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Proposed Designand Modelingof Smart Traffic Light Systemusing Arduino

The document presents a proposed design for a smart traffic light system utilizing Arduino and ultrasonic sensors to dynamically control traffic signals based on real-time traffic conditions. The system aims to reduce traffic congestion and accidents by adjusting signal timings automatically when no vehicles are detected at certain signals. The methodology involves a three-step process for managing traffic flow at intersections, ensuring efficiency and safety for both drivers and pedestrians.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
10 views13 pages

Proposed Designand Modelingof Smart Traffic Light Systemusing Arduino

The document presents a proposed design for a smart traffic light system utilizing Arduino and ultrasonic sensors to dynamically control traffic signals based on real-time traffic conditions. The system aims to reduce traffic congestion and accidents by adjusting signal timings automatically when no vehicles are detected at certain signals. The methodology involves a three-step process for managing traffic flow at intersections, ensuring efficiency and safety for both drivers and pedestrians.
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Proposed Design and Modeling of Smart Traffic Light System using Arduino

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DOI: 10.37376/glj.vi69.4256

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‫جامعة بنغازي‬
‫مجلة العلوم والدارسات االنسانية – المرج‬
‫مجلة علمية الكترونية محكمة‬
ISSN: 2312 – 4962 2014 / 284 ‫رقم اإليداع بدار الكتب الوطنية‬

Proposed Design and Modeling of Smart Traffic Light


System using Arduino

Ibrahim Mohammed1, Saleh Mohammed2, Raja.A Moftah1


1-Information Technology Department, Benghazi University, Al- Marj Branch, Libya
2-Computer Sciences Department, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Bayda, Libya

‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬

Abstract.
The most benefit from use traffic signals lights were reduced the number of accidents on roads
also helped for movement of traffic securely without collision. This paper is designed to develop
a dynamic traffic light control where if there is no traffic on the other signal then one should not
wait for this signal. The system which includes light traffic will control this signal and move to
the next signal. The signal timing changes automatically when traffic intensity is sensed at the
intersection. The microcontroller used in this project is "ARDUINO", also there are another
device such as ultrasound sensors (transmitter and receiver) that are mounted on both sides of the
road on poles, the aim of this research to solve and development problem of the road traffic, by
using C++ language, electric wires, resistance, electronic board and ultrasonic. In the end,
fortunately the results were very accurate.
Keyword: Smart traffic light, Arduino, Ultrasound sensors

'
'

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‫م‬2022 ‫ يونيو‬/25 – ‫العدد واحد وثمانون‬
‫جامعة بنغازي‬
‫مجلة العلوم والدارسات االنسانية – المرج‬
‫مجلة علمية الكترونية محكمة‬
ISSN: 2312 – 4962 2014 / 284 ‫رقم اإليداع بدار الكتب الوطنية‬

I- INTRODUCTION.
Nowadays, Traffic creates several problems in cities and public roads. Traffic,
high speed, and junctions have caused many traffic accidents and claimed many lives.
There must be a solution to regulate and reduce traffic. This led to the invention of
traffic signals. The three colors traffic light has emerged to control vehicular traffic at
junctions and pedestrian crossings. In the past, the traffic signals were manually done
by the traffic officer, who controls the traffic system according to his view. With the
development of science and technology, an automatic traffic light control system has
emerged that is widely used to control the flow of cars as necessary. Remote control
for the traffic lights provides the traffic department which is full control of traffic
signals. This way enables the department to open roads that were necessary to reduce
traffic at junctions. The importance of this study is to show that all traffic signals,
done manually by the traffic officer in the past, could be automatically used by the
proposed smart system. This may well reduce the traffic officer's effort during
working hours. It is also ensuring the safety of traffic to both, drivers and passengers.

