Considerations Before Creating a Database

• Database creation prepares several operating system files so they can

work together as an Oracle database.

• You need only create a database once, regardless of how many data files it
has or how many instances access it.

• Creating a database can also erase information in an existing database

and create a new database with the same name and physical structure.
Considerations Before Creating a Database

Creation Prerequisites
To create a new database, you must have the following:

• the operating system privileges associated with a fully operational database

administrator

• sufficient memory to start the Oracle instance

• sufficient disk storage space for the planned database on the computer that executes
Oracle
Object Types
• Listener port: Allows Oracle client connections to the database via the Oracle's
SQL*Net protocol. You can configure it during installation. Port 1521 is the default client
connections port, however, you can configure another TCP port via the Oracle
configuration and administration tools.

• A CDB includes zero, one, or many customer-created pluggable databases (PDBs). A

PDB is a portable collection of schemas, schema objects, and non-schema objects that
appears to an Oracle Net client as a non-CDB . ... A common user is a database user
known in every container .

• A pluggable database (PDB) is a portable collection of schemas, schema objects, and

nonschema objects that appears to an Oracle Net client as a non-CDB. PDBs can be
plugged into to CDBs. A CDB can contain multiple PDBs. Each PDB appears on the
network as a separate database.
Oracle create table statement

• To create table in oracle database, you use the create table statement.

• The basic syntax of the create table statement

CREATE TABLE schema_name.table_name(

Column_1 data_type column_constraint,

Column_2 data_type column_constraint,

……

Table_constraint

);
Oracle create table example

• The following example shows how to create a new table named persons in
csStudent schema

CREATE TABLE csStudent2.persons(

Person_id NUMBER GENERATED BY DEFAULT AS IDENTITY,

first_name VARCHAR2(50) NOT NULL,

last_name VARCHAR2(50) NOT NULL,

PRIMARY KEY(person_id)

);
create user csStudent2 IDENTIFIED by "oracle";
grant all privileges to csStudent identified by "oracle";
Oracle
Insert statement:
insert into CSSTUDENT.persons values(1, 'abebe', 'kebede’);
Select statement
select * from csstudent.persons;
Update statement
update csstudent.persons
set first_name = 'Belay'
where last_name = 'kebede’;
Drop table statement
drop table csStudent.persons;
Oracle alter table example
• The alter table statement is used to add, delete, or modify columns in existing table.

• the alter table statement is also used to add and drop various constraints on an existing table.

• Syntax:
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD column_name datatype;

• Example:
Alter table csStudent.persons
Add email varchar(255);
Oracle alter table example

• Syntax:
ALTER TABLE table_name
DROP COLUMN column_name;

• Syntax:
ALTER TABLE table_name
MODIFY COLUMN column_name data_type;
Introduction to Oracle Objects
• Oracle object types are user-defined types that make it possible to model real-world
entities, such as customers and purchase orders, as objects in the database.

• New object types can be created from any built-in database types and any previously
created object types, object references, and collection types.

• Object types can work with complex data, such as images, audio, and video.

• Oracle Database stores metadata for user-defined types in a schema that is available to
SQL, PL/SQL, Java, and other languages.

• Object types are also known as user-defined types or ADTs.

Advantages of Objects
• In general, the object-type model is similar to the class mechanism found in C++ and Java.

• Like classes, the reusability of objects makes it possible to develop database applications
faster and more efficient.

• Objects offer other advantages over a purely relational approach, such as:

• Objects Can Encapsulate Operations Along with Data

• Objects Are Efficient

• Objects Can Represent Part-Whole Relationships

Database Features of Oracle Objects
• The following are features and concepts of the object-relational model that are
related to the database.

• Object types

• Object instances

• Object methods

• Object identifiers

• Object views

• Type inheritance
Object Types
• An object type is a kind of data type.

• You can use it in the same ways that you use standard data types such as NUMBER or
VARCHAR2.
Oracle Objects

• An object type allows you to create composite types.

