BALIUAG UNIVERSITY

CPA Review Program

Management Advisory Services

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Module 5: Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis LVC

I. CVP Analysis
✓ Basic principles
• CVP Analysis – Management accounting technique used to determine how changes in costs and volume affect
an entity’s profit.
• Underlying assumptions under CVP analysis:
a. The behavior of both costs and revenues are linear throughout the relevant range of activity.
b. Costs can be classified accurately as either fixed or variable.
c. Changes in activity (volume) are the only factors that affect costs.
d. All units produced are sold (there is no ending finished goods inventory).
e. When a company sells more than one type of product, the sales mix will remain constant.
• Graphical representation

• Limitations of CVP
a. Segregation of total costs into its fixed and variable components is always a daunting task.
b. Fixed costs are unlikely to stay constant as output increases beyond a certain range of activity.
c. The analysis is restricted to the relevant range specified and beyond that the results can become
unreliable.
d. Aside from volume, other elements like inflation, efficiency, capacity and technology impact on costs.
e. Impractical to assume sales mix remain constant since this depends on the changing demand levels.
f. The assumption of linear property of total cost and total revenue relies on the assumption that unit
variable cost and selling price are always constant.

II. Break-Even Point

✓ Definition of terms
• Break-even point (BEP) – The level of activity, in units or in pesos, at which total sales equal total costs. At BEP,
the result of operation is neither profit nor loss.
• Contribution margin (CM) – The difference between sales and variable costs. Also known as marginal income,
profit contribution, contribution to fixed cost or incremental contribution.
✓ Formulas in break-even analysis
• CM = Sales – Variable costs
• Unit CM (UCM) = CM ÷ Volume or Unit selling price (USP) – UCM
• CM ratio (CMR) = CM ÷ Sales or UCM ÷ USP
• BEP (units) = Fixed costs ÷ UCM
• BEP (pesos) = Fixed costs ÷ CMR
✓ Illustration of BEP
USP UCM CMR Fixed Cost BEP units BEP Pesos
120.00 60.00 ? 90,000.00 ? ?
? 60.00 0.75 60,000.00 ? ?
100.00 ? 0.40 ? ? 375,000.00
150.00 50.00 ? ? 3,600.00 ?
250.00 ? ? 240,000.00 1,600.00 ?
? ? ? 90,000.00 750.00 135,000.00

MAS –Module 5 Page 1 of 6

 Module 5: Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis LVC
III. Multi-product BEP
✓ Definition of terms
• Sales mix – The proportion of sales for each product compared with the overall sales volume of all products.
• Weighted average CM – The average CM of different products calculated based on their relative sales mix.
✓ Assumptions
a. The proportion of sales mix must be predetermined.
b. The sales mix must not change within the relevant time period.
✓ Formulas
• BEP in units (total) = Fixed costs ÷ Weighted average UCM
• BEP in units (per product) = BEP total x Sales mix ratio for the product
• BEP in pesos (per product) = BEP in units (per product) x USP
✓ Illustration for multi-products BEP
Sales mix for products A, B and C is 20%, 30% and 50%, respectively. Total fixed cost is P800,000
Products
A B C
Selling price P100 P60 P40
Unit variable cost 50 20 20
Unit contribution margin
Sales mix
Weighted average UCM
BEP (units)
BEP (pesos)

