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Laplace Transform And Its Application

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 CURRENT GLOBAL REVIEWER
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Curren Global Reviewer

Peer Reviewed Multidisciplinary International Research Journal
PEER REVIEWED & INDEXED JOURNAL

JUNE 2021 Issue- X Vol. III

Chief Editor
Mr. Arun B. Godam

Shaurya Publication , Latur

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Index

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Dr.Hemangini Mane
2. Impact of Physical Education and Sports in Promoting Social 7
Valuesamong Youth
Dr. Santosh Vasant Pawar
3. Covid-19, The Three Farm Bills And Indian Agriculture 10
Dr Maroti Tegampure
4. CasteInIndianPolitics:-AnAnalysis 13
KrishnaBaburao
5. Crisis and Management of Water in Latur City 17
Dr. Nandkumar S. Magar
6. ABasicStudyonR Programmingwith BigDataAnalytics 19
Mrs.NitnawareReshmaRamdas
7. The Changing Dimensions of India-China Relations 23
Dr.Prashant Prabhakarrao Saraf
8. Laplace Transform And Its Application 26
Pravin M. More
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Laplace Transform And Its Application

Pravin M. More
Dept. Of Mathemathics, B.S.S. College, Makni
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract:-
Laplace Transform has in recent years become an essential part of mathematical
background required of engineering and scientists because transform methods provide
an easy and effective means for the solution of many problems arising in engineering .
Laplace Transform help in solving complex problems with a very simple approach just
like the application of transfer functions to solve ordinary differential equations. This
paper will discuss some basic concepts of Laplace Transform and its application in the
areas of Physics ,several well-known electric circuits.
Introduction :-
1.The Laplace Transform:-
The Laplace transform F(s) of some function f(t) is defined as:
F (s) = L {f (t)} =
where t is a real number and s is a complex number. Again, as in the recurrence relation case, convince
yourself that this has meaning: As long as s is positive, will decay to 0 as t , and the product of ,
and f (t) will converge so long as f(t) doesn’t grow at some crazy rate.
One important property of the Laplace transform is that it is a linear operator. That is, if a and b
are constants:
L {a f (t) + b g(t)} = aL {f (t)} + bL {g(t)}
This follows because integration is a linear operator:

L{a f (t) + b g(t)} = [a f (t) + b g(t)] dt

=a f(t) dt + b g(t) dt
= aL {f (t)} + bL {g (t)}
2. Example: The Laplace Transform of 1
Let’s start with a very simple example, f (t) = 1. By the definition of the Laplace transform,

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L {1} = F(s) = (1) dt

Of course, the integral is improper, so this is actually:

F (s) = dt

We can find the anti-derivative easily:

F(s) = [- ] where t→ 0 to T

Evaluating the anti-derivative at the endpoints, we find:

F (s) = [ ]

is obviously 1, and so

F (s) = [ ]

When evaluating the limit, we can regard s as a constant,

so is 0, but only if s > 0. So we have:

L {1} = ,s>0

Notice that a constant function in the t-domain is not a constant function in the s-domain.
3. Laplace Transform of a derivative:-
Suppose we want the Laplace transform of f ’(t), but we don’t know f (t). Can we find the transform in
terms of L{f (t)}?

We have a product of two functions of t that we need to integrate. We can use integration by parts to
find:

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L{ f ’(t) } = + f ’(t)dt

The remaining integral is clearly L{f (t)}, so:

L{ f ’(t) } = sL{f (t)} - f (0)

We can use this rule to find higher order derivative. For example:

L{f ” (t)} = L{ f ’(t) } - f ’(0)

= s[sL{f (t)} - f (0)] - f ’(0)

= s2 L{f (t)} - s f (0) - f ’(0)

4. The Laplace Transform of an Integral

If we have some function g(t) which contains an integral:

g(t) =
Then:
G(s) = F(s)
So with the Laplace transform, derivatives and integrals turn into algebraic
factors.
5.Common Laplace Transform :-

L(1) =

L(t) =

L(tn)= n!/sn+1

L( )=1/s-a

L{sin(at)}=a/s2+a2

L{cos(at)}=s/s2+a2

If we have some function g(t) which contains an integral:

6. The Heaviside Function
In order to have discontinuous forcing terms, we can make use of the so-
called “ Heaviside function” H(t):

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0 , t<0
H(t) =
1 , t 0

In particular, it is useful to note that:

L {H(t-c)f(t-c)} H(t-c)f(t-c)
And of course if follows that:

In essence, this says that shifting a function in the t-domain multiplies the unction
some exponential factor in the s-domain.
7. The Delta Function
Consider a function (t), where is some small, positive constant:

, 0
(t)
0, t

The area under the function 1 regardless of the value we pick for

dt 1/ [t] where t 0 to

The limit as 0 is the delta function ;

(t)

This leaves us with a function with some somewhat odd properties. At t = 0, there is a
spike that is infinitely high and infinitely narrow, but the
area under the spike is still only 1:
1

0, t

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The physical analogue of the delta function might be a sharp blow from a hammer to a
mass-spring system, which imparts a nearly instantaneous but finite impulse.
Notice that the derivative of the step function is the delta function

H(t)
8. Periodic Functions
Let’s say that we want to find the Laplace transform of a function that repeats
periodically. We say that the window of a function f with a period of T is:

Notice that f(t) can be written as a sum of translated window functions:

(t) + (t-T) + (t-2T) + .......... =

Since the window function is 0 outside of its window, and H( t- kT) is 1 when
t kT , H(t- kT ) (t- kT ) = (t- kT ). So:

f(t) =

Now we can take the Laplace transform:

k
F(s) = = W(s)

The summation is a geometric series. When , it converges to:

So finally:
L

9. The Inverse Laplace Transform

In practice, to perform the inverse Laplace transform, we take advantage of the

linearity of the transform and find the inverse by referring to a table. But this is only
valid if no two distinct functions have the same Laplace transform. Is that the case?

