Discrete Probability

Distribution
Part 1
Random Variable - variable whose value is determined by a random experiment.

There are two types of random variables.

(1) Discrete Random Variable – assumes a countable number of isolated values
(integers). The meaning of the word “discrete” is separate and individual.
Examples:
✓ Number of kids in the family
✓ Number of attempts to hit a target
✓ Number of heads in tossing a coin thrice

(2) Continuous Random Variable – assumes all real values within a given interval.
Thus, the possible values of a continuous random variable are uncountable
infinite.
Examples:
✓ Price of commodity
✓ Age of a person
✓ Height ang weight of a person
Discrete (Discrete random variable)means that is something is finite

Discrete Probability Distribution- a table or formula that lists the probabilities for
each outcome of the random variable, X.

The probabilities in the probability distribution of a random

variable X must satisfy the following two conditions:

1. Each probability P(x) must be between 0 and 1: 0 ≤ 𝑃 𝑥 ≤ 1

2. The sum of all the probabilities is 1: σ 𝑃 𝑥 = 1
Example 1: Flip 3 coins at the same time.
Let random variable X be the number of heads showing.

8 possible outcomes are:

Discrete Probability Distribution
HHH → 3 heads
HHT → 2 heads Random
0 1 2 3 → 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠
HTH → 2 heads variable, x
HTT → 1 head
1 3 3 1
THH → 2 heads P(X = x) → σ𝑃 𝑥 = 1
THT → 1 head 8 8 8 8
TTH → 1 head
TTT → 0 heads 1 3
𝑃 𝑋=0 = 𝑃 𝑋=2 = Probability
8 8
Mass Function,
3 1
𝑃 𝑋=1 = 𝑃 𝑋=3 = PMF
8 8
Example 2: Find the probability distribution for X , if X is the sum of two rolled dice.

Sums, x 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1 2 3 4 5 6 5 4 3 2 1
P(X = x) 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36
36

1 2 3 4 5 6 5 4 3 3 1
෍𝑃 𝑥 = + + + + + + + + + + =1
36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36
Example 3: Using a probability model, find the probability of getting at MOST 2 tails
when you flip a coin 4 times.

TTTT TTHT HTTH THHH # of Tails, X 0 1 2 3 4

TTTH THHT HHTT HTHH
HTTT TTHH THTH HHTH 1 4 6 4 1
THTT HTHT HHHT HHHH P(X = x)
16 16 16 16 16

Probability of getting at MOST 2 tails,

1 4 6
𝑷 𝑿≤𝟐 =𝑃 𝑥 =0 +𝑃 𝑥 =1 +𝑃 𝑥 =2 = + +
16 16 16
𝟏𝟏
𝑷 𝑿≤𝟐 = ≈ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖𝟕𝟓
𝟏𝟔
Example 4: In a certain university, the grade distributions for its course is posted. Students
in EDA in a recent semester received 26% A’s , 42% B’s , 20% C’s, 10% D’s and
2% F’s . The students’ grade on a four-point scale ( with A = 4) is a discrete
random variable X with this probability distribution.
Let X be the four-point scale grade
X 0 1 2 3 4
P(X) 0.02 0.10 0.20 0.42 0.26

(a) What is the meaning of 𝑃 𝑋 ≥ 3 ? What is this probability?

(b) Write the event “the student got a grade worse than C” in terms of values of the
random variable X. What is the probability of this event?

(c) Find the probability that a student in this university received a grade lower than A.
 X 0 1 2 3 4
P(X=x) 0.02 0.10 0.20 0.42 0.26

(a) What is the meaning of 𝑃 𝑋 ≥ 3 is. What is this probability?

𝑷 𝒙 ≥ 𝟑 means Percentage/ Probability of a student receiving a grade of B

or higher in an EDA course. 𝑃 𝑥 ≥ 3 = 𝑃 𝑋 = 3 + 𝑃(𝑋 = 4)
= 0.42 + 0.26
= 0.68
(b) Write the event “the student got a grade worse than C” in terms of values of the
random variable X. What is the probability of this event?
𝑃 𝑥 < 2 = 𝑃 𝑋 = 0 + 𝑃(𝑋 = 1)
= 0.02 + 0.10
= 0.12
 X 0 1 2 3 4
P(X=x) 0.02 0.10 0.20 0.42 0.26

(c) Find the probability that a student in this university received a grade lower than A.