• Using objects allow you to implement real world objects with specific structure of
data and methods for operating it.

• Objects have attributes and methods.

• Attributes are properties of an object and are used for storing an object's state; and
methods are used for modelling its behaviour.

• Objects are created using the CREATE [OR REPLACE] TYPE statement.
Oracle create object example

• an example to create a simple address object consisting of few attributes −

CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE address AS OBJECT

(house_no varchar2(10),

street varchar2(30),

city varchar2(20),

state varchar2(10),

pincode varchar2(10)

);
Oracle Methods

• Object methods implement behaviour that objects of that type perform.

• Object methods, also known as subprograms, are functions or procedures that you can
declare in an object type definition to implement behaviour that you want objects of that
type to perform.

• An application calls the subprograms to invoke the behaviour.

• Subprograms can be written in PL/SQL or virtually any other programming language.

Oracle Methods … Cont..
• Member Methods

• Methods for Comparing Objects

• Static Methods

• Constructor Methods

• External Implemented Methods

Member Methods
• Member methods provide an application with access to the data of an object instance.

• You define a member method in the object type for each operation that you want an
object of that type to be able to perform.

• Non-comparison member methods are declared as either MEMBER FUNCTION or

MEMBER PROCEDURE.

• Comparison methods use MAP MEMBER FUNCTION or ORDER MEMBER FUNCTION as

described in "Member Methods for Comparing Objects".
Oracle create object example
• Let's create one more object customer where we will wrap attributes and methods
together to have object-oriented feeling

CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE customer AS OBJECT

(code number(5),

name varchar2(30),

contact_no varchar2(12),

addr address,

member procedure display

);
Instantiating an Object

• Defining an object type provides a blueprint for the object.

• To use this object, you need to create instances of this object.

• You can access the attributes and methods of the object using the instance name and the
access operator (.) .
DECLARE
residence address;
BEGIN
residence := address('103A', 'M.G.Road', 'Jaipur', 'Rajasthan','201301');
dbms_output.put_line('House No: '|| residence.house_no);
dbms_output.put_line('Street: '|| residence.street);
dbms_output.put_line('City: '|| residence.city);
dbms_output.put_line('State: '|| residence.state);
dbms_output.put_line('Pincode: '|| residence.pincode);
END;
Member Methods
• Member methods are used for manipulating the attributes of the object.

• You provide the declaration of a member method while declaring the object type.

• The object body defines the code for the member methods. The object body is created
using the CREATE TYPE BODY statement.

• Constructors are functions that return a new object as its value.

• Every object has a system defined constructor method.

• The name of the constructor is same as the object type.

The comparison methods are used for comparing objects. There are two ways to compare
objects −

Map method
The Map method is a function implemented in such a way that its value depends upon the
value of the attributes.

Order method
The Order method implements some internal logic for comparing two objects.

https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/19/adobj/object-
methods.html#GUID-62ACE97A-5DD9-402A-B8B0-999AC488CAA2
Using Map method

CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE rectangle AS OBJECT

length number,

width number,

member function enlarge( inc number) return rectangle,

member procedure display,

map member function measure return number

);
The syntax to create a function in Oracle is:
CREATE [OR REPLACE] FUNCTION function_name
[ (parameter [,parameter]) ]
RETURN return_datatype
IS | AS
[declaration_section]
BEGIN
executable_section
[EXCEPTION
exception_section]
END [function_name];

Drop Function
Once you have created your function in Oracle, you might find that you need to remove
it from the database.
DROP FUNCTION function_name;
 CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE BODY rectangle AS
MEMBER FUNCTION enlarge(inc number) return rectangle IS

BEGIN
return rectangle(self.length + inc, self.width + inc);
END enlarge;
MEMBER PROCEDURE display IS
Creating the type BEGIN

body dbms_output.put_line('Length: '|| length);

dbms_output.put_line('Width: '|| width);
END display;
MAP MEMBER FUNCTION measure return number IS

BEGIN
return (sqrt(length*length + width*width));
END measure;