The first traffic light was on December 10, 1868 outside the British Parliament
in London, the police officer was used to organize the passage of horse-drawn
carriages, especially in the nighttime periods when darkness and fog intensifies, and
was invented by the railway engineer "J. P. Knight" [1] [2]. The design combined
three semaphore arms with red and green gas lamps for night-time use, on a pillar,
operated by a police constable, the gas lantern was manually turned by a traffic police
officer with a lever at its base so that the appropriate light faced traffic. The traffic
light in its shape is close to the current shape with electric lights and without arms, an
electric traffic light was developed in 1912 [3] by Lester Wire, a policeman in Salt
Lake City, Utah, who also used red-green lights. Bells were added to the signal
system to alert drivers of a change in color, [4] but they were later replaced by yellow
in 1918 [5], which is the color currently recognized in the traffic light, and the first
sign of this type was installed in New York City. In the last decade of the twentieth
century, specifically in 1990, electronic tuning meters began to be used to help
pedestrians know if there was enough time to pass before the signal was converted
into color.
Many theoretical and scientific studies have been made to smart traffic lights
system. We are going to tackle some of them as follows: The study of Naveen in 2019
designed a system to control dynamic traffic signals, which is based on changing the
time of traffic signal automatically when there is traffic at junction. Arduino, would
be the controller in this study, it contains infrared transmitters and receivers which are
installed on roadsides. This system is activated when cars pass through infrared
transmitters and receivers. The microcontroller controls decide the time of changing
traffic lights. It also controls infrared system and activates only when cars pass
through infrared sensors based on traffic [6]

 The Control

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‫جامعة بنغازي‬
‫مجلة العلوم والدارسات االنسانية – المرج‬
‫مجلة علمية الكترونية محكمة‬
ISSN: 2312 – 4962 2014 / 284 ‫رقم اإليداع بدار الكتب الوطنية‬

It is about repositioning system to go through the right direction. It depends on a series of


orders issued for this purpose.

 Control Device Types


Control device types can be divided according to how controlling order reached the
device as follows:

 Remote Control
It is about instruction set allow to access to information about something without any direct
contact with the device, which receives information.

 Types of remote control


They are divided into two types according to used type waves: infrared remote control; and
radio waves remote control.

 Mechanism of action remote control


The mechanism of the remote control works differently depending on the type of waves to
do in it, but the result is the same, which is in short, the conversion of digital commands to
be sent to the common wave between the transmitter (remote control) and the receiving
device.

 Automatic Control
This type of control does not require the presence of an individual or worker in order to do
a certain act when wanting to do a certain thing, but rather, an automatic system performs a
specific event when it is intended to occur according to programming [7].

 Microcontrollers
The microcontroller is a one-chip integrated computer that is used to control a group of
other devices, and like all other computers, the microcontroller contains the same internal
components as a computer, but with different capabilities in terms of quantity and strength
clearer definition. A microprocessor is a computer processor which incorporates the
functions of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit (IC),
or at most a few integrated circuits. The microprocessor is a multipurpose, clock driven,
register based, digital-integrated circuit which accepts binary data as input, processes it
according to instructions stored in its memory, and provides results as output.
Microprocessors contain both combinational logic and sequential digital logic.
Microprocessors operate on numbers and symbols represented in the binary numeral system
[8]. The integration of a whole CPU onto a single chip or on a few chips greatly reduced
the cost of processing power, increasing efficiency. Integrated circuit processors are
produced in large numbers by highly automated processes resulting in a low per unit cost.
Single-chip processors increase reliability as there are many fewer electrical connections to
fail. As microprocessor designs get better, the cost of manufacturing a chip (with smaller
components built on a semiconductor chip the same size) generally stays the same [8].

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‫جامعة بنغازي‬
‫مجلة العلوم والدارسات االنسانية – المرج‬
‫مجلة علمية الكترونية محكمة‬
ISSN: 2312 – 4962 2014 / 284 ‫رقم اإليداع بدار الكتب الوطنية‬

 Microcontrollers (PIC)
Developed by the company (Microchip), PIC controllers are characterized by low price and
high quality, and are an ideal choice in applications such as control of various processes in
the industry and automatic control devices [9].

 Microcontrollers (AVR)
The AVR controls developed by Atmel are characterized by efficiency, flexibility and
unprecedented performance, in addition to their low price, which made them the preferred
choice for amateurs and professionals [10].

 Arduino Definition
In 2011 Arduino revolutionized, Arduino is a microcontroller-based device, which is
open-source hardware and software, Arduino boards are commercially available in pre-
bundled form. Arduino board designs use a wide variety of microprocessors and
controllers. The panels are equipped with groups of digital and analog I /
O pins that can be connected with different expansion boards (shields) and other circuits.
Boards feature serial communication interfaces, including universal serial bus (USB), in
some models, which are also used to download software from personal computers.
Microcontrollers are usually programmed using a dialect of features from C and C ++
programming languages. In addition to using traditional compiler toolkits, the Arduino
project provides an integrated development environment (IDE) based on the processing
language project. The device consists of a simple open-source firmware board designed
around the 8-bit Atmel AVR controller or the 32-bit Atmel ARM controller. The program
consists of a standard programming language interpreter and a bootloader that are
implemented on the microcontroller [11] . Additionally, Arduino were simplicity, cheaper
price, self-assembly, multi-platform and an easy and simple software environment.

