UNIT-I

CLOUD COMPUTING BASICS

Cloud components :-

Cloud components are

1.Client Computers

2.Data Centers

3.Distributed Servers
1. Clients :

 Clients mean devices used by the user.

 Example for Clients

 Computers

 Servers

 Laptops

 Tablets

 Mobile phones

 These clients interact with the cloud.

 Three types of clients are

1. Mobile client - PDA ( Personal Digital Assistant )

2. Thin client - No hard disk. Server do all the

work. Here result is displayed.
3. Thick client - Regular computers which uses
Internet Explorer or Firefox.
2. Data Centers :

 It is a collection of servers.

 Applications are stored here.

 It can be located anywhere in the world.

3. Distributed Servers :

 Servers are in different locations.

 Servers are distributed around the world.

 If one server fails, another server provides the service.

Essential Characteristics of Cloud Computing :-
1. Measured Service:

 Usage is measured.

 Service is measured.

 It is a pay per use model.

 User is billed based on the usage.

 Resource usage is

 Monitored

 Controlled

 Billed

2. Rapid Elasticity:

 Elasticity means resources can be increased or decreased.

 Rapid elasticity is the ability to increase or decrease resources

quickly.

3. On-Demand self service:

 User can demand any service.

 It allows users to
  Human interaction is not needed.

 Hence efficiency increased.

 Hence cost decreased.

4. Broad Network Access:-

 High bandwidth needed.

 Three tier architecture is used.

 Computers, Laptops, PDAs and mobile phones are connected to

the Wide Area Network (WAN).

5. Location Independent Resource Pooling:

 Resources are located around the world.

 But the user has no knowledge about the exact location.

 Virtual servers are used.

 Hence location independent is possible.

ARCHITECTURAL INFLUENCES:-

High Performance Computing (HPC) :-

Definition : It uses supercomputers to solve

advanced computation problems.

 It means Super Computing.

 HPC is used for science applications and engineering

applications.

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 It operates at 10 operations / second.

 It operates at teraflop.

 Applications of HPC are

- Weather forecasting,

- Oil and gas exploration,

- Molecular modeling
Utility Computing:-
Definition : User gets the computing resources as needed.
User is billed based on the usage.

 Computing resources are rented.

 It is a pay-per-use model.

 Hence efficiency is increased.

 Hence cost is decreased.

 Computer resources such as

Enterprise Grid Computing:-

Definition : Enterprise means a company.

It is a distributed computing system.

It is a collection of computers.

It is from multiple locations

 It helps the company to increase resources and workloads.

 It increases efficiency.

 It decreases hardware, software, staff cost.

 It improves Quality Of Service (QOS).

Autonomic Computing:-

Definition : It is a self managing computing System.

No human interference.

 Properties of Autonomic Computing are

 Self configuring

 Self healing

 Self optimizing

 Self-protecting
Horizontal Scaling:-

 It is the ability to increase the servers.

 This process helps to meet the demand.

 Horizontal scaling is achieved by

 Clustering

 Load balancing

 Cloud computing uses horizontal scaling.

 Benefits of horizontal scaling are

 Very cheap

 Work is distributed.
Web Services:-

Definition : Application Programming Interfaces ( API ) or

Web APIs that are accessed via Hypertext Transfer
Protocol ( HTTP )
 It is a set of services that gives ready to use programs.

 Any online service is delivered from a website.

 Web services are

 Operating system independent

 Platform independent

 Programming language independent

 Components of web services are

 SOAP ( Simple Object Access Protocol )

 UDDI ( Universal Description Discovery and

Integration )

 WSDL ( Web Services Description Language )

 Benefits of web services are

1. Code re-use

2. Platform independent

3. Cost saving

4. Service Oriented Architecture ( SOA )

Benefits of cloud computing:

1) Scalability:

 Cloud resources can be easily scaled (increased or decreased).

 Users can be increased from tens to thousands to lakhs to

millions.

 The following can be easily increased

 CPU time

 Memory

 Web requests

2) Simplicity:

 Since no buying and configuring, it is very simple.