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It turns out that the answer is “yes”, but it’s difficult to prove, so the result will be
presented without proof:
If f(t) and g(t) are continuous functions and L{f(t)} = L{g(t)}, then f(t) = g(t) for all t
other words, for continuous functions, the Laplace transform is unique.
Given that, if F (s) = L{f(t)} and f(t) is continuous and of exponential order:

f(t) = {F(s)}
A function has \exponential order” if and only if there exists some and M such that
│f(t)│ , for all t
10. Convolutions
Often when performing an inverse Laplace transform, we encounter a product
of two terms whose inverses we recognize. A result, which we will not prove, is that:

{F(s)G(s)}

B.APPLICATION OF LAPLACE TRANSFORM :-

1) APPLICATION OF LAPLACE TRANSFORM TO DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
WITH CONSTANT COFFICIENT:-
Laplace transform is especially suitable to obtain the solution of linear non-homogeneous ordinary
differential equations with constant coefficients ,when all the boundary conditions for specified for the
unknown function and its derivatives at a single point.
Consider the initial value problem
+a + by = r(t)………………..(1)

y(t k0, y’(t k1 ………(2){

Where a,b,k0,k1 are all constants and r(t) is a function of t.
Method of solution to differential equation by Laplace Transform(L.T.):-
Step 1- Apply L.T. on both sides of the given differential equation (1),resulting in subsidiary equation

[ s2Y-sy(0)-y’(0) ]+a[sY-y(0)]+bY=R(s) ……………………(3)

Where Y=L{y(t)}and R(s)=L{r(t)}
Replace y(o),y’(0) using initial condition (2).
Step 2- Solve 3 algebraically for Y(s),usually to a sum of partially fractions.

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Step 3-Apply Inverse L.T. to Y(s) obtained in step 2.This yields the solution of O.D.E.(1) satisfying the
initial condition 2 as ,
y(t)= {Y(s)}.
Example:-Solve the following O.D.E. by using the L.T.,
Y”-2y’-8y=0 ; the initial conditions are y(0)=3 and y’(0)=6
Solution:-
Apply L.T. we get,
(s2Y-3s-6)-2(sY-3)-8Y=0
Solving we get,

Y(s) = =

By using partial fraction ,

Y(s) = +
Applying inverse L.T. we get,
y(t) = (Y(s)) = 2 +
=2 +

2.Deriving the complex impedance for capacitor.

This example is based on the principles of electrical circuit theory.
The constitutive relation governing the dynamic behavior of a capacitor is the following differential
equation,
i=C
where C is the capacitance(in farads)of the capacitor,i=i(t) is the electrical current (in amperes)flowing
through the capacitor as a function of time and v=v(t) is the voltage(in volts)across the terminal of the
capacitor, also as a function of time.
Taking the Laplace transform of this equation, we obtain,
I(s) = C(s V(s)-V0 )
Where – I(s) = L{i(t)},
V(s) = L{v(t)},
V0 = v(t) at t=0.

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Solving for V(s) we have,

V(s) = +

The definition of complex impedance Z(in ohms) is the ratio of complex voltage V divided by the
complex current I while holding the initial value V0 at zero.

Z(s) = at V0 = 0.

Using the definition and previous equation, we find

Z(s) =
Which is the correct expression for the complex impedance of a capacitor.
3.Finding the transfer function from the impulse response:-
This example is based on the concepts from signal processing and describes the dynamic behavior of a
damped harmonic oscillator. See also a RLC circuit.
Consider a linear time-invarient system with impulse response,
h(t) = A cos(

such that

Where t is the time (in seconds),and

0
Is the phase delay (in radians).
Suppose that we want to find the transfer function of the system.We being by nothing that
h(t) = A cos[ ].u
where

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Is the time delay of the systems (in seconds),and u(t) is the Heaviside step function.
The transfer function is simply the Laplace transform of the impulse response:

H(s) L{h(t)} A

=A

Where,

Is the (undamped) natural frequency or resonance of the system (in radians per seconds).
CONCLUSION :-
The Laplace transform is a very useful tool for solving homogeneous and non-homogeneous
differential equations, also it is a very powerful technique for analyzing linear time-invariant systems
such as electric circuits,harmonic oscillators,optical devices andmechanical systems,…etc.

Reference

1) Dr.B.S.Grewal,Higher Engineering Mathematics,40th Edition, Khanna

Publishers,New Delhi.
2) A.D.Poularikas,The Transforms and Applicatins Hand-book,(MacGraw
Hill,2000),2 nd edition.
3) H.Saadat,Power Ststems Analysis (MacGraw Hill,2002),2 nd edition.
4) H.K.Dass,Advanced Engineering Mathematics, S .Chand

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