 Arduino Models
Panels differ from each other in terms of input and output numbers, which determine the
devices number that can be controlled. Also, to sensor numbers that can be integrated with
panels and microcontroller type inside them. There are 40 types of Arduino panels that vary
in size, shape, capabilities, price, and commensurate with all ideas and designs [12] [13].
 Arduino Uno
It is a microcontroller circuit that depends on Atmega 328 processor. This circuit consists
of 14 inputs and outputs of digital type.

 Arduino Nano
It has the same capabilities as Arduino Uno. However, it is small in size.

 Arduino Mega2560
It is distinguished by having the largest memory and largest inputs and outputs amongst
other Arduino parts. Also, it is considered the best and most expensive one compared to

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‫جامعة بنغازي‬
‫مجلة العلوم والدارسات االنسانية – المرج‬
‫مجلة علمية الكترونية محكمة‬
ISSN: 2312 – 4962 2014 / 284 ‫رقم اإليداع بدار الكتب الوطنية‬

other parts.
 Arduino Mini
It is a small Arduino that contains 14 digital inputs and outputs.

II-METHODOLOGY.

The working of the project is divided into three steps: there is traffic at all the signals, then the
system will work normally by controlling the signals one by one. -If there is no traffic near a signal,
then the system will skip this signal and will move on to the next one. For example, if there is no
vehicle at signal 2, 3 and currently the system is allowing vehicles at signal 1 to pass. Then after
signal 1, the system will move on to signal 4 skipping signal 2 and 3.
-If there is no traffic at all the 4 signals, system will stop at the current signal and will only move on
the next signal if there will.

 Arduino Software
Sketches, the software programs, can be created by computers using Arduino Integrated
Development Environment (IDE). This IDE enables you write, edit, and convert codes to orders,
which can be read by Arduino. In addition, the IDE transmits these orders to Arduino panel, a
process called "uploading" [14].

 Arduino Hardware
The Arduino panel is a place where codes are executed. Only this Arduino panel can control and
respond to electricity. Therefore, Specific components are linked to it to enable interaction with real
world. These components can be sensors that transmit some aspects of physical world to electricity
so that panel could sense it. Otherwise, operators that get electricity from panel and transmit it to
something can change the world including examples for ultrasound sensing distance. Engines are
something like lights, lamps, speakers, engines, and screens. The most common panels contain
USB, which is used for energy-saving, and connect to uploading software program to panel [13].

 Arduino Mega2560
It is based on control panel based on PWM. It consists of 54 input and output digital pins, 15 of
them can be used as serial outputs for UARTs 16 devices (analog inputs, and 4 outputs),
reconfigure button ICSP, the power socket, a 16 MHz USB crystal oscillating head, and
connecting. It meets all requirements for microcontroller support All you have to do is to connect it
to a computer via USB, restart it by the ac adaptor, or by a battery for starting-up. In addition,
Arduino panel 2560 corresponds to most of previous panels [15]

 Processor
The main brain of the Arduino Uno is the Atmel AVR ATmega328, the black, rectangular plastic
block with two rows of pins protruding from its sides. On the SMD version, the processor is one of

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‫م‬2022 ‫ يونيو‬/25 – ‫العدد واحد وثمانون‬
‫جامعة بنغازي‬
‫مجلة العلوم والدارسات االنسانية – المرج‬
‫مجلة علمية الكترونية محكمة‬
ISSN: 2312 – 4962 2014 / 284 ‫رقم اإليداع بدار الكتب الوطنية‬

the two miniscule black squares soldered directly to the PCB [16]. This device is essentially a
computer on a chip, containing a central processing unit (CPU), memory arrays, clocks, and
peripherals in a single package. The ATmega328 chip is derived from the original Arduino
processor, the ATmega8. It contains more memory and more peripheral capability than its
predecessor while using less power. The ATmega328 processor can operate from a wide range of