𝑃 𝑥 < 4 = 𝑃 𝑋 = 0 + 𝑃 𝑋 = 1 + 𝑃 𝑥 = 2 + 𝑃(𝑥 = 3)
= 0.02 + 0.10 + 0.20 + 0.42
= 0.74

An alternative solution is by using the complement

𝑃 𝑥 < 4 = 1 − P(x = 4)
= 1 − 0.26
= 0.74
Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF or cdf) of a random variable X is
defined as 𝐹𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑃 𝑋 ≤ 𝑥 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

Form example 1: Flip 3 coins at same time. Find the CDF of X

Random
0 1 2 3
variable, x Probability
1 3 3 1 Distribution Table
P(X = x) 8 8 8
8

1
𝑃 𝑋=0 =
8
3
𝑃 𝑋=1 = Probability
8 Mass
3
𝑃 𝑋=2 = Function
8
1
𝑃 𝑋=1 =
8
To find the CDF,,
𝟏
𝐹𝑋 0 = 𝑃 𝑋 ≤ 0 =𝑃 𝑋=0 =
𝟖 𝐹𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑃 𝑋 ≤ 𝑥
Next ,
𝐹𝑋 1 = 𝑃 𝑋 ≤ 1 =𝑃 𝑋 =0 +𝑃 𝑋 =1
1 3 4 𝟏
= + = =
8 8 8 𝟐
Next ,
𝐹𝑋 2 = 𝑃 𝑋 ≤ 2 =𝑃 𝑋 =0 +𝑃 𝑋 =1 +𝑃 𝑥 =2
1 3 3 7
= + + =
8 8 8 8
Finally,
𝐹𝑋 3 = 𝑃 𝑋 ≤ 3 = 𝑃 𝑋 = 0 + 𝑃 𝑋 = 1 + 𝑃 𝑥 = 2 + 𝑃(𝑋 = 3)
1 3 3 1
= + + + =𝟏
8 8 8 8
To summarize, we have
0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 < 0
1
𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1
8
1
𝐹𝑋 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 1 ≤ 𝑥 < 2
2
7
𝑓𝑜𝑟 2 ≤ 𝑥 < 3
8
1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≥ 3

Below we see a table showing 𝑃 𝑋 ≤ 𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑥 for each possible 𝑥

CDF
𝑥 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) 𝑃 𝑋 ≤ 𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥)
1 1
0 𝑃 𝑋≤0 =𝐹 0
8 8
3 1
1 𝑃 𝑋≤1 =𝐹 1
8 2
3 7
2 𝑃 𝑋≤2 =𝐹 2
8 8
1
3 1 𝑃 𝑋≤3 =𝐹 3
8
As 𝑥 increases across the possible values for 𝑥, the cumulative probability increases,
eventually getting 1, as you accumulate all the probability.
Random variable, x 0 1 2 3
P(X = x) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8
F(x) 1/8 4/8 7/8 8/8
Example 2:

Give the cumulative distribution function for X, the sum of the values for two
rolls of a die.

Solution:
Start with the table(probability distribution table)

Sums, x 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1 2 3 4 5 6 5 4 3 2 1
P(X = x) 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36
36

1 3 6 10 15 21 26 30 33 35 36
F(x)
36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36
Below we see a table showing 𝑃 𝑋 ≤ 𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑥 for each possible 𝑥

x 𝑷(𝑿 = 𝒙) 𝑷 𝑿≤𝒙 =𝑭 𝒙
CDF
2 1/36 1/36 𝑃 𝑋≤2 =𝐹 2
3 2/36 3/36 = 1/12 𝑃 𝑋≤3 =𝐹 3
4 3/36 6/36 = 1/6 𝑃 𝑋≤4 =𝐹 4
5 4/36 10/36 = 5/18 𝑃 𝑋≤5 =𝐹 5
6 5/36 15/36 = 5/12 𝑃 𝑋≤6 =𝐹 6
7 6/36 21/36 = 7/12 𝑃 𝑋≤7 =𝐹 7
8 5/36 26/36 = 13/18 𝑃 𝑋≤8 =𝐹 8
9 4/36 30/36 = 5/6 𝑃 𝑋≤9 =𝐹 9
10 3/36 33/36 = 11/12 𝑃 𝑋 ≤ 10 = 𝐹 10
11 2/36 35/36 𝑃 𝑋 ≤ 11 = 𝐹 11
12 1/36 36/36 = 1 𝑃 𝑋 ≤ 12 = 𝐹 12
Example 3: Show that f(x) or P(X = x) is a PMF
1
𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 1,2,3
𝑓 𝑥 = ൝6
0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

