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Unit 4 Quick Revision Notes

Cells are the fundamental units of life, with animal cells containing a cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm, while plant cells also have a rigid cell wall, large vacuole, and chloroplasts. Microscopes are used to observe cells, with various eyepieces and objectives providing different magnifications, and specific steps are outlined for proper usage. Additionally, DNA serves as the genetic material within the nucleus, and chromosomes are structures made of DNA and proteins.

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63 views3 pages

Unit 4 Quick Revision Notes

Cells are the fundamental units of life, with animal cells containing a cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm, while plant cells also have a rigid cell wall, large vacuole, and chloroplasts. Microscopes are used to observe cells, with various eyepieces and objectives providing different magnifications, and specific steps are outlined for proper usage. Additionally, DNA serves as the genetic material within the nucleus, and chromosomes are structures made of DNA and proteins.

Uploaded by

cyyeenyahhh
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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4.

1 Cells

1. Cells are the basic unit of living things.

2. Animals cells contain a cell membrane, a nucleus and cytoplasm.

cell membrane

nucleus
cytoplasm

3. Plants cells contain a cell membrane, a nucleus, cytoplasm, a rigid cell wall and
a large vacuole. Some cells in green plants also contain chloroplasts.

cell membrane cell wall

chloroplast
vacuole

nucleus
cytoplasm

4. The table below lists the functions of the basic structures of cells.
Structure Function
Controls the movement of substances into and out
Cell membrane
of the cell
Contains genetic materials which control the
Nucleus
activities of the cell
Cytoplasm The medium where chemical reactions take place

Cell wall Protects, supports and gives shape to a plant cell


Contains mainly water and stores dissolved
Vacuole
minerals
Site where photosynthesis takes place in order to
Chloroplast
make food

Aristo Science for the New Century


© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2023
-1-
Quick Revision Notes
Unit 4

5. We use a microscope to observe cells.

eyepiece coarse adjustment knob


the lens closest to our eye when used for making large
we look through the microscope; adjustments in focusing
magnifies the image of the object
fine adjustment knob
objective used for making small
adjustments in focusing
the lens nearest to the object;
magnifies the image of the object
arm
the part we use to carry
clip
the microscope from
holds the object (slide)
one place to another
on the stage
stage
diaphragm
the place where the
adjusts the amount of light object is held for
entering the microscope viewing

mirror base
reflects light onto the the bottom stand of
object the microscope

6. A microscope has different eyepieces and objectives. Each of them has a


magnification marked on its body.

7. The magnification of a microscope can be calculated as follows:

Magnification of Magnification of Magnification of


= 
a microscope the eyepiece the objective

Eyepiece Objective Total magnification


5X 4X 20X
10X 10X 100X
15X 40X 600X

Aristo Science for the New Century


© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2023
-2-
Quick Revision Notes
Unit 4

8. Below are the key steps in using a microscope:


(a) Place the microscope near a light source.
(b) Use a low-power eyepiece and a low-power objective.
(c) Adjust the mirror to obtain the most suitable brightness.
(d) Place the slide on the stage and hold it in place using the clips.
(e) Turn the coarse adjustment knob until the objective is just above the slide.
(f) Turn the coarse adjustment knob in the opposite direction until you see a
clear image.
(g) Turn the fine adjustment knob to obtain the sharpest image.

9. The image observed under the microscope is magnified and inverted.

10. When we make biological drawings of the cells, we should remember the
following tips:
 Different parts of the drawing should be in correct proportion.
 Use a sharp HB pencil to draw and erase with a rubber. Never draw in pen.
 Leave enough space to label all features. Draw label lines with a ruler. Make
sure the lines do not cross each other.

 Use single solid lines. The lines


should be smooth and clear.
cell membrane

nucleus  DO NOT shade the diagram. Use


dots that are close together to
cytoplasm
represent an area darker in colour.

An ox eye cell (400X)  Give a title to the drawing and write


the magnification (e.g. 400X).

11. DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. It is the genetic material inside the
nucleus.

12. Chromosomes are thread-like structures inside the nucleus of a cell. They are
made up of DNA coiling around some proteins.

Aristo Science for the New Century


© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2023
-3-

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