ENUGU STATE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF EDUCATION
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT

ASSIGNMENT:
SUMMARY OF CHAPTER ONE AND TWO

BY
NAME: OLIVER ELIZABETH CHINEMEREM
REG NUMBER: 2024030220216
LEVEL: 100

COURSE TITLE: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

COURSE CODE: CSC 111

LECTURER: DR. NGENE

MARCH, 2025
CHAPTER ONE

SUMMARY OF THE OVERVIEW OF COMPUTERS:

Definition of a Computer

A computer is an electronic device that accepts data, processes it, and produces

output.

Basic Components of a Computer

1. Hardware: Physical components such as keyboard, mouse, monitor, central

processing unit (CPU), and memory.

2. Software: Programs and operating systems that run on the computer.

Hardware Components:

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU): The brain of the computer, responsible for

executing instructions.

2. Memory (RAM): Temporary storage for data and programs.

3. Storage Drive: Permanent storage for data, programs, and operating systems

(e.g., Hard Disk Drive (HDD) or Solid-State Drive (SSD)).

4. Power Supply: Converts Alternating Current (AC) power from the wall outlet to

Direct Current (DC) power for the computer's components.

5. Motherboard: Connects and supports all hardware components.

6. Graphics Card: Controls the output display and handles graphics processing.

7. Sound Card: Handles audio output and processing.

Input Devices:

1. Keyboard: Types text and enters commands.

2. Mouse: Controls the cursor and interacts with graphical user interfaces.

3. Scanner: Scans documents and images.

4. Webcam: Captures video and images.

Output Devices:

1. Monitor: Displays text, images, and video.

2. Printer: Prints documents and images.

3. Speakers: Produces audio output.

Software Components:

1. Operating System (OS): Manages computer hardware and provides a platform

for running applications (e.g., Windows, macOS, Linux).

2. Application Software: Performs specific tasks or provides services (e.g., word

processing, web browsing, gaming).

Functions of a Computer

1. Input: Accepting data through input devices such as keyboard and mouse.

2. Processing: Performing calculations and operations on the data using the CPU.

3. Storage: Storing data and programs in memory or storage devices.

4. Output: Producing results through output devices such as monitor and printer.
Types of Computers

1. Personal Computers (PCs): Desktops, laptops, and tablets.

2. Mainframe Computers: Large computers used by organizations for critical

applications.

3. Supercomputers: High-performance computers used for complex calculations

and simulations.

Applications of Computers

1. Business: Accounting, management, and communication.

2. Education: Learning, research, and administration.

3. Healthcare: Medical records, diagnosis, and treatment.

4. Entertainment: Games, multimedia, and social media.

Importance of computer:

1. Efficient Decision-Making: Accurate and timely information supports informed

decision-making.

2. Improved Communication: Clear and concise information facilitates effective

communication.

3. Enhanced Productivity: Automated data processing and information

management increase productivity.

4. Better Problem-Solving: Relevant and reliable information supports problem-

solving and critical thinking.

Efficiency and Speed

1. Fast Processing: Computers process information quickly and accurately.

2. Automated Tasks: Computers automate repetitive tasks, freeing up time for

more complex tasks.

Communication and Connectivity

1. Global Connectivity: Computers enable global communication and

collaboration through the internet.

2. Email and Messaging: Computers facilitate fast and efficient communication

through email and messaging apps.

Information Storage and Retrieval

1. Large Storage Capacity: Computers can store large amounts of data and

information.

2. Easy Retrieval: Computers enable quick and easy retrieval of stored information.

Education and Learning

1. Access to Information: Computers provide access to a vast amount of

information and educational resources.

2. Interactive Learning: Computers enable interactive and engaging learning

experiences through multimedia and simulations.

1. Gaming: Computers provide a platform for gaming and entertainment.

2. Multimedia: Computers enable the creation and playback of multimedia content,

such as videos and music.

Business and Commerce

1. Increased Productivity: Computers increase productivity and efficiency in

business operations.

2. E-commerce: Computers enable online commerce and trading, expanding

business opportunities.

Healthcare and Medicine

1. Medical Research: Computers facilitate medical research and analysis.

2. Electronic Health Records: Computers enable the storage and retrieval of

electronic health records.

Environmental Benefits

1. Reduced Paper Usage: Computers reduce the need for paper and other physical

materials.

2. Remote Work: Computers enable remote work, reducing the need for

commuting and minimizing carbon footprint

Stage 1: Data Collection

1. Gathering data from various sources, such as surveys, sensors, or databases.

2. Ensuring data quality and accuracy.

Stage 2: Data Preparation

1. Checking data for errors, inconsistencies, or inaccuracies.

2. Ensuring data meets specific criteria or standards.

Stage 3: Data Input

1. Entering collected data into a computer system or database.

2. Using input devices such as keyboards, scanners, or sensors.

Stage 4: Data Processing

1. Performing operations on data, such as calculations, sorting, or aggregating.

2. Using software or algorithms to transform data into meaningful information.

Stage 5: Data Interpretation

1. Drawing conclusions or making decisions based on analyzed data.

2. Identifying implications or recommendations for future actions.

Stage 6: Data Storage

1. Storing processed and analyzed data in a database or file system.

2. Ensuring data security, integrity, and accessibility.

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER CLASSIFICATION:

Definition of Computer Classification

Computer classification is the process of grouping computers into categories based

on their characteristics, features, and uses.