power-supply voltages, from 1.8V to 5.5V. This makes it well-suited for battery-powered
applications. At the lowest voltages, the processor has a maximum clock rate of 4MHz (millions of
cycles per second). Increase the supply voltage to at least 2.7V, and you can increase the clock rate
to 10MHz. To run at the rated maximum clock rate of 20MHz, the chip needs at least 4.5V. The
Arduino I/O Board provides 5.0V for the ATmega328 chip, so it can run at any speed, up to the
maximum of 20MHz.
The current crop of ATmega328 chips from Atmel feature the company’s Pico Power technology,
which dramatically reduces power consumption in the device. These parts are designated with a P
suffix: for example, ATmega328P. The previous versions available were able to run either at lower
voltages (such as the ATmega328V) but not full speed, or at full speed but not at voltages below
2.7V. The Pico Power technology eliminates this limitation, allowing both full speed (at
appropriate supply voltages) and low power operation at reduced speeds. The Pico Power parts
don’t even have a speed rating as a component of their part number, as the previous generation did
(for example, ATmega328P-PU vs. ATmega328-20PU).
Although the new ATmega328 chip can run up to 20MHz, the original ATmega8 topped out at
16MHz. The 16MHz clock rate has been maintained in all subsequent Arduino models to preserve
compatibility[16].

 Power Supply
The power supply circuit doesn’t actually supply any power to the Arduino. It only routes,
regulates, and filters power supplied from an external source. The present circuit has evolved over
the years to make it a convenient and almost foolproof process. The circuit selects the highest
available voltage and uses that source to supply the remainder of the circuit. There is even a
resettable fuse installed on the board to help prevent damage in the event of a short, thus lessening
the likelihood of an unauthorized thermal event. This is a great example of how the Arduino Team
has listened to the user community and added incremental improvements to the product over the
years. There are several ways to get power to your Arduino. The simplest, at least initially, is to use
the power supplied with the USB cable, which comes from your PC. The USB standard allows for
the supply of up to 100mA of current at 5.0V for an unenumerated USB device and as much as
500mA for a properly enumerated USB device. This is more than enough electrical power to light
up several LEDs and a few low-power sensors [17].
When the Arduino isn’t connected to a PC via the USB cable, regulated 5V power can be supplied
to it through the power expansion connector pins labeled 5V and GND. Caution A regulated 5V
supply is required when supplying power via the 5V and GND pins. An unregulated supply’s
voltage fluctuates with line voltage and load, with the distinct possibility of exceeding the narrow

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‫م‬2022 ‫ يونيو‬/25 – ‫العدد واحد وثمانون‬
‫جامعة بنغازي‬
‫مجلة العلوم والدارسات االنسانية – المرج‬
‫مجلة علمية الكترونية محكمة‬
ISSN: 2312 – 4962 2014 / 284 ‫رقم اإليداع بدار الكتب الوطنية‬

voltage range and very likely causing permanent damage to one or more components, including the
processor. The standard Arduino I/O Board provides a voltage regulator. Use it .For unregulated
supply voltage, a modular barrel connector is provided, with input
voltages from 7V to 12V. It’s directly connected to a 5V regulator circuit. In theory, the input
voltage could be as high as 20V, but the likelihood of the voltage regulator chip overheating
increases, which can permanently damage the PCB [17].The latest design revisions of the Arduino
PCBs have greatly improved the ground planes where the voltage regulators are mounted,
increasing their ability to dissipate waste heat. However, even with this improved cooling
capability, a conservative estimate of the thermal resistance of the device is over 100°C/W,
meaning that the temperature of the device will rise over 100°C from the ambient air temperature if
1W is dissipated via the device
The barrel connector has a 2.1mm diameter pin. This center pin of the barrel connector is the
positive terminal. The outer sleeve connector is ground. The positive connection is also wired to the
Vin pin on the expansion connector. The Vin pin can be used to either supply power to the shield(s)
or route external power from shields back to the main I/O Board.One very nice design feature of
modern Arduino I/O Boards is the ability to have multiple, different power supplies connected at
once. The intelligent power-switching circuitry selects the highest available voltage and routes that
to the voltage regulator. If you bypass this circuitry and provide regulated 5V power directly to
your Arduino (which you most certainly can do), be careful that it truly is regulated 5V that you’re
pumping in. You just bypassed all the safety devices that were put there for your protection. Again,
if you know what you’re doing, that’s fine.

 Ultrasonic Sensor
The ultrasound sensor transmits the ultrasound to the air and detects the reflected waves from the
body. There are many applications for ultrasonic sensors, such as intrusion alarm systems,
automatic door openings and automatic backup sensors. With the rapid development of information
processing technology, new application areas, such as factory automation equipment and auto
electronics, are increasingly using the unique ceramic manufacturing technology that has been
developed over many years [18]. Murata has developed various types of compact and high-
performance ultrasound sensors, The ultrasound sensor has four pins which are Vcc and GND, to
operate the sensor, Trig- to send ultrasound and Echo- To receive the wave.