To know if the given probability is PMF, the sum of the probabilities must be equal to 1
1 1
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 1, 𝑓 1 = 1 = ෍𝑃 𝑋 = 𝑥 = 1
6 6
1 1 1 1 1
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 2, 𝑓 2 = 2 = ෍𝑃 𝑋 = 𝑥 = + +
6 3 6 3 2
1 1
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 3, 𝑓 3 = 3 = ෍𝑃 𝑋 = 𝑥 = 1
6 2

𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒃𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒊𝒔 𝑷𝑴𝑭

Example 4: Show that f(x) or P(X = x) is a PMF
𝑥
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0,2,4,6
𝑓 𝑥 = ൝15
0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

0
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓 0 = =0 ෍𝑃 𝑋 = 𝑥 = 1
15
2
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 2, 𝑓 2 = 2 4 2
15 ෍𝑃 𝑋 = 𝑥 =0 + + +
4 15 15 5
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 4, 𝑓 4 =
15 12
6 2 ෍𝑃 𝑋 = 𝑥 = ≠1
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 6, 𝑓 6 = = 15
15 5

Therefore, the probability if NOT PMF

Example 5: Given that f(x) or P(X = x) is a PMF

𝑘(5𝑥 + 2) 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 1,2,3
𝑓 𝑥 =ቊ
0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

What is the value of 𝑘?

Solution:

𝐼𝑓 𝑥 = 1, 𝑓 1 = 𝑘 5 ∗ 1 + 2 = 7𝑘 Sum of the probability is 1,

7𝑘 + 12𝑘 + 17𝑘 = 1
𝐼𝑓 𝑥 = 2, 𝑓 2 = 𝑘 5 ∗ 2 + 2 = 12𝑘
36𝑘 = 1
𝐼𝑓 𝑥 = 3, 𝑓 3 = 𝑘 5 ∗ 3 + 2 = 17𝑘
𝟏
𝒌=
𝟑𝟔
Example 6:
Let X be a random variable , and 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) is the PMF given by
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
P(X = x) 0 k 2k 2k 3k 𝑘2 2𝑘 2 7𝑘 2 + 𝑘
1. Determine the value of k
2. Find the probability (i) P(X≤ 6), (ii) P(3<x≤ 6 )

Solution:

1. ∑P(xi) = 1

0 + k + 2k + 2k + 3k + k2 + 2k2 + 7k2+ k = 1
9k + 10k2 = 1 So, 10k – 1 = 0 and k + 1 = 0
1
10k2 + 9k – 1 = 0 Thus, k = and k = -1
10
(10k – 1) ( k + 1 ) = 0 𝟏
Hence, the value of k is .
𝟏𝟎
 X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 𝟏
𝒌=
P(X = x) 0 k 2k 2k 3k 𝑘2 2𝑘 2 7𝑘 2 + 𝑘 𝟏𝟎

2. Find the probability (i) P(X≤ 6), (ii) P(3<x≤ 6 )

(i) 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 6) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 2) + … + 𝑃(𝑋 = 6)
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑃 𝑋 ≤ 6 =0+ +2 + +2 +3 + +2
10 10 10 10 10 10
𝟖𝟑
𝑷 𝑿≤ 𝟔 = 𝒐𝒓 𝟎. 𝟖𝟑
𝟏𝟎𝟎
Alternative solution, using complement,
𝑃 𝑋 ≤ 6 = 1 − 𝑃(𝑥 > 6) = 1 − 2𝑘 2 + 𝑘
2
1 1
=1− 2 +
10 10
𝟖𝟑
𝑷 𝑿≤ 𝟔 = 𝒐𝒓 𝟎. 𝟖𝟑
𝟏𝟎𝟎
 X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
P(X = x) 0 k 2k 2k 3k 𝑘2 2𝑘 2 7𝑘 2 + 𝑘

2. Find the probability (i) P(X≤ 6), (ii) P(3<x≤ 6 )

(ii) 𝑃(3 < 𝑋 ≤ 6) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 4) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 5) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 6)

𝑃 3 < 𝑋 ≤ 6 = 3𝑘 + 𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 2
2 2
1 1 1
=3 + +2
10 10 10

𝟑𝟑
P 3<𝑋≤ 6 = 𝒐𝒓 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑
𝟏𝟎𝟎
•A discrete probability function must satisfy the following: 0≤f(x) ≤1, i.e., the
values of f(x) are probabilities, hence between 0 and 1.

•A discrete probability function must also satisfy the following: ∑f(x)=1, i.e.,
adding the probabilities of all disjoint cases, we obtain the probability of the
sample space, 1.

•The probability mass function has the same purpose as the probability
histogram, and displays specific probabilities for each discrete random
variable. The only difference is how it looks graphically.
•A random variable is a number generated by a random experiment.

