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Unit 2

The document explains socket programming using analogies related to telephone communication, illustrating how sockets function as virtual phone lines for network communication. It covers key concepts such as Berkeley Sockets, specifying protocols, and major system calls, while also discussing client-server architecture and the importance of correctly identifying server addresses. The use of symbolic constants and understanding communication patterns are emphasized as essential for effective socket programming.

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saniyakhurshidbanu
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5 views3 pages

Unit 2

The document explains socket programming using analogies related to telephone communication, illustrating how sockets function as virtual phone lines for network communication. It covers key concepts such as Berkeley Sockets, specifying protocols, and major system calls, while also discussing client-server architecture and the importance of correctly identifying server addresses. The use of symbolic constants and understanding communication patterns are emphasized as essential for effective socket programming.

Uploaded by

saniyakhurshidbanu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

The Socket Interface: Introduction


Think of sockets as telephone jacks that allow computers to communicate over a network,
just like how people use phones to talk to each other.

2. Berkeley Sockets
Imagine Berkeley Sockets as a universal way of making phone calls. It provides a standard
way for different applications to communicate over networks, just like mobile phone
protocols allow different phone brands to call each other.

3. Specifying a Protocol Interface


This is like deciding whether to use a landline, mobile, or VoIP call before dialing a number.
Similarly, when using sockets, you need to specify whether you're using TCP, UDP, or
another protocol.

4. The Socket Abstraction


A socket is like a virtual phone line. It abstracts the complexity of network communication,
allowing applications to send and receive data as if they were making a phone call.

5. Specifying an End Point Address


When calling someone, you need their phone number. In socket programming, an endpoint
address consists of an IP address and a port number.

6. A Generic Address Structure


This is like having a universal phone book where different types of phone numbers (mobile,
landline, international) can be stored in a consistent format.

7. Major System Calls Used with Sockets


socket(): Like getting a new phone line.
bind(): Like setting your phone number.
listen(): Like waiting for someone to call you.
accept(): Like picking up the phone when someone calls.
connect(): Like dialing a number to call someone.
send()/recv(): Like speaking and listening on a call.
close(): Like hanging up the phone.

8. Utility Routines for Integer Conversion


This is like converting a phone number format from international to local. In networking,
different systems may store numbers differently (big-endian vs little-endian), so conversion
functions ensure proper communication.

9. Using Socket Calls in a Program


Writing a program using sockets is like writing software for an automatic call dialer, ensuring
proper connection, message exchange, and disconnection.
10. Symbolic Constants for Socket Call Parameters
These are like phone area codes. Constants like AF_INET (for IPv4) and SOCK_STREAM
(for TCP) help define communication rules clearly.

Algorithms and Issues in Client Software Design


1. Learning Algorithms Instead of Details
Instead of memorizing every phone number, you remember how to look them up. Similarly,
understanding client-server communication patterns is more useful than memorizing socket
functions.

2. Client Architecture
A client is like a person making a call, and a server is like a customer service center waiting
for calls.

3. Identifying the Location of a Server


Just like finding the phone number of a business before calling, a client must determine the
server's IP address.

4. Passing an Address Argument


Before making a call, you need to enter the correct phone number. Similarly, a client program
must specify the correct IP address and port when connecting.

5. Looking Up a Domain Name


Instead of remembering a long phone number, you save contacts by name. Similarly, DNS
allows users to use domain names (e.g., google.com) instead of IP addresses.

6. Looking Up a Well-Known Port by Name


Think of this as knowing that 911 is for emergencies and 100 is for police. Certain services,
like HTTP (port 80) and HTTPS (port 443), have well-known ports.

7. Port Numbers and Network Byte Order


This is like ensuring a phone number is dialed in the correct country code format. Network
byte order standardizes the way data is sent and received.

8. Looking Up a Protocol by Name


Choosing between calling via phone or video chat is similar to selecting TCP (for reliable
communication) or UDP (for faster, less reliable communication).

9. The TCP Client Algorithm


This is like the process of calling customer service:
Pick up the phone (socket()).
Dial the number (connect()).
Speak (send() and recv()).
Hang up (close()).
10. Allocating a Socket
Before making a call, you need an active phone line. Similarly, a program must allocate a
socket before communicating.

11. Choosing a Local Protocol Port Number


If you have multiple phones at home, each must have a unique number. Similarly, a client
must choose an available port to communicate properly.

By thinking of socket programming like making phone calls, it becomes easier to grasp how
network communication works! Let me know if you need further explanations.

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