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Rotation and General Equation

The document is a group assignment from the Addis Ababa Institute of Technology focusing on the concept of rotation in mathematics and physics. It covers definitions, properties, equations, and historical background of rotation, as well as its applications in various fields such as physics, computer graphics, aerospace, and robotics. The assignment is structured to meet academic requirements and includes contributions from multiple group members.

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10 views6 pages

Rotation and General Equation

The document is a group assignment from the Addis Ababa Institute of Technology focusing on the concept of rotation in mathematics and physics. It covers definitions, properties, equations, and historical background of rotation, as well as its applications in various fields such as physics, computer graphics, aerospace, and robotics. The assignment is structured to meet academic requirements and includes contributions from multiple group members.

Uploaded by

mmxyz44
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ADDIS ABABA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Mathematics Group Assignment

Group Members ID Number

Amanuel Wondimu UGR/3451/17


Fitsum Fiseha UGR/2785/17
Maramawit Bisrat UGR/7401/17
Meba Zerihun UGR/ 3400 /17
Nathan Teshager UGR/8463/17
Rahel Gezahegn UGR/4236/17
Ruth Fikru UGR/0245 /17
Section: 5
Yeabsira tsigedingil UGR/6937/17
Submitted to: Mathemathics department

Submission Date: jan 01 2025


Table of Contents

1..Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………
………1

Definition of Rotation

Two-Dimensional Rotation

Three-Dimensional Rotation

2..Properties of
Rotation…………………………………………………………………………2

Linear Transformation

3..General Degree Equation of


Rotation……………………………………………………3

Rotation About an Arbitrary Point

Mathematical Derivations of Rotation

Derivation of 2D Rotation Matrix

Derivation of 3D Rotation Matrices

4..Historical Background of
Rotation……………………………………………………….4

Early Studies in Rotation

1
Introduction

Rotation is a fundamental concept in mathematics and physics,


describing the motion of an object around a fixed point or axis. This
concept is extensively applied across various disciplines, including
geometry, mechanics, and computer graphics. In this assignment, we
will explore the definition of rotation and provide a detailed examination
of the general degree equation for rotation. This document is structured
to fulfill academic requirements and align with the mathematical rigor
expected by the Addis Ababa University Mathematics Department.

Definition of Rotation

Rotation refers to the movement of a point, object, or system around a


central point or axis while maintaining a constant distance from the
center. It is characterized by an angular displacement and is described in
terms of its magnitude and direction. A rotation can be classified as
either two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D), depending on
the space in which the object rotates.

In mathematical terms, rotation is a rigid transformation that preserves


the shape and size of the object while altering its orientation. It can be
defined using angles and rotation matrices, ensuring that the distance
between points remains constant throughout the transformation.

Two-Dimensional Rotation

In a 2D plane, rotation occurs about a fixed point, usually


referred to as the origin. A counterclockwise rotation is
considered positive, while a clockwise rotation is negative.
The transformation of a point under a rotation by an angle
about the origin is given by the equations:
2
Three-Dimensional Rotation
In 3D, rotation is defined about an axis rather than a single point. The
rotation is described using matrices or quaternions, and the direction of rotation is
often determined using the right-hand rule.

Properties of Rotation

Rotation exhibits several key properties that make it distinct from other
transformations:

Distance Preservation

Rotation is an isometric transformation, meaning it preserves the


distance between points.

Angle Preservation

Angles between lines or vectors remain unchanged under rotation.

Orientation PreservatioN

In 2D, the orientation (clockwise or counterclockwise) is preserved


unless a reflection is applied.

Linear Transformation

Rotation can be represented using a matrix, making it a linear


transformation.

General Degree Equation of Rotation

To describe rotation mathematically, we use equations that relate the initial and
rotated coordinates of a point. The general degree equation for a rotation by an
angle in a 2D plane is:

Expanding this equation yields the following transformations:

3
This set of equations enables us to determine the new coordinates of a point after
rotation by about the origin.

· Rotation About an Arbitrary Point

To rotate about a point , translate the point to the origin, perform the
rotation, and translate it back. The equations become:

Examples of Rotation

Example 1: 90-Degree Rotation in 2D Consider a point rotated 90 degrees


counterclockwise about the origin. Using the equations:we find:

The new coordinates are .

Example 2: Rotation About a Point Rotate the point by 45 degrees about


the point . First, translate to the origin by subtracting :

Apply the rotation equations:

Using , we calculate:

Finally, translate back to the original position:

The rotated coordinates are approximately .

Example 3: Rotation in 3D In 3D, rotating a point 90 degrees around the z-


axis results in , as the z-coordinate remains unchanged and the rotation
affects only the x and y coordinates.

4
[Modern Applications of Rotational Theory
In the 20th and 21st centuries, rotational theory has become foundational in
various fields:

1.

o Physics: Understanding angular momentum and rotational

kinematics.

o Computer Graphics: Enabling realistic animations and 3D modeling.

o Aerospace: Describing the orientation of satellites and aircraft.

o Robotics: Planning and controlling robotic arm movements.

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