IV. Measurement of Risks and Uncertainty in CVP Analysis

✓ Margin of Safety
• Margin of safety – Indicates the amount by which sales may be reduced without incurring a loss.
• Margin of safety = Sales – BEP in pesos
• Margin of safety ratio = Margin of safety ÷ Sales
✓ Operating Leverage
• Operating leverage – A measure of the extent to which fixed costs are being used in an organization. The
greater the fixed costs in relation to variable costs the greater is the sensitivity of income to changes in sales.
• Degree of operating leverage (DOL) – A measure of sensitivity of profit changes to changes in sales volume. It
measures the percentage change in profits that results from a percentage change in sales.
• DOL = Contribution margin ÷ Operating income (profit before tax)
• % Δ Profit before tax = DOL x % Δ Sales
✓ Illustration of margin of safety and operating leverage
The following are data from ABC Corp: P50 selling price, P20 variable cost per unit, P120,000 total fixed costs and
volume of 10,000 units.
Sales
Variable costs
Contribution margin
Fixed costs
Profit
BEP in pesos
Margin of safety
Maximum % decrease in sales before incurring losses
Degree of operating leverage
% increase in profit if sales increased by 30%
Decrease in profit if sales decreased by P100,000

V. Sensitivity analysis and Target Profit

• Sensitivity analysis shows how the CVP model (BEP or profit) will change with the changes in any of the CVP
variables (variable costs, fixed costs, selling price, sales mix).
• Target profit may also be computed using the CVP model.
• Indifference point in CVP is the volume level at which two alternatives being analyzed would yield equal
amount of total costs or profits.
• Peso sales with target profit (before tax) = (Fixed costs + Target profit) ÷ CMR
MAS –Module 5 Page 2 of 6
Module 5: Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis LVC
• Peso sales with target sales of return = Fixed costs ÷ (CMR – Return on sales)
• Indifference point: Alternative 1 Alternative 2
(UCM1 x Units) – Fixed cost1 = (UCM1 x Units) – Fixed cost1
(UVC x Units) + Fixed cost1 = (UVC x Units) + Fixed cost1
✓ Illustration of sensitivity analysis
The following are data from ABC Corp: 60% variable cost ratio, 30% tax rate and P300,000 fixed cost. Complete the
table under each case:
1. Target profit before tax is P140,000
2. Target profit after tax is P140,000
3. Target return on sales (before tax) is 32%
4. Same sales as case 1 but variable cost ratio will decrease to 30% and fixed cost will increase to P500,000.
Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4
Sales
Variable costs
Contribution margin
Fixed costs
Profit
Tax
Profit after tax
Break even sales
(pesos)
✓ Illustration of indifference point
ABC Corp. is deciding whether to produce product A or product B. The following information pertains to product
A: P80 selling price, P800,000 fixed costs and 25% contribution margin. If the company decides to produce product
B, fixed cost will decrease by 37.5% but variable cost will increase by 33.33% (1/3). At what level of unit sales would
product A and product B yield the same amount of profit?