END;
 DECLARE
r1 rectangle;
r2 rectangle;
r3 rectangle;
inc_factor number := 5;
Now using the
BEGIN
rectangle object r1 := rectangle(3, 4);

and its member r2 := rectangle(5, 7);

r3 := r1.enlarge(inc_factor);
functions
r3.display;
IF (r1 > r2) THEN -- calling measure function
r1.display;
ELSE
r2.display;
END IF;

END;
Using Order method

CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE rectangle AS OBJECT

(length number,
width number,
member procedure display,
order member function measure(r rectangle) return number
);
 CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE BODY rectangle AS
MEMBER PROCEDURE display IS
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line('Length: '|| length);
dbms_output.put_line('Width: '|| width);
END display;
Creating the type ORDER MEMBER FUNCTION measure(r rectangle) return number IS

body BEGIN
IF(sqrt(self.length*self.length + self.width*self.width)>
sqrt(r.length*r.length + r.width*r.width)) then
return(1);
ELSE
return(-1);
END IF;

END measure;
END;
 DECLARE
r1 rectangle;
r2 rectangle;

BEGIN
Now using the
r1 := rectangle(23, 44);
rectangle object r2 := rectangle(15, 17);
and its member r1.display;

functions r2.display;
IF (r1 > r2) THEN -- calling measure function
r1.display;
ELSE
r2.display;
END IF;

END;
Here are some other differences between map and order methods
Automatic invocation
• Both map and order methods are called automatically when two objects of the same type need to
be compared.
Number of methods
• You can only have one map or order method in an object type definition.
Object type
• Only a type that is not derived from another type can declare an order method.
Return values
• Map methods return values that are Oracle built-in data types, or ANSI SQL types.
• Order methods return a negative number, zero, or a positive number.
You can implement either a map or order method in the CREATE TYPE and CREATE TYPE BODY
statements.
Inheritance for PL/SQL Objects

• PL/SQL allows creating object from the existing base objects.

• To implement inheritance, the base objects should be declared as NOT FINAL. The
default is FINAL.

• Let us create another object named TableTop, this is inherited from the Rectangle
object.

• For this, we need to create the base rectangle object −

create the base rectangle object

CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE rectangle AS OBJECT

(length number,

width number,

member function enlarge( inc number) return rectangle,

NOT FINAL member procedure display) NOT FINAL
Creating the base type body
CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE BODY rectangle AS
MEMBER FUNCTION enlarge(inc number) return rectangle IS
BEGIN
return rectangle(self.length + inc, self.width + inc);

END enlarge;
MEMBER PROCEDURE display IS
BEGIN

dbms_output.put_line('Length: '|| length);

dbms_output.put_line('Width: '|| width);
END display;
END;
Creating the child object tabletop

CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE tabletop UNDER rectangle

(

material varchar2(20),

OVERRIDING member procedure display

)
Creating the type body for the child object tabletop

CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE BODY tabletop AS

OVERRIDING MEMBER PROCEDURE display IS

BEGIN

dbms_output.put_line('Length: '|| length);

dbms_output.put_line('Width: '|| width);

dbms_output.put_line('Material: '|| material);

END display;

END;
 DECLARE

t1 tabletop;
Using the
t2 tabletop;
tabletop object
and its member BEGIN

functions t1:= tabletop(20, 10, 'Wood');

t2 := tabletop(50, 30, 'Steel');

t1.display;

t2.display;

END;
Abstract Objects in PL/SQL

• The NOT INSTANTIABLE clause allows you to declare an abstract object. You cannot
use an abstract object as it is;

• you will have to create a subtype or child type of such objects to use its
functionalities.
 create table csstudent.graphics_table (
bfile_id number,
bfile_desc varchar2(30),
bfile_loc bfile,
bfile_type varchar2(4)
);

INSERT INTO csstudent2.graphics_table

VALUES(4,'April Book of Days’, bfilename('C:\Users\Faux\Desktop','1.JPG'),'JPEG');