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Exam Practice!
1. T
2. F
3. T
4. T
5. F
6. Not Correct. int i, j, k;
7. Correct.
8. Incorrect. double D1, D2, D3;
9. Correct.
10. Correct.
11. (d)
12. (b)
13. (a)
14. (c)
15. (e)
Memory Snapshots
16. x1=>2, z=>2, x=>2
17. x=>2, y=>1, a=>3.8, n=>2
Output
18. value_1 = 5.78263
19. Missing ; (value_4 = 6.645832e+01)
20. value_5 = 7750
Programming Exercises
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Problem chapter2_21 */
/* */
/* This program converts miles to kilometers. */

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{

©2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved.

 /* Declare variables. */
double miles, kilometers;

/* Enter number of miles from the keyboard. */

cout << "Enter the number of miles: \n";
cin >> miles;

/* Compute the number of kilometers equal to the specified miles. */

kilometers = 1.6093440*miles;

/* Print the number of kilometers. */

cout << miles << " miles = " << kilometers << " kilometers \n";

/* Exit program. */
return 0;
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Problem chapter2_22 */
/* */
/* This program converts meters to miles. */

©2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
/* Declare variables. */
double miles, meters;

/* Enter number of meters from the keyboard. */

cout << "Enter the number of meters: \n";
cin >> meters;

/* Compute the number of miles equal to the specified meters. */

miles = meters/1609.3440;

/* Print the number of miles. */

cout << meters << " meters = "<< miles << " miles \n";

/* Exit program. */
return 0;
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Problem chapter2_23 */
/* */
/* This program converts pounds to kilograms. */

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
/* Declare variables. */
double pounds, kilograms;

/* Enter number of pounds from the keyboard. */

cout << "Enter the number of pounds: ";
cin >> pounds;

/* Compute number of kilograms equal to the specified pounds. */

kilograms = pounds/2.205;

/* Print the number of kilograms. */

cout << pounds << " pounds = " << kilograms << " kilograms \n";

/* Exit program. */
return 0;
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Problem chapter2_24 */
/* */
/* This program converts newtons to pounds. */

#include <iostream>

©2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved.

using namespace std;
int main()
{
/* Declare variables. */
double pounds, newtons;

/* Enter number of newtons from the keyboard. */

cout << "Enter the number of newtons: ";
cin >> newtons;

/* Compute number of pounds equal to the specified newtons. */

pounds = newtons/4.448;

/* Print the number of pounds. */

cout << newtons << " newtons = " << pounds << " pounds \n";

/* Exit program. */
return 0;
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Problem chapter2_25 */
/* */
/* This program converts degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Rankin. */

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
/* Declare variables. */
double degrees_F, degrees_R;

/* Enter temperture in degrees Fahrenheit from the keyboard. */

cout << "Enter the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit: ";
cin >> degrees_F;

/* Compute the equivalent temperature in degrees Rankin */

/* from the given temperature. */
degrees_R = degrees_F + 459.67;

/* Print the temperatures. */

cout << degrees_F << " degrees Fahrenheit = " << degrees_R << " degrees
Rankin \n";

/* Exit program. */
return 0;
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Problem chapter2_26 */
/* */
/* This program converts degrees Celsius to degrees Rankin. */

#include <iostream>

©2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved.

using namespace std;

int main()
{
/* Declare variables. */
double degrees_C, degrees_F, degrees_R;

/* Enter temperture in degrees Celsius from the keyboard. */

cout << "Enter the temperature in degrees Celsius: \n";
cin >> degrees_C;

/* Compute the equivalent temperature in degrees Rankin */

/* from the given temperature. */
degrees_F = (9.0/5.0)*degrees_C + 32;
degrees_R = degrees_F + 459.67;

/* Print the temperatures. */

cout << degrees_C << " degrees Celsius = " << degrees_R << " degrees
Rankin \n";

/* Exit program. */
return 0;
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Problem chapter2_27 */
/* */
/* This program converts degrees Kelvin to degrees Fahrenheit. */

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
/* Declare variables. */
double degrees_R, degrees_K, degrees_F;

/* Enter temperture in degrees Kelvin from the keyboard. */

cout << "Enter the temperature in degrees Kelvin: \n";
cin >> degrees_K;

/* Compute the equivalent temperature in degrees Fahrenheit */

/* from the given temperature. */
degrees_R = (9.0/5.0)*degrees_K;
degrees_F = degrees_R - 459.67;

/* Print the temperatures. */

cout << degrees_K << " degrees Kelvin = " << degrees_F << " degrees
Fahrenheit \n";

/* Exit program. */
return 0;
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/

©2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved.

/* Problem chapter2_28 */
/* */
/* This program finds the area of a rectangle. */

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
/* Declare variables. */
double a, b, area;

/* Enter the lengths of sides of the rectangle. */

cout << "Enter the lengths of the sides of the rectangle: ";
cin >> a >> b;

/* Compute the area of the rectangle. */

area = a*b;

/* Print the value of the area. */

cout << "The area of a rectangle with sides " << a << " and " << b
<< " is " << area << endl;

/* Exit program. */
return 0;
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Problem chapter2_29 */
/* */
/* This program finds the area of a triangle. */

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
/* Declare variables. */
double h, b, area;

/* Enter the base and the height of the triangle. */

cout << "Enter the base and the height of the triangle: ";
cin >> b >> h;

/* Compute the area of the triangle. */

area = 0.5*b*h;

/* Print the value of the area. */

cout << "The area of a triangle with base " << b << " and height " << h
<< "is " << area << endl;

/* Exit program. */
return 0;
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/

©2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved.

/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Problem chapter2_30 */
/* */
/* This program finds the area of a circle. */

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

const double PI = 3.141593;

int main()
{
/* Declare variables. */
double r, area;

/* Enter the radius. */

cout << "Enter the radius of the circle: ";
cin >> r;

/* Compute the area of the circle. */

area = PI*r*r;

/* Print the value of the area. */

cout << "The area of a circle with radius " << r << " is "
<< area << endl;

/* Exit program. */
return 0;
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Problem chapter2_31 */
/* */
/* This program computes the area of a sector of a circle when */
/* theta (u) is the angle in radians between the radii. */

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
/* Declare variables. */
double u, r, area;

/* Enter the lengths of the radii and */

/* the angle between them. */
cout << "Enter the length of the radii and the angle "
<< "(in radians) between them: ";
cin >> r >> u;

/* Compute the area of the sector. */

area = (r*r*u)/2.0;

/* Print the value of the area. */

cout << "The area of sector is " << area << endl;

©2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved.

 /* Exit program. */
return 0;
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Problem chapter2_32 */
/* */
/* This program computes the area of a sector of a circle when */
/* the input (d) is the angle in degrees between the radii. */

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

const double PI = 3.141593;

int main()
{
/* Declare variables. */
double d, r, area, theta;

/* Enter the lengths of the radii and */

/* the angle between them. */
cout << "Enter the length of the radii and the angle "
<< "(in degrees) between them: ";
cin >> r >> d;

/* Compute the value of the angle in radians. */

theta = d * PI / 180;

/* Compute the area of the sector. */

area = (r*r*theta)/2.0;

/* Print the value of the area. */

cout << "The area of sector is " << area << endl;

/* Exit program. */
return 0;
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Problem chapter2_33 */
/* */
/* This program computes the area of an */
/* ellipse with semiaxes a and b. */

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

const double PI = 3.141593;

int main()
{
/* Declare variables. */

©2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved.

 double a, b, area;

/* Enter the length of the semiaxes. */

cout << "Enter the length of the semiaxes: ";
cin >> a >> b;

/* Compute the area of the ellipse. */

area = PI*a*b;

/* Print the value of the area. */

cout << "The area of an ellipse with semiaxes " << a << " and "
<< b << " is " << area << endl;

/* Exit program. */
return 0;
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Problem chapter2_34 */
/* */
/* This program computes the area of the surface */
/* of a sphere of radius r. */

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

const double PI = 3.141593;

int main()
{
/* Declare variables. */
double r, area;

/* Enter the radius of the sphere. */

cout << "Enter the radius of the sphere: ";
cin >> r;

/* Compute the area of the sphere. */

area = 4.0*PI*r*r;

/* Print the value of the area. */

cout << "The area of a sphere with radius " << r
<< " is " << area << endl;

/* Exit program. */
return 0;
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Problem chapter2_35 */
/* */
/* This program computes the volume */
/* of a sphere of radius r. */

#include <iostream>

©2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved.