Purpose of Computer Classification

The purpose of computer classification is to:

1. Simplify understanding: Classification helps to simplify the understanding of

different types of computers.

2. Identify characteristics: Classification identifies the characteristics, features, and

uses of different computers.

3. Facilitate comparison: Classification facilitates comparison between different

types of computers.

Basis of Computer Classification

Computers can be classified based on various criteria, including:

1. Size and portability: Computers can be classified as desktop, laptop, tablet, or

smartphone based on their size and portability.

2. Processing power: Computers can be classified as low-end, mid-range, or high-

end based on their processing power.

embedded based on their functionality.

4. Usage: Computers can be classified as personal, business, or industrial based on

their usage.

Types of Computer Classification

There are several types of computer classification, including:

1. Functional classification: Classifies computers based on their functionality, such

as general-purpose, specialized, or embedded.

2. Physical classification: Classifies computers based on their physical

characteristics, such as size, weight, and portability.

3. Usage classification: Classifies computers based on their usage, such as

personal, business, or industrial.

Importance of Computer Classification

Computer classification is important because it:

1. Helps in decision-making: Classification helps users to make informed decisions

when selecting a computer.

2. Facilitates communication: Classification facilitates communication among

users, manufacturers, and vendors.

3. Simplifies maintenance: Classification simplifies maintenance and

troubleshooting by grouping computers with similar characteristics.

Classes of Computers:

1. Microcomputers: Personal computers, laptops, and mobile devices.

2. Minicomputers: Mid-range computers used for multi-user applications.

3. Mainframe Computers: Large computers used for enterprise-level applications.

4. Supercomputers: High-performance computers used for scientific simulations

and complex calculations.

Types of Computers:

1. Desktop Computers: Tower computers used for personal and professional

applications.

2. Laptop Computers: Portable computers used for mobile applications.

3. Tablet Computers: Touchscreen devices used for mobile applications.

4. Smartphones: Mobile devices used for communication and personal

applications.

5. Servers: Computers used to manage and provide access to network resources.

6. Workstations: High-performance computers used for specialized applications.

7. Embedded Computers: Computers integrated into other devices, such as

appliances and vehicles.

8. Gaming Computers: Specialized computers designed for gaming applications.

applications.

Other Types of Computers:

1. Hybrid Computers: Computers that combine different types of computers, such

as laptop-tablet hybrids.

2. Wearable Computers: Computers integrated into wearable devices, such as

smartwatches and fitness trackers.

3. Quantum Computers: Experimental computers that use quantum-mechanical

phenomena for computation.

4. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Computers: Computers designed to simulate human

intelligence and perform AI-related tasks.

Here's the classification of computers based on different criteria, including

historical development (computer generation):

Classification Based on Historical Development (Computer Generation):

1. First Generation (1940s-1950s): Vacuum tubes, manual programming, and

batch processing.

2. Second Generation (1950s-1960s): Transistors, assembly languages, and punch

cards.
3. Third Generation (1960s-1970s): Integrated circuits, high-level languages, and

terminals.

4. Fourth Generation (1970s-1980s): Microprocessors, personal computers, and

graphical user interfaces.

5. Fifth Generation (1980s-present): Artificial intelligence, parallel processing,

and multimedia.

Classification Based on Size and Portability:

1. Microcomputers: Personal computers, laptops, and mobile devices.

2. Minicomputers: Mid-range computers used for multi-user applications.

3. Mainframe Computers: Large computers used for enterprise-level applications.

4. Supercomputers: High-performance computers used for scientific simulations

and complex calculations.

Classification Based on Functionality:

1. General-Purpose Computers: Designed for a wide range of applications, such as

personal computers and laptops.

2. Specialized Computers: Designed for specific applications, such as gaming

consoles, embedded systems, and supercomputers.

3. Embedded Computers: Integrated into other devices, such as appliances,

vehicles, and industrial equipment.

Classification Based on Processing Power:

netbooks and mobile devices.

2. Mid-Range Computers: Computers with moderate processing power, such as

laptops and desktops.

3. High-End Computers: Advanced computers with high processing power, such

as gaming PCs, workstations, and supercomputers.

Classification Based on Usage:

1. Personal Computers: Used for personal applications, such as gaming, browsing,

and productivity.

2. Business Computers: Used for business applications, such as accounting,

marketing, and customer relationship management.

3. Industrial Computers: Used for industrial applications, such as process control,

automation, and monitoring.