 It can be started immediately.

 It’s cost is very low.

 It is very easy to use.

3) Security:

 There is high risk in cloud computing.

 Hence security should be very high.

 Users should be authenticated (password required).

 Encryption is used for security.

4) Vendors:-

 Vendors should have knowledge.

 Service providers gives the following to the users.

 Storage facility

 Software facility

 Two types of cloud

 Private cloud

 Public cloud
Limitations of Cloud Computing :-

 There are many limitations of Cloud computing.

 In some cases cloud computing is not the best solution.

a) Sensitive Information:-

 Storing sensitive information in cloud is a problem.

 Hence security should be very high.

 Users must be authenticated.( password required)

 Encryption is used for security.

b) Application Development:-

 Application development in cloud is a problem.

 We have to go to the software engineer or software company.

 Otherwise we have to use the existing applications.

Security Concerns of Cloud Computing :-

 Storing sensitive information in cloud computing is a problem.

 Hence security should be very high.

1. Privacy concern with a third party:-

 Storing sensitive information in a third party cloud is a security

problem.

 Your data may be misused.

 Your privacy is lost.

 Third party will not be responsible for the -- loss of data.

-- theft of data.

2. Security level of third party:-

 Here virtual machines are created.

 Security problems are due to

 loss of control

 loss of trust

 multiple users
  Hence security should be very high.

 Otherwise only less critical data alone should be in the cloud.

Security benefits of Cloud Computing :-

1. Physical security:-

 Most of the cloud computing is offered by big companies.

 Hence they have strong physical security.

 They will be having security certification.

2. Multi-Level Authentication:-

 First level Authentication - Password.

 Second level Authentication - Biometrics.

 Hence security is very high.

3. Centralized Security Monitoring:-

 This method is simple than distributed monitoring.

 This method is very cheap.

4. Less Data Leakage:-

 There is less data leakage in cloud computing.

 Thin client is used in cloud computing.

 Hence sensitive information is always stored in central servers.

5. Logging Advantages:-

 Cloud gives enough storage space.

 Hence all the activities are logged.

 To check the usage, log is used.

 Advance logging techniques are used.

Regulatory issues:-

 Regulation is needed in cloud computing.

 Without rules and regulation data will be lost.

 Who owns the data ? is the question.

 Can government see personal information ?

 Government rules should change towards cloud computing.

 In cloud computing energy used by computer is less.

 Hence government should encourage cloud computing.

 The following are very important for a government

 Data privacy

 Security

 Restriction

 World Trade Organization ( WTO ) gives some regulations for

cloud computing.
Government Policies:

 Government of India has developed a cloud known as GI cloud or

Meghraj.

 It will be used by Central government and State government.

 It provides e-services.

 All services and data will be located inside India.

 Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology has

listed the following companies to provide cloud computing

1. Microsoft

2. IBM

3. HP

4. Tata communications

5. Sify

High Scalability Architecture

 The cloud resources can be scaled (increased).

 It is very important for selecting a service provider.

 It can handle many users.

 It works by on – demand - basis.

 Bigtable is an example for High scalability architecture.

 Bigtable was created by Google.

 Bigtable size is peta bytes.

 It has 1000s of servers.

 Each cell has a time stamp.

 Load balancing:

If one table is getting many queries, the busy table is moved to

another machine.

Service consolidation :

Definition : Efficient uses of computer resources is called

Service Consolidation.

 Servers and data storage are shared by many users and many

applications.

 Two types are,

1) Server consolidation
 2) Storage consolidation

1) Server consolidation :-

 Reducing the number of servers.

 Efficient uses of servers.

 Server virtualization is used for this purpose.

2) Storage consolidation :-

 Data storage is centralized.

 Three types of Storage Consolidation are,

1. Network Attached Storage ( NAS )

2. Fiber Channel Storage Area Network ( FCSAN

)

3. Redundant Array of Independent Disks (

RAID )

Data is located on multiple disks but appears as a

single drive.