❖ Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following changes would cause a company's breakeven point in sales to increase?
A. The company's contribution-margin rate increases.
B. The company's variable cost per unit decreases.
C. The company's total fixed costs increases.
D. The company's selling price per unit increases.
2. Which of the following costs would decrease if production levels were increased within the relevant range?
A. Total fixed costs C. Total variable costs
B. Variable costs per unit D. Fixed costs per unit
3. Ticker Company sells two products. Product A provides a contribution margin of P3 per unit, and Product B
provides a contribution margin of P4 per unit. If Ticker’s sales mix shifts toward Product A, which one of the
following statements is correct?
A. The total number of units necessary to break even will decrease.
B. The overall contribution margin ratio will increase.
C. Operating income will decrease if the total number of units sold remains constant.
D. The contribution margin ratios for Products A and B will change.
4. All of the following are assumptions of cost-volume-profit analysis except
A. Total fixed costs do not change with a change in volume.
B. Revenues change proportionately with volume.
C. Variable costs per unit change proportionately with volume.
D. Sales mix for multi-product situations do not vary with volume changes.
5. Breakeven quantity is defined as the volume of output at which revenues are equal to
A. Marginal costs C. Variable costs
B. Total costs D. Fixed costs
6. When using graph method, if unit output exceeds break-even point,
A. Total sales exceeds total cost.
B. Expenses are extremely high relative to revenues.
C. There is profit since the total cost line exceeds the total revenue line.
D. There is loss because the total cost line exceeds the total revenue line.
7. The most important use of CVP graph is to show
A. The relationship among volume, costs, revenues over wide ranges of activity.
MAS –Module 5 Page 3 of 6
Module 5: Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis LVC
B. The break-even point.
C. The cost/margin ratio at various levels of sale activity.
D. The determination of cross-over point.
8. Which of the following statements is true?
A. A shift in sales mix toward less profitable products will cause the overall BEP to fall.
B. One way to compute BEP is to divide total sales by the cost margin ratio.
C. Once the BEP has been reached, net income will increase by the unit contribution margin for each
additional sold.
D. As sales exceed BEP, a high contribution margin ratio will result in lower profit, rather than a low
contribution margin ratio.
9. When used in CVP analysis, sensitivity analysis
A. Determines the most profitable mix of products to be sold.
B. Allows the decision makers to introduce probabilities in the evaluation of decision alternatives.
C. Computes profit per unit of production and determines the optimum production of the company.
D. Is done through various possible scenarios and computes the impact on profits of various predictions of
future events.
10. For a profitable company, the amount by which sales can decline before losses occur is known as the
A. Margin of safety C. Sales volume variance
B. Variable sales ratio D. Marginal income
11. State College is using cost-volume-profit analysis to determine tuition rates for the upcoming school year.
Projected costs for the year are as follows: contribution margin per student of P1,800, variable expenses per
student of P1,000 and total fixed expenses of P360,000. Based on these estimates, what is the approximate
break-even point in number of students?
A. 129 C. 360
B. 200 D. 450
12. Brewster Co. has the following financial information: Fixed costs P20,000 Variable costs 60% Sales price P50
What amount of sales is required for Brewster to achieve a 15% return on sales?
A. 33,333 C. 80,000
B. 50,000 D. 133,333
13. A ceramics manufacturer sold cups last year for P7.50 each. Variable costs of manufacturing were P2.25 per
unit. The company needed to sell 20,000 cups to break even. Net income was P5,040. This year, the company
expects the following changes: sales price per cup to be P9.00; variable manufacturing costs to increase 33.3%;
fixed costs to increase 10%; and the income tax rate to remain at 40%. Sales in the coming year are expected to
exceed last year's sales by 1,000 units. How many units does the company expect to sell this year?
A. 21,000 C. 21,960
B. 21,600 D. 22,600
14. A company produces and sells two products. The first product accounts for 75% of sales and the second
product accounts for the remaining 25% of sales. The first product has a selling price of P10 per unit, variable
costs of P6 per unit. The second product has a selling price of P25 per unit, variable costs of P13. Common fixed
costs amounted to P312,000. At the break-even point, what number of units of the first product will have been
sold?
A. 52,000 C. 25,000
B. 39,000 D. 14,625
15. Black Co.'s breakeven point was P780,000. Variable expenses averaged 60% of sales, and the margin of safety
was P130,000. What was Black's contribution margin?
A. 364,000 C. 910,000
