Data Presentation

Roderick D. Balce
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Distinguish among the methods of data
presentation;
2. Determine the most appropriate data
presentation method for categorical and
quantitative data;
3. Identify the parts of a contingency table;
4. Prepare a 5-number summary given a set of
numerical data;
5. Prepare a frequency distribution table and
construct a histogram and other related graphs.
Methods of Data Presentation

• Paragraphs or sentences; involves

enumerating important characteristics,
Textual emphasizing significant figures, and
identifying important features of data

• Contingency tables
Tabular • Frequency distribution tables

• Pie chart, Bar graph

Graphical • Histogram, Frequency polygon, Boxplot,
Ogive
Visual Displays for Categorical Variables
 Tables
 Contingency table
 Frequency distribution table

 Pie charts

 Bar graphs
 Simple
 Multiple
Visual Displays for Categorical Variables
 Simple table:

 Double table:
Visual Displays for Categorical Variables
 Triple table:
Visual Displays for Categorical Variables
 Multiple/Manifold table:
Parts of a Complex Table

(Box Head)
Pie Chart
 A graph showing the
differences in
frequencies or
percentages among
categories of a nominal
or an ordinal variable.
 The categories are
displayed as segments
of a circle whose pieces
add up to 100 percent
of the total
frequencies.
Bar Graph
 Uses bars of equal width
to show frequencies of
categories of qualitative
data.
 Vertical scale represents
frequencies or relative
frequencies.
 Horizontal scale identifies
the different categories of
qualitative data.
Segmented Bar Graph
 One categorical
variable is
represented on the
x-axis while the
second categorical
variable is denoted
within the bars.
Clustered Bar Graph
 Each bar represents one combination of the two
categorical variables (i.e., one cell in a contingency
table).
Frequency Distribution Table

 shows how a data set is partitioned among all of several

categories (or classes) by listing all of the categories
along with the number of data values in each of the
categories.
 Ungrouped Data – not organized, or if arranged, could only be
from highest to lowest or lowest to highest

 Grouped Data – organized and arranged into different classes

Constructing a Frequency Distribution
1. Determine the desired number of classes (k). Round off.
(maximum value) – (minimum value)
2. Calculate the class width: i ≈
desired number of classes
Round up or down to a convenient number.

3. First lower class limit: Either the minimum value or a convenient value
below it.
4. List the other lower class limits using the first lower class limit and class
width.
5. Proceed to enter the upper class limits.
6. Frequency: Determine the number of individual values falling within each
class
Constructing a Frequency Distribution Table

n = ____ Desired # of classes (k): ____

R = _____________ Class width (i) = _____

Lower Class Limits
 are the smallest numbers that can actually belong to
different classes

Lower Class
Limits
Upper Class Limits
 are the largest numbers that can actually belong to
different classes

Upper Class
Limits
Class Width
 is the difference between two consecutive lower class
limits or two consecutive lower class boundaries

10
10
Class
10
Width 10
10
10
Class Boundaries
 are the numbers used to separate classes, but without
the gaps created by class limits

69.5
79.5
Class 89.5
Boundaries 99.5
109.5
119.5
129.5
Class Midpoints
 are the values in the middle of the
classes and can be found by
adding the lower and upper class
limits and dividing the sum by two

64.5
74.5
84.5
Class 94.5
Midpoints 104.5
114.5
124.5
Frequency
 the number of original values that fall into a particular
class.

Frequencies
Relative Frequency Distribution
 includes the same class limits as a frequency
distribution, but the frequency of a class is replaced with
a relative frequencies (a proportion) or a percentage
frequency ( a percent)

class frequency
Relative frequency = × 100%
sum of all frequencies
Relative Frequency Distribution

Total Frequency = 40 * 12/40 × 100 = 30%

Cumulative Frequency Distribution

Cumulative Frequencies
Visual Displays for Quantitative Variables
 Histogram

 Dotplot

 Stem-and-leaf plot

 Boxplot

 Frequency polygon

 Ogive
Histogram
 A visual tool to analyze the shape of the distribution of
the data.
 A graph showing the differences in frequencies or
percentages among categories of an interval-ratio
variable.
 The categories are displayed as contiguous bars, with
width proportional to the width of the category and
height proportional to the frequency or percentage of
that category.
Dotplot vs Histogram
 In both of these plots the horizontal axis represents the
values of the variable.
 The number of dots in a dotplot, or the height of the bars
in a histogram, represent the number of cases with each
value or range of values.
 Histogram
 Basically a graphic version of a frequency distribution.
Relative Frequency Histogram
 Has the same shape and horizontal scale as a histogram,
but the vertical scale is marked with relative frequencies
instead of actual frequencies
Stem-and-Leaf Plot
 Represents quantitative data by separating each value
into two parts: the stem (such as the leftmost digit) and
the leaf (such as the rightmost digit)

Pulse Rates of Females

Boxplot
 A graph that consists of a line extending from the
minimum value to the maximum value, and a box with
lines drawn at the first quartile, Q1; the median; and the
third quartile, Q3.

60 68 74 80 124

Boxplot of Female Pulse Rates (bpm)

Boxplot
Frequency Polygon
 Uses line segments connected to points directly above
class midpoint values
Relative Frequency Polygon
 Uses relative frequencies (proportions or percentages) for
the vertical scale.
Ogive
 A line graph that depicts cumulative frequencies