#include <cmath>
using namespace std;

const double PI = 3.141593;

int main()
{
/* Declare variables. */
double r, volume;

/* Enter the radius of the sphere. */

cout << "Enter the radius of the sphere: ";
cin >> r;

/* Compute the volume of the sphere. */

volume = (4.0/3)*PI*pow(r,3);

/* Print the value of the volume. */

cout << "The volume of a sphere with radius " << r
<< " is " << volume << endl;

/* Exit program. */
return 0;
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Problem chapter2_36 */
/* */
/* This program computes the volume of a cylinder */
/* of radius r and height h. */

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

const double PI = 3.141593;

int main()
{
/* Declare variables. */
double r, h, volume;

/* Enter the radius and height of the cylinder. */

cout << "Enter the radius and the height of the cylinder: ";
cin >> r >> h;

/* Compute the volume of the cylinder. */

volume = PI*r*r*h;

/* Print the volume. */

cout << "The volume of a cylinder of radius " << r << " and "
<< "height " << h << " is " << volume << endl;

/* Exit program. */
return 0;
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/

©2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved.

/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Problem chapter2_37 */
/* */
/* This program computes the molecular weight of the */
/* amino acid glycine. */

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

/* Defines symbolic constants for the appropriate atomic weights. */

const double OXYGEN = 15.9994;
const double CARBON = 12.011;
const double NITROGEN = 14.00674;
const double HYDROGEN = 1.00794;

int main()
{
/* Declare variables. */
double molecular_weight;

/* Compute the molecular weight of glycine. */

molecular_weight = (2*OXYGEN) + (2*CARBON) +
NITROGEN + (5*HYDROGEN);

/* Print the molecular weight. */

cout << "The molecular weight of glycine is " << molecular_weight << endl;

/* Exit program. */
return 0;
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Problem chapter2_38 */
/* */
/* This program computes the molecular weights of the */
/* amino acids glutamic and glutamine. */

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

/* Defines symbolic constants for the appropriate atomic weights. */

const double OXYGEN = 15.9994;
const double CARBON = 12.011;
const double NITROGEN = 14.00674;
const double HYDROGEN = 1.00794;

int main()
{
/* Declare variables. */
double mol_weight_glutamic, mol_weight_glutamine;

/* Compute the molecular weights. */

mol_weight_glutamic = (4*OXYGEN) + (5*CARBON) +

©2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved.

 NITROGEN + (8*HYDROGEN);

mol_weight_glutamine = (3*OXYGEN) + (5*CARBON) +

(2*NITROGEN) + (10*HYDROGEN);

/* Print the molecular weights. */

cout << "The molecular weight of glutamic is " << mol_weight_glutamic
<< endl;
cout << "The molecular weight of glutamine is " << mol_weight_glutamine
<< endl;

/* Exit program. */
return 0;
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Problem chapter2_39 */
/* */
/* This program computes the molecular weight of a particular */
/* amino acid given the number of atoms for each of the five */
/* elements found in the amino acid. */

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

/* Defines symbolic constants for the appropriate atomic weights. */

const double OXYGEN = 15.9994;
const double CARBON = 12.011;
const double NITROGEN = 14.00674;
const double HYDROGEN = 1.00794;
const double SULFUR = 32.066;

int main()
{
/* Declare variable. */
int no_oxy, no_carbon, no_nitro, no_hydro, no_sulfur;
double molecular_weight;

/* Enter the number of atoms for each of the five elements. */

cout << "Enter the number of oxygen atoms found "
"in the amino acid. \n";
cin >> no_oxy;
cout << "Enter the number of carbon atoms. \n";
cin >> no_carbon;
cout << "Enter the number of nitrogen atoms. \n";
cin >> no_nitro;
cout << "Enter the number of sulfur atoms. \n";
cin >> no_sulfur;
cout << "Enter the number of hydrogen atoms. \n";
cin >> no_hydro;

/* Compute the molecular weight. */

molecular_weight = (no_oxy*OXYGEN) + (no_carbon*CARBON) +
(no_nitro*NITROGEN) + (no_sulfur*SULFUR) +
(no_hydro*HYDROGEN);

©2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved.

 /* Print the molecular weight. */
cout << "The molecular weight of this particular amino acid is "
<< molecular_weight << endl;

/* Exit program. */
return 0;
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Problem chapter2_40 */
/* */
/* This program computes the average atomic weight of the atoms */
/* found in a particular amino acid given the number of atoms for */
/* each of the five elements found in amino acid. */

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

/* Defines symbolic constants for the appropriate atomic weights. */

const double OXYGEN = 15.9994;
const double CARBON = 12.011;
const double NITROGEN = 14.00674;
const double HYDROGEN = 1.00794;
const double SULFUR = 32.066;

int main()
{
/* Declare variables. */
int no_oxy, no_carbon, no_nitro, no_hydro, no_sulfur, total_no;
double average_atomic_weight;

/* Enter the number of atoms for each of the five elements. */

cout << "Enter the number of oxygen atoms found "
<< " in the amino acid. \n";
cin >> no_oxy;
cout << "Enter the number of carbon atoms. \n";
cin >> no_carbon;
cout << "Enter the number of nitrogen atoms. \n";
cin >> no_nitro;
cout << "Enter the number of sulfur atoms. \n";
cin >> no_sulfur;
cout << "Enter the number of hydrogen atoms. \n";
cin >> no_hydro;

/* Compute the average weight of the atoms. */

total_no = no_oxy + no_carbon + no_nitro + no_sulfur + no_hydro;
average_atomic_weight = ((no_oxy*OXYGEN) + (no_carbon*CARBON) +
(no_nitro*NITROGEN) + (no_sulfur*SULFUR) +
(no_hydro*HYDROGEN))/total_no;

/* Print the average atomic weight. */

cout << "The average weight of the atoms in this particular amino "
<< "acid is " << average_atomic_weight << endl;

/* Exit program. */
return 0;

©2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved.

}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Problem chapter2_41 */
/* */
/* This program reads in a positive number and then computes */
/* the logarithm of that value to the base 2. */

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
/* Declare variables. */
double x, answer;

/* Enter a positive number. */

cout << "Enter a positive number: ";
cin >> x;

/* Compute the logarithm to base 2. */

answer = log(x)/log(2.0);

/* Print the answer. */

cout << "The logarithm of " << x << " to the base 2 is " << answer
<< endl;

/* Exit program. */
return 0;
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Problem chapter2_42 */
/* */
/* This program reads in a positive number and then computes */
/* the logarithm of that value to the base 8. */

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
/* Declare variables. */
double x, answer;

/* Enter a positive number. */

cout << "Enter a positive number: ";
cin >> x;

/* Compute the logarithm to base 8. */

answer = log(x)/log(8.0);

©2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved.

 /* Print the answer. */
cout << "The logarithm of " << x << " to the base 8 is " << answer
<< endl;

/* Exit program. */
return 0;
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/

©2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved.

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 THE CARPENTERS COMPANY
A brotherhood or guild of carpenters is believed to have existed in London
about 1350, but under what circumstances we have no information. The first
charter to the present Company was granted in 1477, 17 Edward IV. This granted to
certain freemen of the mystery of carpentry of the City of London, that they or any
of them might establish a brotherhood or guild within the City to remain for ever,
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commonalty, incorporated by the name of Master, Wardens, and Commonalty of
the Mystery of Freemen of the Carpentry of the City of London.
This charter was exemplified, ratified, and confirmed by Philip and Mary (a
Charter of Inspeximus), and also by Elizabeth; the latter exemplification being
dated 8th November, 2 Elizabeth.
James I., by charter (dated 15th July, 5 James I.), granted to the master,
wardens, and commonalty of the mystery of freemen of the carpentry of the City of
London, that they should exercise the powers of search, correction, and
government of all the freemen of the art or mystery of Carpenters of the City, or
using or exercising the said art or mystery within the said City or the suburbs of the
same, or within two miles thereof, together with powers for the inspection of
timber, and regulation of matters relating to the trade.