•A random variable is called discrete if its possible values form a finite or

countable set.

•A random variable is called continuous if its possible values contain a whole

interval of numbers.

•discrete random variable: obtained by counting values for which there

are no in-between values, such as the integers 0, 1, 2, ….

•probability distribution: A function of a discrete random variable yielding

the probability that the variable will have a given value.

•probability mass function: a function that gives the relative probability

that a discrete random variable is exactly equal to some value
Expected Values of Discrete Random Variables

The expected value (or expectation, mathematical expectation, EV, mean, or first
moment) of a random variable is the weighted average of all possible values that
this random variable can take on. The weights used in computing this average
are probabilities in the case of a discrete random variable.

The expectation value of a random variable X is defined as:

𝐸 𝑋 = 𝑥1 𝑝1 + 𝑥2 𝑝2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑖 𝑝𝑖

which can also be written as:

𝐸 𝑋 = σ𝑥𝑖 𝑝𝑖
𝐸 𝑋 =𝜇
Example 1:

Let X represent the outcome of a roll of a six-sided die. The possible values
1
for X are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, all equally likely (each having the probability of ).
6

Solution:

The expectation of X is:

𝑬 𝑿 = 𝒙𝟏 𝒑𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒑𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝒙𝟔 𝒑𝟔

1 1 1 1 1 1
𝐸𝑋 = 1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6
6 6 6 6 6 6
𝑬 𝑿 = 𝟑. 𝟓
Example 2:
A student organization in a university organizes a raffle each month to raise
funds for their projects. One thousand raffle tickets are sold for P1 each. Each
has an equal chance of winning. First prize is P300, second prize is P200, and
third prize is P100. Let X denote the net gain from the purchase of one ticket.

(a) Construct the probability distribution of X.

(b) Find the probability of winning any money in the purchase of one ticket.
(c) Find the expected value of X, and interpret its meaning.

Solution:

(a) Construct the probability distribution of X.

Let X denote the net gain from the purchase of one ticket.

x 299 199 99 -1
P(x) 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.997
(b) Find the probability of winning any money in the purchase of one ticket.

x 299 199 99 -1
P(x) 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.997

𝑃 𝑊 = 𝑃 299 + 𝑃 199 + 𝑃(99)

= 0.001 + 0.001 + 0.001
𝑷 𝑾 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑

(c) Find the expected value of X, and interpret its meaning.

E 𝑋 = 299 0.001 + 199 0.001 + 99 0.001 + (−1)(0.997)

E 𝑿 = −𝟎. 𝟒
It means that on the average, if someone buys tickets
repeatedly, he would lose 40 centavos per ticket purchase.
Example 3:
A life insurance company will sell a $200,000 one-year term life insurance policy
to an individual in a particular risk group for a premium of $195. Find the
expected value to the company of a single policy if a person in this risk group has
a 99.97% chance of surviving one year.

Solution:
Let X denote the net gain to the company from the sale of one such policy.

x 195 -199,805
P(x) 0.9997 0.0003

E 𝑋 = 195 0.9997 + (−199,805)(0.0003)

E 𝑿 = 𝟏𝟑𝟓
The net gain of $135 per policy sold, on average.
The expected value of a discrete variable X: 𝑬(𝑿) = ෍ 𝒙 ∙ 𝒑(𝒙) = 𝝁

The expectation of a function 𝒈(𝑿): 𝑬[𝒈 𝑿 ] = ෍ 𝒈(𝒙) ∙ 𝒑(𝒙)

𝟐
The variance of X: 𝝈𝟐 = 𝑬 𝑿 − 𝝁 𝟐 =෍ 𝑿−𝝁 ∙ 𝒑(𝒙)

The expectation of the

squared distance of X
from its mean

Relationship: 𝑬 𝑿−𝝁 𝟐 = 𝑬 𝑿𝟐 − 𝑬(𝑿) 𝟐

Example 4:
Suppose you bought a coin that has a probability of 0.6 of coming up
heads when flipped.

Let X represent the number of heads when this coin is tossed twice.
x 0 1 2
P(x) 0.16 0.48 0.36

What is 𝐸(𝑋)?

Solution:
𝑬(𝑿) = ෍ 𝒙 ∙ 𝒑(𝒙)

𝐸 𝑋 = 0 ∙ 0.16 + 1 ∙ 0.48 + 2 ∙ 0.36

𝑬 𝑿 = 𝟏. 𝟐
𝟏. 𝟐
 x 0 1 2
P(x) 0.16 0.48 0.36

What is 𝐸(𝑋 2 )?