B. 546,000 D. 1,300,000
16. The following information data pertains to a manufacturing company: total sales P80,000; total variable costs
P20,000; and total fixed costs 30,000. What is the break-even level in sales in pesos?
A. 30,000 C. 50,000
B. 40,000 D. 80,000
17. A company that produces 10,000 units has fixed costs of P300,000, variable costs of P50 per unit, and a sales
price of P85 per unit. After learning that its variable costs will increase by 20%, the company is considering an
increase in production to 12,000 units. Which of the following statements is correct regarding the company's
next steps?
A. If production is increased to 12,000 units, profits will increase by P50,000.
B. If production is increased to 12,000 units, profits will increase by P100,000.
C. If production remains at 10,000 units, profits will decrease by P50,000.
D. If production remains at 10,000 units, profits will decrease by P100,000.
18. Bolger and Co. manufactures large gaskets for the turbine industry. Bolger’s per unit sales price and variable
costs for the current year are as follows: sales price per unit P300 and variable costs per unit 210.
Bolger’s total fixed costs aggregate P360,000. As Bolger’s labor agreement is expiring at the end of the year,
management is concerned about the effect a new agreement will have on its unit breakeven point. The
MAS –Module 5 Page 4 of 6
Module 5: Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis LVC
controller performed a sensitivity analysis to ascertain the estimated effect of a P10 per unit direct labor
increase and a P10,000 reduction in fixed costs. Based on these data, it was determined that the breakeven
point would
A. Decrease by 1,000 units C. Increase by 375 units
B. Decrease by 125 units D. Increase by 500 units
19. Phillips & Company produces educational software. Its unit cost structure, based upon an anticipated
production volume of 150,000 units, is as follows: sales price P160; variable costs 60; fixed costs 55.
The marketing department has estimated sales for the coming year at 175,000 units, which is within the
relevant range of Phillip’s cost structure. Phillip’s break-even volume (in units) and anticipated operating
income for the coming year would amount to
A. 82,500 units and P7,875,000 of operating income.
B. 82,500 units and P9,250,000 of operating income.
C. 96,250 units and P3,543,750 of operating income.
D. 96,250 units and P7,875,000 of operating income.
20. Zipper Company invested $300,000 in a new machine to produce cones for the textile industry. Zipper’s
variable costs are 30% of the selling price, and its fixed costs are $600,000. Zipper has an effective income tax
rate of 40%. The amount of sales required to earn an 8% after-tax return on its investment would be
A. 891,429 C. 2,080,000
B. 914,286 D. 2,133,333
21. For the year just ended, Silverstone Company’s sales revenue was P450,000. Silverstone’s fixed costs were
P120,000 and its variable costs amounted to P270,000. For the current year sales are forecasted at P500,000. If
the fixed costs do not change, Silverstone’s profits this year will be
A. 60,000 C. 110,000
B. 80,000 D. 200,000
22. Breeze Company has a contribution margin of P4,000 and fixed costs of P1,000. If the total contribution margin
increases by P1,000, operating profit would
A. Decrease by P1,000 C. Increase by P1,000
B. Increase by more than P1,000 D. Remain unchanged
23. Wilkinson Company sells its single product for P30 per unit. The contribution margin ratio is 45% and Wilkinson
has fixed costs of P10,000 per month. If 3,000 units are sold in the current month, Wilkinson’s income would
be
A. 30,500 C. 40,500
B. 49,500 D. 90,000
24. Robin Company wants to earn a 6% return on sales after taxes. The company’s effective income tax rate is 40%,
and its contribution margin is 30%. If Robin has fixed costs of P240,000, the amount of sales required to earn
the desired return is
A. 375,000 C. 1,000,000
B. 400,000 D. 1,200,000
25. Ace Manufacturing plans to produce two products, Product C and Product F, during the next year, with the
following characteristics.
Product C Product F
Selling price per unit P10 P15
Variable cost per unit P 8 P10
Expected sales (units) 20,000 5,000
Total projected fixed costs for the company are P30,000. Assume that the product mix would be the same at
the breakeven point as at the expected level of sales of both products. What is the projected number of units
(rounded) of Product C to be sold at the breakeven point?
A. 2,308 units C. 11,538 units
B. 9,231 units D. 15,000 units
26. Starlight Theater stages a number of summer musicals at its theater in northern Ohio. Preliminary planning has
just begun for the upcoming season, and Starlight has developed the following estimated data.
Number of Ave. Attendance per Ticket Variable Fixed
1
Production Performances Performance Price Costs Costs2
Mr. Wonderful 12 3,500 P18 P3 P165,000
That’s Life 20 3,000 15 1 249,000
All That Jazz 12 4,000 20 0 316,000
1 Represent payments to production companies and are based on tickets sold.
2 Costs directly associated with the entire run of each production for costumes, sets, and artist fees.