Drawn by Thos. W. Shepherd.

 CARPENTERS’ HALL, LONDON WALL, 1830

Charles I., by charter (dated 17th July, 16 Charles I.), reciting the preceding
charters, and that various frauds and deceptions were practised in the trade,
granted to the master, wardens, and commonalty of the Company, that the master,
wardens, and assistants for the time being, to the number of twelve or more, of
which the master and wardens for the time being to be four, being met together
upon summons to be made for that purpose, should have full power and authority
to appoint, constitute, and make ordinances, decrees, and constitutions in writing
for the good rule and government of the master, wardens, and commonalty of the
mystery, and of all other persons being free of the art or mystery, or using the same
art or mystery within the City of London, or liberties of the same, and for declaring
in what manner the master, wardens, and commonalty, and all such persons as
aforesaid, should behave themselves, and use the occupation of the said art or
mystery.
Charles II., by charter (dated 20th October, 26 Charles II.), reciting and
confirming the preceding charters, granted, upon the humble petition of the
master and wardens of the Company, the oversight and government of all and
singular persons, whether freemen of the said mystery, or using or occupying the
same within the City of London, or within four miles of the same, together with
very extensive powers and privileges for exercising the oversight, search, and
measurement of all and all manner of timber, timber stuff, and materials, and the
works and workmanship thereto within the before-mentioned limits.
In 1666 an Act of Parliament was passed ordering brick building in place of
wood, and all carpenters, etc., not freemen of the City employed in the building
were, for the space of seven years, to be allowed the liberty of working as freemen,
and all who should so help for seven years were to enjoy the same liberty for their
lives. In 1693 an Act of Common Council was passed by which all persons carrying
on the trade of carpentry in the City of London were compelled to bind their
apprentices to the Carpenters Company.
The Company is now governed by a master, three wardens, and a varying
number of assistants.
The livery numbers 150. The hall in Throgmorton Avenue was built when the
old hall at London Wall was taken down in 1876. The Corporate Income of the
Company is £16,000 and the Trust Income is £1180.
 GROUP IV

The next group is a triangle, of which Bishopsgate Street and Fenchurch Street
are two sides. It is a part of very considerable interest, though not so full of history
as Cheapside or Thames Street. It contains the great market of Leadenhall Street,
which is itself a continuation of that market which extended eastward from West
Chepe to the Poultry, to Cornhill, to Gracechurch Street or Grass Street, and so to
Leadenhall, the distributing market of London, and from London to the country.
Its financial centre was Lombard Street before the Exchange was built. At two
points it had a City gate; it had three monastic houses, St. Helen’s, The Papey, and
the Holy Trinity; it has been for three hundred years especially a Jewish quarter; it
had the East India Houses one after the other, and it has within its borders the
most ancient church in the City, that of St. Ethelburga, with three other churches
which were not destroyed by the Fire.
Fenchurch Street.—The origin of the name has been generally accepted as
from a supposed situation in a marsh or fen. According to Stow, “of a fenny or
moorish ground, so made by means of this borne”—“Langborne.” We may admit
the fenny ground, but we are not obliged to admit the existence of a stream here.
Maitland, who loves to be precise, says that the stream rose in a place called
Magpie Alley close to St. Katherine Coleman, and ran down Fenchurch Street and
Lombard Street as far as the west end of St. Mary Woolnoth, where it turned south
at Sherborne Lane (whence the name) and divided into many rivulets, where it fell
into the Thames. Now, no trace of any such stream has ever been found. Moreover,
though the levels of the streets have been raised by many feet, they have been
raised in proportion, and if such a stream now ran along Fenchurch Street, it
would run up-hill for half its course. Further, the name Sherborne does not mean
what Maitland thinks at all. Its real meaning may be found in the Calendar of Wills
(vol. i. p. 147, and on many other pages). Langborne appears as Langford in an
early list. Somewhere near the end of Sherborne Lane was the wall, and perhaps
the fosse of the Roman citadel. But Stow, and Maitland after him, call the ward
Langborne and Fennie About. Langborne was one part—that of which Lombard
Street is the principal part—and Fennie About the other, in the marshy ground.
The ward is mentioned in a murder case (Riley’s Memorials) in 1276.
Reference to the parish occurs repeatedly between 1276 and 1349 (Calendar of
Wills). There are mentioned messuages, rents, tenements, shops, a brew-house,
etc., in the parish. The street is mentioned separately later. In the fourteenth
century there are dwelling-places, tenements, mansion-houses, brew-houses,
bakehouses, and shops. But there are no signs of a fen in or about the street. It is
suggested that as Gracechurch Street is the street of Grass, so Fenchurch Street is
Foin-church, the street of Hay, both streets belonging to the market of hay, grass,
and corn. But Professor Skeat replies to this suggestion: “It is impossible to derive
fen from the French foin. No French oi becomes e in English. But it might be
derived from the Anglo-French fein, which is the corresponding word to the
French foin and had the same sense. In this case it ought to be possible to find the
spelling fein. Otherwise fen can only mean fen. Note that the English fen may be
spelt also fenne. But the Anglo-French fein could not take either n or ne at the end
of it. I suspect Stow is right. I see no evidence to the contrary.”
Again, writing later, Professor Skeat says: “I think we can get at Fenchurch
now, by help of the history.
“Fen was an extremely common word in Middle English, not merely in the
sense of morass, but in the sense of the modern word mud. ‘Mud’ is quite a late
word, but I presume that the thing was known in the City even in the earliest times,
and the name of it was ‘fen.’ This being so, it is tolerably certain that if the name
originally was anything that could be readily turned into fen, that would soon
become the pronunciation and the ‘popular’ etymology.
“If we start from the idea of Hay, we proceed through the Norman form which
was not foin (this could never have given us fen), but fein or fayn, or fain,
pronounced as modern English fain (the nasal n in Norman being of little account
except after the simple vowels a and e). But the corresponding verb ‘to cut hay’ was
actually ‘fener.’ The phrase ‘Li fain estoient fené’ is quoted from Froissart in
Godefroy’s Old French Dictionary, s.v. Fener. And the verb fener is still in use in
Burgundy.
“It is easy to see how the word fain could thus be associated with a
pronunciation fen, and Englishmen who knew no French (there were plenty of
them) may very well have imagined in their hearts that the reference was to the
mud in the streets. That there was mud may be taken for granted. There is some
left still.
“There was also a remarkable adjective feneresse, whence the word feneresse,
a female seller of hay. And there was a word fenerie which meant a barn for hay.
And feneron, a hay maker.”
Professor Skeat later repeats that if the word for hay is used by itself in
London, it will be in the form of fein-fain. The spelling Fanchurch is especially
valuable; in fact, it settles it, for fan may be short for fain whereas fan cannot be
another form of fen.
There are extant many ancient deeds connected with this street. Here was a
brew-house called Le George super le Hoop.
Roman remains have been found here, vases, things in bronze, and an iron
candlestick.
 At No. 119 Fenchurch Street is a tavern known as the Elephant. It stands on
the site of a house called the Elephant and Castle. In the Great Fire this house,
being built of stone, resisted the flames, and offered shelter to many homeless
people. Is the same thing related of the churches? They, too, were built of stone.
Why did not they resist the flames?
Wallace was taken, on his arrival in London as a prisoner, to the house of
William de Leyre in Fenchurch Street.
At the King’s Head Tavern, Queen Elizabeth was regaled with pork and peas
on a certain visit to the City.
In Fenchurch Street at present, on the south side, the building numbered 3
and 4, which contains the Castle Mail Packet Company, is well designed, with wide,
deeply-recessed windows enriched by mouldings. The ground-floor is encased in
grey polished granite. Langbourn Chambers is a huge mass of building. Down the
side of the street are various plain brick buildings of different ages interspersed
with modern erections, stone fronted.
The huge building at the west corner of Mark Lane running round into
Fenchurch Street is so covered with stone ornamentation, statues, etc., that the red
brickwork is hardly to be seen. This is the London Tavern, and contains the City
Glee Club. Both Mark and Mincing Lanes abound in great commercial buildings.
Fen Court has an old stuccoed house over the tunnel-like entrance, but in itself is
all composed of flat-windowed expressionless offices. These look down on the
ancient graveyard, a very large space for one of the City churches. It is surrounded
by railings, and divided down the centre by a flagged path. Several flat tombstones
lie in the middle, and one or two altar tombs complete the quiet picture, over
which the leaves of the wych-elms throw shadows. Those who have read Mrs.
Riddell’s tragic story George Geith of Fen Court will remember her description of
the Court. Beyond Fen Court is the Spread Eagle Bread Company, a fine old house
of the beginning of the eighteenth century. The gilt eagle spreads its wings in front
of a square red-brick block with antiquated windows, and a general tint of age.
The Ironmongers’ Hall, a large building, faces Fenchurch Street.
 THE IRONMONGERS COMPANY
The earliest notice of the craft is in 1351. The first charter incorporating the
Company was granted by Edward IV. in the year 1463, but it appears that a
voluntary company or fraternity of members of the iron trade had existed for many
years previous to that date.
There followed an Inspeximus Charter of Philip and Mary, dated June 20,
1558, which confirmed the charter of Edward IV.; Letters Patent of the second year
of Queen Elizabeth, dated November 12, 1560, by which the charter of Edward IV.
was further confirmed. James I., by Letters Patent dated June 25, 1605, confirmed
the privileges and possessions of the Company. He also, in 1620, confirmed the
Company in the possession of certain lands and tenements therein mentioned, in
consideration of £100 paid to him. James II., by charter dated March 18, 1685,
confirmed all their privileges and granted new and additional privileges, and by
Letters Patent, dated November 19, 1688, he confirmed the last-mentioned
charter.
Stow merely mentions the Hall, which occupied the area between Fenchurch
and Leadenhall Streets. It existed in 1494 and was rebuilt in 1587. The present Hall
was erected in 1748-50 on the site of an Elizabethan house which had escaped the
Fire.
The number of liverymen varies; it is now thirty-seven. The Corporate Income
is £12,000; the Trust Income is £11,000.

