
z = x2 + y 2

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1.6.1 Examples
Find the modulus of the following;

1. z1 = 9 − 2i

2. z2 = −3 − 3i

3. z3 = 5

Best of Luck