Starlight will also incur P565,000 of common fixed operating charges (administrative overhead, facility costs,
and advertising) for the entire season, and is subject to a 30% income tax rate. These common charges are
allocated based on total attendance for each production.
If Starlight’s schedule of musicals is held, as planned, how many patrons would have to attend for Starlight to
break even during the summer season?
MAS –Module 5 Page 5 of 6
Module 5: Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis LVC
A. 77,918 C. 79,938
B. 79,302 D. 81,344
27. Refer to the preceding question. If management desires Mr. Wonderful to produce an after-tax contribution of
P210,000 toward the firm’s overall operating income for the year, total attendance for the production would
have to be
A. 20,800 C. 25,833
B. 25,000 D. 31,000
28. Carson Inc. manufactures only one product and is preparing its budget for next year based on the following
information.
Selling price per unit P 100
Variable costs per unit 75
Fixed costs 250,000
Effective tax rate 35%
If Carson wants to achieve a net income of $1.3 million next year, its sales must be
A. 62,000 units C. 80,000 units
B. 70,200 units D. 90,000 units
29. MetalCraft produces three inexpensive socket wrench sets that are popular with do-it-yourselfers. Budgeted
information for the upcoming year is as follows.
Model Selling Price Variable Cost Estimated Sales Volume
No. 109 P10.00 P 5.50 30,000 sets
No. 145 15.00 8.00 75,000 sets
No. 153 20.00 14.00 45,000 sets
Total fixed costs for the socket wrench product line is P961,000. If the company’s actual experience remains
consistent with the estimated sales volume percentage distribution, and the firm desires to generate total
operating income of P161,200, how many Model No. 153 socket sets will MetalCraft have to sell?
A. 26,000 C. 155,000
B. 54,300 D. 181,000
30. Bargain Press is considering publishing a new textbook. The publisher has developed the following cost data
related to a production run of 6,000, the minimum possible production run. Bargain Press will sell the textbook
for P45 per copy.
Estimated cost
Development (reviews, class testing, editing) P35,000
Typesetting 18,500
Depreciation on Equipment 9,320
General and Administrative 7,500
Miscellaneous Fixed Costs 4,400
Printing and Binding 30,000
Sales staff commissions (2% of selling price) 5,400
Bookstore commissions (25% of selling price) 67,500
Author’s Royalties (10% of selling price) 27,000
Total costs at production of 6,000 copies P204,620
How many textbooks must Bargain Press sell in order to generate operating earnings (earnings before interest
and taxes) of 20% on sales? (Round your answer up to the nearest whole textbook.)
A. 2,076 copies C. 5,412 copies
B. 5,207 copies D. 6,199 copies
31. Specialty Cakes Inc. produces two types of cakes, a 2 lbs. round cake and a 3 lbs. heart-shaped cake. Total fixed
costs for the firm are $94,000. Variable costs and sales data for the two types of cakes are presented below.
2 lbs. 3 lbs.
Round Cake Heart-shape Cake
Selling price per unit P12 P20
Variable cost per unit 8 15
Current sales (units) 10,000 15,000
If the product sales mix were to change to three heart-shaped cakes for each round cake, the breakeven
volume for each of these products would be
A. 8,174 round cakes, 12,261 heart-shaped cakes.
B. 12,261 round cakes, 8,174 heart-shaped cakes.
C. 4,947 round cakes, 14,842 heart-shaped cakes.
D. 15,326 round cakes, 8,109 heart-shaped cakes.
32. True Company’s variable cost ratio is 70%. At P300,000 sales, the degree of operating leverage is 10 times. If
sales increased by P60,000, the degree of operating leverage will be
A. 4 B. 6 C. 10 D. 12
“All our dreams can come true, if we have the courage to pursue them.” Walt Disney

MAS –Module 5 Page 6 of 6