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Python Notes PDF

The document explains how to loop through sequences like strings and lists to count occurrences of specific items. It covers examples of counting characters in a string, items in a list, and using conditions to count vowels. Additionally, it discusses list values, accessing and modifying them, and provides examples of basic and negative indexing, along with error handling and looping through list elements.

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shivanimishra10302526
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6 views4 pages

Python Notes PDF

The document explains how to loop through sequences like strings and lists to count occurrences of specific items. It covers examples of counting characters in a string, items in a list, and using conditions to count vowels. Additionally, it discusses list values, accessing and modifying them, and provides examples of basic and negative indexing, along with error handling and looping through list elements.

Uploaded by

shivanimishra10302526
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Looping and Counting –

We are looping through a sequence (like a string or list) and counting how many times
something appears.

Example: Count characters in a string


Let’s say We want to count how many times the letter 'a' appears:
text = "banana"
count = 0

for char in text:


if char == 'a':
count += 1

print("Number of a's:", count)

Output:
Number of a's: 3

Example: Count items in a list


colors = ["red", "blue", "green", "red", "red"]
count = 0

for color in colors:


if color == "red":
count += 1

print("Number of reds:", count)

Alternative: Use .count() (if just counting directly)


text = "banana"
print(text.count("a")) # Output: 3

But a loop gives We more control if We're doing multiple things at once.

Loop + Count Example with Conditions


Count how many vowels are in a string:
text = "hello world"
vowels = "aeiou"
count = 0

for char in text:


if char in vowels:
count += 1
print("Vowel count:", count) # Output: 3

Summary
Task How to do it
Loop over string/list for item in sequence:
Count with condition if item == target: count += 1
Count directly sequence.count(target)

What Are List Values:


A list is a collection of values, called elements or items, stored in a single variable. List values can
be anything: strings, numbers, other lists, even mixed types.

Example:
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
mixed = ["hello", 42, True]

Accessing List Values (Indexing)


We can access list values using index numbers, starting at 0:
print(fruits[0]) # apple
print(fruits[2]) # cherry

We can also use negative indexes to start from the end:


print(fruits[-1]) # cherry (last item)

Modifying List Values


Lists are mutable, meaning We can change values directly:
fruits[1] = "blueberry"
print(fruits) # ['apple', 'blueberry', 'cherry']
Adding Values
fruits.append("date") # Add to the end
fruits.insert(1, "avocado") # Add at a specific index

Removing Values
fruits.remove("apple") # Remove by value
fruits.pop() # Remove last item

Looping Through List Values


for fruit in fruits:
print(fruit)

Check If a Value Is in the List


if "banana" in fruits:
print("Yes, it's there!")

Count, Sort, and More


numbers = [5, 2, 9, 1]

print(len(numbers)) # 4
print(numbers.count(2)) # 1
numbers.sort() # [1, 2, 5, 9]
numbers.reverse() # [9, 5, 2, 1]

Summary
Action Code Example
Access value my_list[0]
Modify value my_list[1] = "new"
Add value my_list.append("new")
Remove value my_list.remove("old")
Loop through for x in my_list:
Count values my_list.count("x")
Accessing Elements in Python:
We can access individual elements of sequences like lists or strings using indexing.

Basic Indexing
my_list = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(my_list[0]) # apple
print(my_list[1]) # banana
print(my_list[2]) # cherry

• Indexing starts at 0
• So my_list[0] is the first item

Negative Indexing
We can also use negative numbers to start counting from the end:
print(my_list[-1]) # cherry (last item)
print(my_list[-2]) # banana

Accessing Characters in a String


Strings work just like lists of characters:
word = "Python"
print(word[0]) # P
print(word[-1]) # n

Out of Range Error


Be careful! If We try to access an index that doesn’t exist, Python will raise an error:
print(my_list[3]) # ❌ IndexError: list index out of range

Accessing in Loops
To go through each element, use a loop:
for item in my_list:
print(item)

Or, to access by index:


for i in range(len(my_list)):
print(f"Index {i}: {my_list[i]}")

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