IRONMONGERS’ HALL IN THE EIGHTEENTH

CENTURY
 1. Freemen are invited to two dinners yearly, and they, their wives, and
children are entitled to the benefit of the various charities bequeathed for their use
by members of the Company or others, particulars of which are furnished to them
on admission to the freedom.
2. Liverymen form the court and receive fees for their attendance on courts
and committees for transacting the business of the Company and the charities. The
amount of fees paid to members of the Company for their attendances at courts
and committees during the last ten years averages £735 for each year. No fees are
paid out of the trust estates.
3. The master and wardens have no privileges beyond the other liverymen,
and no liveryman receives any money from the charities.
 ST. KATHERINE COLEMAN
St. Katherine Coleman stands on the south side of Fenchurch Street, farther
east. Its second name is derived from its proximity to a garden, anciently called
“Coleman’s Haw.” In 1489 Sir William White, Draper and Lord Mayor, enlarged
the church; it was further enlarged in 1620 and a vestry built in 1624. It escaped
the Great Fire of 1666, but by the subsequent elevation of Fenchurch Street its
foundations were buried. In 1734 the building was pulled down and the present
one erected from the designs of an architect named Horne. The earliest date of an
incumbent is 1346.
The patronage of the church was in the hands of: The Dean and Canons of St.
Martin’s-le-Grand since 1346, then the Abbot and Convent of Westminster, 1509;
Thomas, Bishop of Westminster, by grant of Henry VIII., January 20, 1540-41;
Bishop of London by grant of Edward VI. in 1550, confirmed by Queen Mary,
March 3, 1553-54, in whose successors it continued. The present building is of
brick, with stone dressings. The tower rises at the west.
Sir Henry Billingsley, Lord Mayor of London, was buried here in 1606. A few
monuments are recorded by Strype, but the individuals commemorated are of little
note. The finest monument still preserved is that to Lady Heigham (d. 1634), wife
of Richard Heigham, gentleman pensioner to King Charles I.
Sir H. Billingsley left £200 for the poor at his death, but his heirs did not carry
out his instructions. Jacob Lucy was donor of £100; Thomas Papillon of £61. Other
names also were recorded on the Table of Benefactors erected in 1681. There was a
workhouse belonging to the parish.
St. Gabriel, Fenchurch, was situated in the middle of Fenchurch Street
between Rood Lane and Mincing Lane. It was burnt down by the Great Fire and
not rebuilt, its parish being annexed to St. Margaret Pattens by Act of Parliament.
The earliest date of an incumbent is 1321.
The patronage of this church was in the hands of: The Prior and Convent of
Holy Trinity, 1321-1519; the Crown from 1540 up to 1666, when the church was
burnt down and the parish annexed to St. Margaret Pattens.
Houseling people in 1548 were 200.

