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UNIT V DPCO - Good notes

Digital principal and computer organisation (Saranathan College of Engineering)

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CS3351 Digital Principles and Computer Organization

UNIT V

Memory Concept

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Classification of Secondary Memory

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Memory Hierarchy

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Cache Memory

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Cache organization

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Explain the concept of different types of mapping function used in cache.

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Problem

Refer class notes

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How to improve the cache Performance

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Virtual Memory
Explain virtual memory concept along with the translation scheme

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Paging Concept

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Translation look aside buffer

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Page Fault and Demand Paging

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Explain the page replacement algorithm with an example

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Problem

Refer class notes

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I/O System

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Explain Different methods of I/O data transfer types.

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Interrupt

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Explain DMA operation With an neat diagram.

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DMA Operation

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DMA Block Diagram

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Explain the different types of DMA data transfer.

DMA Data Transfer Types

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I/O Interface

Parallel Port

Serial Port

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Serial Vs Parallel Interface

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Universal Serial Bus (USB)

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USB Connector

USB Packet Format

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USB Data Transfer Type

1. Control Transfer
2. Bulk Transfer
3. Interrupt Transfer
4. Isochronous Transfer

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SATA
 SATA stands for Serial Advanced Technology Attachment or Serial ATA.
 SATA is an interface that connects various storage devices such as hard disks,
optical drives, SSD’s, etc to the motherboard.
 SATA was introduced in the year 2000 to replace the long-standing PATA (Parallel
ATA) interface. We all know, in serial mode, data is transferred bit by bit and in
parallel, there are several streams that carry the data. Despite knowing this fact,
there is a drawback in PATA.
 PATA is highly susceptible to outside interferences and hence allows SATA to
operate at high speeds than PATA. SATA cables are thinner, more flexible and
compact as compared to the PATA cables.
 SATA operates on two modes –
IDE mode: IDE stands for Integrated Drive Electronics. This is a mode which is
used to provide backward compatibility with older hardware, which runs on PATA, at
the cost of low performance.
AHCI mode: AHCI is abbreviation for Advanced Host Controller Interface. AHCI
is a high-performance mode that also provides support for hot-swapping.

Characteristics of SATA
 Low Voltage Requirement: SATA operates on 500mV (0.5V) peak-to-peak
signaling..
 Simplified construction: PATA cables had 40-pin/80-wire ribbon cable. This was
complex in construction. In comparison, SATA had a single 7 pin data cable and a
15 pin power cable. This cable resulted in a higher signaling rate, which translates to
faster throughput of data.
 Differential Signaling: SATA uses differential signaling. Differential signaling is a
technology which uses two adjacent wires to simultaneously the in-phase and out-
of-phase signals.
 High data transfer rate: SATA has a high data transfer rate of 150/300/600
MBs/second. This capability of SATA allows for faster program loading, better
picture loading and fast document loading.

Advantages of SATA
 Faster data transfer rate as compared to PATA.
 SATA cable can be of length upto 1 meter, whereas PATA cable can only have
length of maximum 18 inches.

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 SATA cables are smaller in size.Since, they are smaller in size, they take up less
space inside the computer and increase the internal air flow. Increased air flow can
decrease heat build-up and therefore increases the overall life of computer.
 Most modern computer motherboards today have SATA ports more than PATA
ports.
 Low power consumption (0.5V).
Disadvantages of SATA
 Special device drivers are required sometimes to recognize and use the drive.
However, a SATA hard drive can behave as a PATA
drive. This eliminates the need for a specific driver to be installed.
 SATA cable supports only one hard drive to connect at a time, whereas PATA cable
allows up to two PATA drives per cable.
 SATA is costlier as compared to PATA.
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