Solution:
𝑬(𝑿𝟐 ) = ෍ 𝒙𝟐 ∙ 𝒑(𝒙)

= 02 ∙ 0.16 + 12 ∙ 0.48 + 22 ∙ 0.36

= 𝟏. 𝟗𝟐
 x 0 1 2
𝑬 𝑿 = 𝟏. 𝟐
P(x) 0.16 0.48 0.36

What is the variance of 𝑋?

The expectation of the
Solution: squared distance of X
from its mean
𝝈𝟐 = 𝑬 𝑿 − 𝝁 𝟐

=෍ 𝑿−𝝁 𝟐 ∙ 𝒑(𝒙)

= (0 − 1.2)2 ∙ 0.16
+ 1 − 1.2 2 ∙ 0.48
+ 2 − 1.2 2 ∙ 0.36
𝝈𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖
 x 0 1 2
P(x) 0.16 0.48 0.36

𝑬 𝑿 = 𝟏. 𝟐
𝑬(𝑿𝟐 ) = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟐
𝑬 𝑿−𝝁 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖

𝟐 = 𝑬 𝑿𝟐 − 𝑬(𝑿) 𝟐
Relationship: 𝑬 𝑿−𝝁
= 1.92 − 1.2 2

= 0.48
Example 5: Solution:
Let X be the number of
𝑬(𝑿) = ෍ 𝒙 ∙ 𝒑(𝒙)
workouts in a week.
= 0 ∙ 0.1 + 1 ∙ 0.15 + 2 ∙ 0.4
x P(x) + 3 ∙ 0.25 + 4 ∙ 0.1
0 0.1
𝑬 𝑿 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟎
1 0.15
2 0.4
𝝈𝟐 = ෍ 𝑿 − 𝝁 𝟐 ∙ 𝒑(𝒙)
3 0.25
4 0.1
= (0 − 2.1)2 ∙ 0.1 + 1 − 2.1 2 ∙ 0.15 +
2 − 2.1 2 ∙ 0.4 + 3 − 2.1 2 ∙ 0.25
Find 𝐸(𝑥). +(4 − 2.1)2 ∙ 0.1
What is the variance of 𝝈𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟗
this distribution?
𝝈 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟗 ≈ 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗
Example 6:
A discrete random variable X has the following probability distribution:

x -1 0 1 4
P(x) 0.2 0.5 𝑎 0.1
Compute the following quantities:

(a) 𝑎
(b) 𝑃(0)
(c) 𝑃(𝑋 > 0)
(d) 𝑃 𝑋≥0
(e) 𝑃 𝑋 ≤ −2
(f) 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝜇 𝑜𝑓 𝑋
(g) 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝜎 2 𝑜𝑓 𝑋
(h) 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝜎 𝑜𝑓 𝑋
Solutions: x -1 0 1 4
P(x) 0.2 0.5 𝑎 0.1

(a) Find 𝑎 (d) 𝑃 𝑋 ≥ 0

σ 𝑃 𝑥 =1 𝑃 𝑋 ≥ 0 = 𝑃 0 + 𝑃 1 + 𝑃(4)
0.2 + 0.5 + 𝑎 + 0.1 = 1 = 0.5 + 0.2 + 0.1
𝑎 = 1 − 0.2 − 0.5 − 0.1 𝑷 𝑿 ≥ 𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟖
𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟐
(e) 𝑃 𝑋 ≤ −2 =𝟎
(b) 𝑃(0) = 𝟎. 𝟓
The event 𝑋 ≤ −2 is impossible.
(c) 𝑃(𝑋 > 0)
𝑃 𝑋 > 0 = 𝑃 1 + 𝑃(4)
= 0.2 +0.1
𝑷 𝑿 > 𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟑
Solutions: x -1 0 1 4
P(x) 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.1

(f) Find 𝜇 (𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒)

𝝁 = 𝑬(𝑿) = ෍ 𝒙 ∙ 𝒑(𝒙) = −1 0.2 + 0 0.5 + 1 0.2 + (4)(0.1)
𝝁 = 𝟎. 𝟒

(g) Find 𝜎 2 (𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒)

𝝈𝟐 = ෍ 𝑿 − 𝝁 𝟐
∙ 𝒑(𝒙)
= (−1 − 0.4)2 ∙ 0.2 + 0 − 0.4 2 ∙ 0.5 + 1 − 0.4 2 ∙ 0.2 + 4 − 0.4 2 ∙ 0.1
𝝈𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟒
(h) Find 𝜎 (𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝜎 = 1.84 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟓𝟔𝟓
Home Work will be posted in our
Classwork Tab.