For Rood Lane, Mincing Lane, and the other streets south of Fenchurch Street
leading to Thames Street, see Group V.
Billiter Street, not, as Stow says, from its first owner Belzetter, but from
being the quarter in which stood the Bell Founders. Agnes, sister of Thomas à
Becket, had land in Bellzetter Lane, parish of St. Michael, Aldgate. The lane is
mentioned in the Calendar of Wills in 1298, and on many occasions afterwards.
Strype, in 1720, calls it a lane of very ordinary account, the houses being very old
and of timber (the place escaped the Fire), the inhabitants being “inconsiderable,
as small brokers, chandlers, and the like.” But the chief “ornament” of this place
was Billiter Square, which was then newly built with good brick houses “well
inhabited.”
Lime Street runs between Fenchurch and Leadenhall Streets.
In 1576 a passage was constructed at the north-east corner of this street; in the
necessary excavation was discovered what Stow calls a “hearth” made of Roman
tiles, every tile half a yard square and two inches thick. It was six feet under
ground, corresponding in depth with Roman remains found on Cornhill. The
passage was duly set up and was standing.
The name of the street occurs in the Calendar of Wills for the year 1298. We
are now approaching that imaginary belt of the City lying between the markets and
Thames Street, in which the merchants and the nobles mostly had their houses.
Stow enumerates a long list of the great houses in Lime Street:
“In Lime Street are divers fair houses for merchants and others; there was
sometimes a mansion-house of the kings, called the King’s Artirce, whereof I find
record in the 14th of Edward I., but now grown out of knowledge. I read also of
another great house in the west side of Lime Street, having a chapel on the south
and a garden on the west, then belonging to the Lord Nevill, which garden is now
called the Green yard of the Leaden hall. This house, in the 9th of Richard II.,
pertained to Sir Simon Burley, and Sir John Burley his brother; and of late the said
house was taken down, and the forefront thereof new built of timber by Hugh
Offley, alderman. At the north-west corner of Lime Street was of old time one great
messuage called Benbrige’s inn; Ralph Holland, draper, about the year 1452 gave it
to John Gill, master, and to the wardens and fraternity of tailors and linen-
armourers of St. John Baptist in London, and to their successors for ever. They did
set up in place thereof a fair large frame of timber, containing in the high street one
great house, and before it to the corner of Lime Street three other tenements, the
corner house being the largest, and then down Lime Street divers proper
tenements; all which the merchant-tailors, in the reign of Edward VI., sold to
Stephen Kirton, merchant-tailor and alderman: he gave, with his daughter Grisild,
to Nicholas Woodroffe the said great house, with two tenements before it, in lieu of
a hundred pounds, and made it up in money £366 : 13 : 4. This worshipful man,
and the gentlewoman his widow after him, kept those houses down Lime Street in
good reparations, never put out but one tenant, took no fines, nor raised rents of
them, which was ten shillings the piece yearly: but whether that favour did overlive
her funeral, the tenants now can best declare the contrary.
“Next unto this, on the high street, was the Lord Sowche’s messuage or
tenement, and other; in place whereof, Richard Wethell, merchant-tailor, built a
fair house, with a high tower, the second in number, and first of timber, that ever I
learnt to have been built to overlook neighbours in this city.
“This Richard, then a young man, became in a short time so tormented with
gouts in his joints, of the hands and legs, that he could neither feed himself nor go
further than he was led; much less was he able to climb and take the pleasure of
the height of his tower. Then is there another fair house, built by Stephen Kirton,
alderman; Alderman Lee did then possess it, and again new buildeth it; but now it
is in the custody of Sir William Craven.
“Then is there a fair house of old time called the Green gate; by which name
one Michael Pistoy, a Lumbard held it, with a tenement and nine shops in the reign
of Richard II., who in the 15th of his reign gave it to Roger Corphull, and Thomas
Bromester, esquires, by the name of the Green Gate, in the parish of St. Andrew
upon Cornhill, in Lime Street ward; since the which time Philip Malpas, sometime
alderman, and one of the sheriffs, dwelt therein, and was there robbed and spoiled
of his goods to a great value by Jack Cade, and other rebels, in the year 1449.
“Afterwards, in the reign of Henry VII., it was seised into the King’s hands,
and then granted, first, unto John Alston, after that unto William de la Rivers, and
since by Henry VIII. to John Mutas, a Picarde or Frenchman, who dwelt there, and
harboured in his house many Frenchmen, that kalendred wolsteds, and did other
things contrary to the franchises of the citizens; wherefore on evil May-day, which
was in the year 1517, the apprentices and others spoiled his house; and if they
could have found Mutas, they would have stricken off his head. Sir Peter Mutas,
son to the said John Mutas, sold this house to David Woodroffe, alderman, whose
son, Sir Nicholas Woodroffe, alderman, sold it over to John Moore, alderman, that
then possessed it.
“Next is a house called the Leaden porch, lately divided into two tenements;
whereof one is a tavern, and then one other house for a merchant, likewise called
the leaden Porch, but now turned to a cook’s house. Next is a fair house and a
large, wherein divers mayoralties have been kept, whereof twain in my
remembrance; to wit, Sir William Bowyer and Sir Henry Huberthorne” (Stow’s
Survey, pp. 162-163).
In modern Lime Street the first thing that attracts attention is an old iron
gateway leading to a little paved yard where once stood St. Dionis Backchurch.
Laid in a horizontal row are nine tombstones, on which one can look down. A steep
flight of stone steps leads up to the parish offices, and the backs of business houses
surround the court. At No. 15 is the Pewterers’ Hall.
 THE PEWTERERS COMPANY
The earliest information respecting the Company is found in the records of the
City of London, 22 Edward III., A.D. 1348, when the mayor and aldermen are
prayed by the good folk of the trade to hear the state and points of the trade, to
provide redress and amendment of the defaults thereof for the common profit, and
to ordain two or three of the trade to oversee the alloys and workmanship.
In the year 1443 (22 Henry VI.), in consequence of the complaints of “the
multitude of tin which was untrue and deceyvable brought to the City, the defaults
not being perceptible until it comes to the melting,” the mayor and aldermen
granted to the Company the right to search and assay all the tin which was brought
into the City of London.
Edward IV. (1473-74) incorporated the Company by royal charter.
This power was recognised and confirmed by charters granted successively by
Henry VIII., Philip and Mary, Queen Elizabeth, James I., and Queen Anne.
An Act of Parliament confirming the Company’s powers to search for bad
wares was passed in 1503-1504, 19 Henry VII. c. 6., confirmed by other Acts, 4
Henry VIII. c. 7., 1512-13; 25 Henry VIII. c. 9., 1533-34; and a statute 33 Henry
VIII. c. 4., 1541-42, prohibited the hawking of pewter.
The maintenance of the good faith of the trade appears to have been one of the
primary considerations in the proceedings of the Company.
In 1555 it was resolved that any member buying metal of tylors, labourers,
boys, women, or suspected persons, or between six at night and six in the morning,
if the metal should prove to have been stolen, should not only be dismissed the
Company, but stand to such punishment as the Lord Mayor and aldermen might
direct.
The Company appear to have furnished a certain number of men with arms
for the defence of the City, and to have kept at the Hall equipments for them—
calyvers, corslets, bills, pikes, etc.—and to have appointed an armourer to preserve
them in good condition.
The Company used to cast into bars such tin as was to be transported out of
the realm, whereby the poor of the Company were wont to provide for part of their
living; but after these bars were made by strangers beyond the sea, the poor were
greatly “hindered.” A petition was presented to Queen Elizabeth in 1594, and after
a delay of four years Letters Patent were granted to the Company, giving
permission for a small charge to be made on the smelting and casting of bars of tin.
The fellowship of the craft and mystery of Pewterers of London and elsewhere
represented, before Henry VIII.’s reign, one of the best handicrafts within the
realm.
 The master and wardens appear at the commencement of the seventeenth
century to have exercised the right to nominate the casters of tin in London, and
the Company received a small royalty on the casting, which was distributed to the
poor of the Company. They also appear to have had from the Council of the
Revenue of the Prince of Wales an allotment of certain proportions of the tin
produced in Cornwall, and to have derived some profit from the privilege. In fact,
the pewter trade in London was supplied with tin from Cornwall through the
Company, and frequent disputations are recorded between the Company and the
Prince’s Council as to the rate, which was sometimes said to be so high that the
poor of the Company could not live thereby.
At a later period the Company, in order to prevent the public from imposition,
and to sustain the credit of the pewterers’ trade, appointed the standard assays of
the various wares and the weight of metal for each article.
The Hall stands upon a piece of ground presented to the Company by W.
Smallwood, Master, 1487. The first building was destroyed in the Great Fire and
the present one is that which replaced it.
The Company now have a livery of 103; a Corporate Income of £5400; and a
Trust Income of £233.
The Ordinances of the Pewterers were submitted to the mayor and aldermen
in 1348. They may be found in Riley (Memorials, 241). They contain clauses
similar to those in the ordinances of other trades, including the power of
appointing overseers of their own body. Two years later we find a Pewterer named
John de Hiltone brought before the mayor on the charge of making “false” salt-
cellars and “potels.” The “false” vessels were forfeited. The use of pewter for
domestic purposes was universal. Dishes, plates, basins, drinking cups, measures
were all made of pewter. There are luncheon-rooms in the City at the present day
where steaks and chops are served on pewter: at Lincoln’s Inn the dishes are still of
pewter; in the last century children and servants took their meals off pewter. These
facts explain the flourishing condition of the Company and its large income.

St. Dionis Backchurch was situated at the south-west corner of Lime Street
behind Fenchurch Street, from which position it probably derived its name of
Backchurch. It was burnt down by the Great Fire, and rebuilt by Wren in 1674, and
the steeple added in 1684. In 1878 this building was pulled down by an Order in
Council. Part of the money obtained from the site was given to the foundation of a
new church of St. Dionis at Parsons Green erected in 1885. The earliest date of an
incumbent is 1288.
The patronage of the church was in the hands of: In 1248, the Prior and
Chapter of Christ Church, Canterbury; then the Dean and Chapter of Canterbury
1552, in whose successors it continued up to 1878, when the church was
demolished and the parish annexed to Allhallows, Lombard Street.
Houseling people in 1548 were 405.
 Chantries were founded here: By John Carby, Alderman of London, whose
endowment fetched £13 in 1548, when James Servaunt was priest; by Maude
Bromeholme, whose endowment yielded £5 : 7 : 4 in 1548; by John Wrotham,
whose endowment was £15 : 7 : 4, when Nicholas Metcalfe was chaplain.
The church originally contained a considerable number of monuments, the
most notable of which were in memory of John Hewet of the Clothworkers
Company and benefactor of the parish; Sir Robert Jeffreys, Knt., Alderman and
Lord Mayor of the City, who died in 1703; and Edward Tyson, M.D.
Some of the donors of charitable gifts were: Dame Elizabeth Clark, £30;
Robert Williams, £25, towards a bell; James Church, £10. Many others gave
various fittings for the church.
Lionel Gatford (d. 1665); Archdeacon of St. Alban’s, was rector here; also
Nathanial Hardy (1618-1670), Dean of Rochester.

A REMARKABLE OLD HOUSE

IN LEADENHALL STREET

From a drawing by S. Rawle.

Published January 1801.

Leadenhall Street was so named after the Leadenhall, i.e. the hall covered
with lead, which stood at the corner of that street and Gracechurch Street. An early
reference to the place is found in the Calendar of Wills in the year 1296, when
certain “rents near la Ledenhalle in Gracechurch Street” are mentioned. The next
reference does not occur till the year 1369. But in Riley’s Memorials, we are told
that on the eve of St. John the Baptist, June 24, the mayor delivered to the
chamberlain “one silver mark arising from a certain small garden annexed to
Leden Hall, which mark was taken ... for completing the pavement belonging to the
Court of Leaden Hall.” Riley gives a very brief history of the place:
“At the beginning of the 14th century, it was occasionally used as a Court of
Justice; see the MS. Liber de Antiqu. Legibus, at Guildhall, fol. 61. In October,
1326, after the flight of Edward II., the Commons of London met there, when
making terms with the Constable of the Tower” (Riley, Memorials, p. 138).
Stow gives a long account of the various hands through which the manor of
Leadenhall passed, confusing the hall with the manor on which it was built. In the
year 1411, according to Stow, the manor came into possession of the City.

Drawn by Thos. H. Shepherd.

LEADENHALL STREET

“Then in the year 1443, the 21st of Henry VI., John Hatherley, mayor,
purchased licence of the said king to take up two hundred fodder of lead, for the
building of water conduits, a common granary, and the cross in West Chepe, more
richly, for the honour of the City. In the year next following, the parson and parish
of St. Dunstan, in the east of London, seeing the famous and mighty man (for the
words be in the grant, nobilis et potens vir), Simon Eyre, citizen of London, among
other his works of piety, effectually determined to erect and build a certain granary
upon the soil of the same city at Leadenhall, of his own charges, for the common
utility of the said city, to the amplifying and enlarging of the said granary, granted
to Henry Frowicke, then mayor, the aldermen and commonalty, and their
successors for ever, all their tenements, with the appurtenances, sometime called
the Horsemill, in Grasse Street, for the annual rent of four pounds, etc. Also,
certain evidences of an alley and tenements pertaining to the Horsemill adjoining
to the said Leaden hall in Grasse Street, given by William Kingstone, fishmonger,
unto the parish church of St. Peter upon Cornehill, do specify the said granary to
be built by the said honourable and famous merchant, Simon Eyre, sometime an
upholsterer, and then a draper, in the year 1419. He built it of squared stone, in
form as now it showeth, with a fair and large chapel in the east side of the
quadrant, over the porch of which he caused to be written, Dextra Domini
exaltavit me (The Lord’s right hand exalted me). Within the said church on the
north wall, was written, Honorandus famosus mercator Simon Eyre hujus operis,
etc. In English thus: ‘The honourable and famous merchant, Simon Eyre, founder
of this work, once mayor of this City, citizen and draper of the same, departed out
of this life, the 18th day of September, the year from the incarnation of Christ 1459,
and the 38th year of the reign of King Henry VI.’” (Stow’s Survey, p. 162).
Before the middle of the fourteenth century Leadenhall had become a market
for poultry. In 1345 it was ordered that strange folk, i.e. people from outside the
City, bringing poultry for sale should no longer hawk it about from house to house,
but should take it to the Leaden Hall, and should there sell it, and nowhere else.
Also that citizens who sell poultry should offer it on the west side of the Tun of
Cornhill (Riley, pp. 220, 221).
The market was not, however, confined to the sale of poultry, as is proved by
the following request of the commons of the City, in the year 1503:
“Please it, the lord mayor, aldermen and common council, to enact, that all
Frenchmen bringing canvass, linen cloth, and other wares to be sold, and all
foreigners bringing wolsteds, sayes, Stamins, Kiverings, nails, iron work, or any
other wares, and also all manner of foreigners bringing lead to the city to be sold,
shall bring all such their wares aforesaid to the open market of the Leaden Hall,
there and no where else to be sold and uttered, like as of old time it hath been used,
upon pain of forfeiture of all the said wares showed or sold in any other place than
aforesaid; the show of the said wares to be made three days in the week, that is to
say, Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday; it is also thought reasonable that the
common beam be kept henceforth in the Leaden Hall, and the farmer to pay
therefore reasonable rent to the chamber; for better it is that the chamber have
advantage thereby than a foreign person; and also the said Leaden Hall, which is
more chargeable now by half than profitable, shall better bear out the charges
thereof; also the common beam for wool at Leaden Hall, may yearly pay a rent to
the chamber of London, toward supportation and charges of the same place; for
reason it is, that a common office, occupied upon a common ground, bear a charge
to the use of the commonalty; also, that foreigners bringing wools, felts, or any
other merchandises or wares to Leaden Hall, to be kept there for the sale and
market, may pay more largely for the keeping of their goods than free men” (Stow’s
Survey, p. 164).
 SKIN MARKET, LEADENHALL,
1825

A granary was kept at Leaden Hall, the use of which depended entirely on the
forethought of the mayor. Thus, in 1512, Roger Acheley, the mayor, found that
there were not one hundred quarters of wheat in all the garners of the City. He
took immediate steps, and not only imported wheat for present necessities, but
also filled the granaries of the City. Stow adds a note as to the activity of the mayor:
“He kept the market so well, that he would be at the Leaden Hall by four o’clock in
the summer mornings; and thence he went to other markets, to the great comfort
of the citizens.”
In 1529 a petition was presented by the Commons to the Common Council on
the uses to which Leaden Hall might be put. It should not be let out to farm to any
person or to any Company incorporate for any time of years, and they proceeded to
give their reasons.
About the year 1534 an effort was made to convert Leadenhall into a Burse.
This failed, and the Burse continued to be held in Lombard Street until the
building of the Royal Exchange. This is interesting, because it shows that Gresham
was not alone in desiring to have a convenient building for the meeting of the
merchants.
“The use of Leaden Hall in my youth (says Stow) was thus:—In a part of the
north quadrant, on the east side of the north gate, were the common beams for
weighing of wool and other wares, as had been accustomed; on the west side of the
gate were the scales to weigh meal; the other three sides were reserved for the most
part to the making and resting of the pageants showed at Midsummer in the watch;
the remnant of the sides and quadrants was employed for the stowage of wool
sacks, but not closed up; the lofts above were partly used by the painters in
working for the decking of pageants and other devices, for beautifying of the watch
and watch-men; the residue of the lofts were letten out to merchants, the wool
winders and packers therein to wind and pack their wools” (p. 166).
The market in 1754 is thus described by Strype:
“Leadenhall is a very large building of Free-stone, containing within it three
large Courts or Yards, all encompassed with buildings, wherein is kept a market,
one of the greatest, the best, and the most general for all provisions in the City of
London, nay of the Kingdom; and, if I should say of all Europe, I should not give it
too great a praise. The building hath flat battlements leaded at the top; and, for the
conveniency of People’s coming to this great market, which is kept every day of the
week, except Sundays, for one thing or the other, besides the principal entrance out
of Leadenhall Street, there are two or three others, one out of Lime Street, and the
rest out of Gracechurch Street.
“Of the three Courts or Yards that it consists of, the first is that at the north-
east corner of Gracechurch Street, and opens into Leadenhall Street; this court or
yard contains, in length, from north to south, one hundred and sixty-four feet, and,
in breadth, from east to west, eighty feet; within this court or yard, round about the
same, are about one hundred standing stalls for butchers for the selling only of
beef, and therefore this court is called the Beef Market, many of which stalls are
eight, ten, or twelve feet long, and four, five, or six feet broad, with racks, hooks,
blocks, and all other conveniences for the sale of their meat: All which stalls are
either under warehouses above head, or sheltered from the weather by roofs over
them. This yard is, on Tuesdays, a market for leather, to which the tanners do
resort. On Thursdays the waggons from Colchester, and other parts, come with
Baiz, etc., and also the Felmongers with their wool; and on Fridays it is a market
for raw hides, besides Saturdays for Beef, as also other provisions.
“The second market-yard is called the Green yard, as being once a green Plat
of Ground. Afterwards it was the City’s Store-yard for Materials for building, and
the like, but now a market only for veal, mutton, lamb, etc. This yard is one
hundred and seventy feet in length, from east to west, and ninety feet broad from
north to south: It hath in it one hundred and forty stalls for the butchers, all
covered over, and of the bigness of those in the beef-market. In the middle of this
Green yard Market, north to south, is a row of shops, with kitchens, or rooms over
them, for fishmongers; and, also, on the south side and west end, are houses and
shops also for fishmongers. Towards the east end of this yard is erected a fair
market-house, standing upon columns, with vaults underneath, and rooms above,
with a bell-tower and a clock, and under it are butchers’ stalls. The tenements
round about this yard are, for the most part, inhabited by cooks, victuallers, and
such-like; and, in the passages leading out of the streets, into this market, are
fishmongers, poulterers, cheesemongers, and such-like traders for provision.
“The third market belonging to Leadenhall is called the Herb Market, for that
herbs, roots, fruits, etc., are only there sold. This market is about one hundred and
forty feet square; the west, east, and south sides have walks round them, covered
over for shelter, and standing upon columns; in which walks there are twenty-eight
stalls for gardeners, with cellars under them. There is also, in this yard, one range
of stalls covered over for such as sell tripe, neats-feet, sheeps-trotters, etc., and, on
the south side, the tenements are taken up by Victuallers, Cheesemongers,
Butchers, Poulterers, and such-like.
“The rooms in the stone building about the beef-market, which is properly
Leadenhall, are employed for several uses, as the west side was wholly used for the
stowage of wares belonging to the East-India Company; on the east side is the
meal-warehouse and the Wool-hall; on the south end is the Colchester Baiz-hall,
and at the north end is the warehouse for the sealing of leather.
“The general conflagration of this city, in 1666, terminated in that part of the
City near adjoining to this hall; all the houses about it, and within the yards
belonging to it, being destroyed, there did, of this fabric, only remain the
stonework; since which, the Courts and yards belonging to this building, and some
other adjacent grounds purchased by the City, are wholly converted into a market
for the City’s use; the place for the reception of Country butchers, and others who
brought provisions before to the City, being then only in Leadenhall Street,
between Gracechurch Street and Lime Street, which was very incommodious to the
market people, as well as to the passengers.”

LEADENHALL CHAPEL IN
1812

Leadenhall Market is in four rays of varying lengths; the longest is about

80 feet, the shortest about 30. These are covered in by a wide arched roof of glass,
supported by girders, and are about 30 feet wide. At each entrance there is a
similar design. On either side a couple of massive fluted columns are surmounted
by griffins, which support the arch. These are decorated with gilt. Over the entry is
an arch of great height, with a stone relief, and on the frieze below the words
“Leadenhall Market.” The market was built in 1881, designed by Sir Horace Jones,
and is occupied to a very great extent by poulterers and butchers. There are
roughly about fifty holdings and two taverns, the Lamb and the Half Moon.
There was a chapel in the market, to which was attached a Fraternity of the
Trinity of sixty priests, with other brethren and sisters, in which service was
celebrated every day.
The chapel was taken down in 1812 (see Mediæval London, vol. ii. p. 373).
In Leadenhall Street have been found Roman remains, a pavement, pottery,
etc.
A crypt existed under the house 153 Leadenhall Street until 1896, when it was
destroyed.

CRYPT IN LEADENHALL STREET, 1825

“Under the corner house of Leadenhall and Bishopsgate Streets, and two
houses on the east, and one on the north, side thereof, was situate a very ancient
church of Gothic construction, the principal part of which is still remaining under
the said corner house, and two adjoining in Leadenhall Street; but part of the north
aisle beneath the house contiguous in Bishopsgate Street, was lately obliged to
make way to enlarge the cellar. When or by whom this old church was founded I
cannot learn, it not being so much as mentioned by any of our historians or
surveyors of London that I can discover.
“Some other ancient architectural remains, perhaps originally connected with
the former, were also found under the houses extending up the eastern site of
Bishopsgate Street. The description of their situation, given by Maitland, fixes their
locality to the side of the very house at which the fire of 1765 commenced; and
which appears to have continued until that time in the same kind of occupation as
it was when the ensuing account of these ruins was written. ‘At the distance of 12
feet from this church,’—namely the remains already noticed at the north-east
corner of Leadenhall Street—‘is to be seen, under the house at the late Mr.
Macadam’s, a peruke-maker in Bishopsgate Street, a stone building of the length of
30 feet, breadth of 14, and altitude of 8 feet 6 inches above the present floor; with a
door in the north-side, and a window at the east end, as there probably was one in
the west. It is covered with a semi-circular arch, built with small piers of chalk in
the form of bricks, and ribbed with stone, resembling those of the arches of a
bridge. What this edifice at first was appropriated to is very uncertain; though, by
the manner of its construction, it seems to have been a chapel; but the ground
having been since raised on all sides, it was probably converted into a
subterraneous repository for merchandise; for a pair of stone stairs, with a
descending arch over them, seems to have been erected since the fabric was built’”
(Wilkinson, Londina Illustrata).
The most important house in the street next to the Leadenhall itself was the
East India House, which stood near to the Hall. The Company first met, according
to tradition, at the Nag’s Head Tavern, Bishopsgate; they then had a house in
Leadenhall Street; they took on lease in 1701—perhaps it was their first house—Sir
William Craven’s large house in Leadenhall Street, with a tenement in Lime Street.
This is probably the house pictured in a print in the British Museum.
In 1726 the “Old” East India House was built, of which several parts were
retained in the new buildings of 1799.
Hardly any part of the City, unless it be the south of Cornhill, is so
honeycombed with courts and passages as the quarter upon which we are now
engaged. For the most part they are not distinguished by any historical
associations. Some of them formerly contained taverns and inns. The courts are
greatly diminished in size; some of them were narrow lanes with houses standing
face to face, a few feet apart; some of them formerly contained gentlemen’s houses.
Why were these houses built in a court? The explanation is easy. The town-house
of noble or merchant was built like a college: a gateway with a chamber over it in
front, rooms beside the gate in case of a nobleman with a retinue; in other cases a
wall enclosing a garden in a square, on either side rooms, at the back the Hall and
what we call reception rooms, with the private rooms of the family. When land
became more valuable the rooms beside the gateway became shops, then there was
building at the back of the shops, the sides became contracted, and there were left
at last only the court, the gateway, and the house beyond. There are several places
in the City where this history of a house may be traced, the modern offices being
built on the site of the old foundation, the gateway having disappeared, and the
court still remaining.
“Anno 1136. A very great fire happened in the City, which began in the house
of one Ailward, near London Stone, and consumed all the way east to Aldgate, and
west to St. Erkenwald’s shrine in St. Paul’s Cathedral, both which it destroyed,
together with London Bridge, which was then constructed of wood.
 “It is reasonable to conjecture, that the accumulation of ruins these extensive
fires occasioned left the distressed inhabitants little choice in their determination;
and as it would have caused infinite trouble and inconvenience to have cleared and
removed the same, they wisely preferred sacrificing a few (to them) useless
buildings, raised and levelled the ground, and began a foundation for new
dwellings on the site of the roofs of some of their remaining habitations. The
amazing descent to the banks of the Thames from several parts of the City confirms
the opinion that most of the buildings denominated crypts, oratories, or
undercrofts, were, in their pristine states, level in their foundations with the
dwelling-places of their original builders. What greatly adds to the probability is
the circumstance of our being informed that near Belzeter’s Lane (Billiter Lane)
and Lime Street, three new houses being to be built, in the year 1590, in a place
where was a large garden plot enclosed from the street by a high brick wall, upon
taking down the said wall and digging for cellarage, another wall of stone was
found directly under the brick wall with an arched gateway of stone, and gates of
timber to be closed in the midst towards the street. The timber of the gates was
consumed, but the hinges of iron were then remaining on their staples on both
sides: moreover, in that wall were square windows with bars of iron on each side
this gate. The wall was above two fathoms deep under the ground, supposed to be
the remains of those great fires before mentioned. Again, we learn, on the east side
of Lime Street opening into Fenchurch Street, on that site, after the fire of 1666, Sir
Thomas Cullum built thirty houses, and that a short time previous to 1757, the
cellar of one of the houses giving way, there was discovered an arched room, ten
feet square and eight feet deep, with several arched doors round it stopped up with
earth” (Wilkinson, Londina Illustrata, vol. ii. p. 43).
In 1660 the mayor, Sir Thomas Allen, resided in Leadenhall Street and
entertained Monk. At the corner of St. Mary Axe stood, in the fifteenth century, the
town-house of the De Veres, Earls of Oxford.
Gibbon’s great-grandfather, one of the last of the younger sons of county
families who came to London and went into trade, had his shop as a draper in
Leadenhall Street.
In this street Peter Anthony Motteux, translator of Don Quixote, kept an “East
India” shop. He was a Huguenot, and could speak and understand many
languages. He was also employed as a linguist at the Post Office. In addition to his
shop and his office, he worked as a poet and man of letters generally; being the
author of plays, prologues, and epilogues. He is best known by his completion of
Urquhart’s Translation of Rabelais. He was a loose liver, and died in a disorderly
house in St. Clement Danes. Like the lady of Père la Chaise, “Resigned unto the
Heavenly Will, His wife kept on the business still.”
 ST. KATHERINE CREE
St. Katherine Cree, in Leadenhall Street, is on the site of the cemetery of the
Priory of Holy Trinity, whence it derives its name Creechurch or Christchurch. This
priory is said to have been built in the same place where Siredus sometime began
to erect a church in honour of the Cross and of St. Mary Magdalen. This ancient
church contributed thirty shillings to the Dean and Chapter of Waltham. The abbey
church here is also dedicated to the Holy Cross, and when Matilda founded Christ
Church or Trinity she gave to the Church of Waltham a mill instead of this
payment. But little is known of the building of Siredus; but Matilda’s Priory is said
to have occupied parts of the parishes of St. Mary Magdalen, St. Michael, St.
Katherine, and the Blessed Trinity, which now was made but one parish of the
Holy Trinity, and was in old time of the Holy Cross or Holy Rood parish. At this
time, therefore (1108), the old parish of the Holy Rood had disappeared, and four
parishes appear on its site. In the perambulation of the old soke of the Priory we
find the parishes of Coleman Church (St. Katherine), St. Michael, St. Andrew
(Undershaft), and of the Trinity (now St. James’s, Duke’s Place), but St. Mary
Magdalen and Holy Rood are not mentioned. This loss of St. Mary Magdalen is not
easily explained. Could the Church of St. Andrew have been dedicated formerly to
St. Mary Magdalen? Such changes in dedication are known, and, even in this ward
or soke, Stow tells us that St. Katherine Coleman was called St. Katherine and All
Saints.
This would make up all the parishes which are given at the several periods in
this locality. The existence of St. Katherine Coleman and St. Katherine Cree as two
distinct parishes adjoining is remarkable. The parish of St. Katherine Coleman
belonged to the ancient establishment of St. Martin’s-le-Grand, and so remained
until the Dissolution. Was it a part of this parish which was taken into the precinct
of the Trinity? The inhabitants of the enclosed parish of Cree Church at first used
the Priory church, but it was agreed afterwards that they should have a church
erected, and use the Priory church only at certain times. This would be what we
might expect of a part of a parish detached at the establishment of the Priory, but
which desired to be released from the control of the prior, and to be a parish of
itself, with its own church. We must not confound the parish of St. Mary Magdalen
with a small parish of St. Mary the Virgin, St. Ursula and the 11,000 Virgins. This
was on the west side of St. Mary Axe, and belonged to the Priory of St. Helen. The
church was destroyed, and the parish united, by Edmund Grindal, Bishop of
London, to St. Andrew, Undershaft, in the year 1561.
The parishioners had been allowed to worship at an altar in the Priory church,
but this being inconvenient, St. Katherine’s was built through the agency of
Richard de Gravesend, Bishop of London, 1280-1303. It was rebuilt in 1628-1630,
possibly after the design of Inigo Jones. The steeple, which was built in the early
sixteenth century, is still standing. The church was consecrated by Laud in 1631. In
1874 the parish of St. James’s, Duke’s Place, was annexed. The earliest date of an
incumbent is 1436.
The patronage of which was in the hands of the Prior and Canons of Holy
Trinity, London. Henry VIII. seized it in 1540, and soon after granted it to Sir
Thomas Audley, who gave it, by his will dated April 19, 1544, to the Master and
Fellows of Magdalene College, Cambridge, in whose successors it continued.
Houseling people in 1548 were 542.
The church is a mixture of the Gothic and classical styles. It contains two
narrow aisles separated from the nave by Corinthian columns and round arches,
above which is a clerestory. The roof is groined, and the arms of the City and
several City Companies are displayed on it. The building is 94 feet long, 51 feet
broad, and 37 feet high. It is larger than the original church, of which the sole relic
now existing is a pillar at the south-west, less than three feet above ground, owing
to the higher level of the new church. The stone steeple rises at the west and
consists of a tower surmounted by a Tuscan colonnade with a cupola and vane; its
total height is 75 feet.
A chantry was founded here at the Altar of St. Michael.
The church is not rich in historical monuments. It contains, however, the
tomb of Nicholas Throckmorton, Chief Butler of England and intimate friend of
Lady Jane Grey and Queen Elizabeth.
Tradition said that Hans Holbein was buried here, but there is no evidence for
it except that he died in the vicinity.
There is a brass in the floor in front of the communion table, commemorating
Sir John Gayer, Lord Mayor in 1646 and staunch adherent of Charles I., for which
he suffered imprisonment.
At the west end there is a bas-relief to Samuel Thorpe (died 1791): this is only
interesting as being the work of the elder Bacon.
Sir John Gayer bequeathed £200 for charitable purposes, amongst them a fee
for a sermon to be preached on October 16 annually, and though the charity is now
diverted, yet the “Lion sermon,” in commemoration of the donor’s delivery from a
lion in Arabia, is still kept up.
There was a charity school at the end of Cree Church Lane, in which forty boys
were clothed and taught, by subscriptions from the inhabitants of the ward.
Roger Maynwaring (1590-1653), Bishop of St. David’s, was a perpetual curate
here; also Nicholas Brady (1659-1726), joint author of Tate and Brady’s version of
the Psalter.

The north of Leadenhall Street between St. Katherine Cree and Aldgate, from
the year 1130 and the suppression of the Religious Houses, was covered with the
buildings of the Priory of the Holy Trinity already described (see Mediæval
London, vol. ii. p. 241).
 The buildings of the Priory were given by the King to Sir Thomas Audley in
1531 after the surrender.
The Earl of Suffolk, son of the Duke who was beheaded in 1572, sold the house
and precinct to the City of London, and built Audley End in Essex. The City seems
to have pulled down the mansion and laid out the grounds in streets and courts.
The disposition of these seems to preserve, to a certain extent, that of the old
Priory.
When the people began to settle in the precinct, they found themselves,
although so close to St. Katherine Cree, without a parish church. They therefore
petitioned the Archbishop of Canterbury, who obtained permission of the King to
build a new church here, and to erect a new parish. The church was finished and
dedicated to St. James in 1622. The memory of the consecration is described at
length by Strype. This quarter was assigned to the Jews by Oliver Cromwell in
1650. Here is the Great Synagogue of the German Jews.
St. James’s was one of the most notorious of the many places for irregular
marriages, those without licence, because as standing in the ancient precinct of the
Priory it was without the jurisdiction of the bishop.

St. James’s, Duke’s Place, escaped the Great Fire of 1666.

In 1873 the church was pulled down and its parish united with that of St.
Katherine Cree Church. The earliest date of an incumbent is 1622.
This church was in the gift of the Lord Mayor and Commonalty of London
from 1622.
Few monuments, and none of much note, are recorded by Stow. Booker, an
astrologer, was commemorated by a stone inscription.
Sir Edward Barkham is the only benefactor whose name is recorded by Stow.

The modern Leadenhall Street is at the west end full of fine, well-executed
Chambers. Of these, New Zealand Chambers are the most noticeable. The building
is by R. Norman Shaw in the pseudo-ancient style. It was erected in 1872, and is
carried out in red brick. The bayed windows on either side of the entrance are
placed in wide recesses which run right up the frontage. Africa House is in a
commonplace style, but has rather good stone panels on the front. On the north
Leadenhall House is solidly faced in granite, with granite columns on the frontage.
West India House is neatly built in white stone.
Farther eastward the street is singularly dull; it is lined at first by dreary
blocks of imitation stone buildings. These are succeeded by brick buildings all
turned out of the same mould. The north side is better than the south, and is
chiefly made up of solid, well-built houses on various designs.
At No. 153 the ground-floor is occupied by a bric-à-brac shop. Below the
parapet there is a curious triangular pediment let into the brickwork. This encloses
a round stone with an inscription on it, of which the first word seems to be
“incendio”; on either side is a small shelf.
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