 The Light
Three types of lights have been used in this study: MCL053PD, MCL053GT, and MCL053LYD. It
is a 5millimeter lamp with round red lens, lighting strength is 2.8 MG, and with length of HI. 650
nm wave, and powered by 20 mA, 2.1 volt made in American Gap Inc.

 Resistors
Resistance reduces current intensity and increases the potential difference in the electrical circuit,
thus protecting it from high current, which comes with the following characteristics as: Power: 1/4-

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‫جامعة بنغازي‬
‫مجلة العلوم والدارسات االنسانية – المرج‬
‫مجلة علمية الكترونية محكمة‬
ISSN: 2312 – 4962 2014 / 284 ‫رقم اإليداع بدار الكتب الوطنية‬

watt. Permittivity:
5%. Resistance value: 220 ohms.

 Breadboards
It is a 300-volt solderless connection plate. The tape is 7 to 8 mm long and has 500 cubic meters
with insulation resistance of 500 and the f the VDC board.

 Jumper Wires
There are three types of connection wires, male to female, female to female, male to female that
come in length 20 cm.

III- Discussion and Results

There are four ultrasonic sensors are connected with Arduino. The Arduino reads and calculates the
distance from these sensors; this sensor can measure from 2 to 400 cm. The ultrasonic sensor
mainly releases ultrasound, this can be received by an echo after deviation of the object in order to
generate a wave that hits the object.
Having hit the object, the wave will be received by the echo. The echo will then inform to the
system about the time where the wave passed (micro seconds). Then, the system transmits this time
into a distance as follows: S=v*t.
Lamps is connected to the Arduino by 220-ohm resistors. It is way to use resistor with the lamp
because the resistor limits the flow made by the lamp as prototype seen in Figure 1.

Figure 1 .Breadboards Demo Project

If there is no vehicle near a signal, then the system will skip this signal and move on to the next
one. For example, if there is no vehicle at signal 2, 3 and currently the system is allowing vehicles
at signal 1 to pass. Then after signal 1, the system will move on to signal 4 skipping signal 2 and 3
as showed in Figure2.If there is traffic at all the signals, then the system will work normally by
controlling the signals one by one. See below Figure3.

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‫م‬2022 ‫ يونيو‬/25 – ‫العدد واحد وثمانون‬
‫جامعة بنغازي‬
‫مجلة العلوم والدارسات االنسانية – المرج‬
‫مجلة علمية الكترونية محكمة‬
ISSN: 2312 – 4962 2014 / 284 ‫رقم اإليداع بدار الكتب الوطنية‬

Figure2. Sketch of skipping signal 2 and 3

Figure 3.Sketch of skipping 1 signal

 Actual system
If there is no traffic at all the 4 signals, system will stop at the current signal and will only move on
the next signal as seen in Figure 4. it shows the actual shape work on and control of the traffic
light. It is close smart devices. If there is no traffic on the other signal then one should not wait for
this signal. The system which included light traffic would control this signal and move to the next
signal. The signal timing changed automatically when traffic intensity was sensed at the
intersection.

9
‫م‬2022 ‫ يونيو‬/25 – ‫العدد واحد وثمانون‬
‫جامعة بنغازي‬
‫مجلة العلوم والدارسات االنسانية – المرج‬
‫مجلة علمية الكترونية محكمة‬
ISSN: 2312 – 4962 2014 / 284 ‫رقم اإليداع بدار الكتب الوطنية‬

Figure 4 Actual System

As mentioned above this study had shed some light on the term Arduino, a smart map sensor and
a code, connecting wires for Arduino, which report signals such as red, green, and yellow lights.
Additionally, research has focused on "ultrasonic sensors," which measure distance using
ultrasound. After explaining the necessary structure to create smart tools, the automation signals
are thus set. Build code with Arduino-based smart signals by using sensors, wires, and LEDs.
First, it includes the Timer One library. This library is used to repeatedly measure time periods in
microseconds and call an interrupt function at the end of each time period.
Also, it uses this library because it wants to read sensors and control LEDs at the same time.
Then it had to take advantage of the delay between traffic lights so that it couldn't continuously
read data from the sensor. Therefore, it has used this library which will allow them to call a
function in which it will read from the sensors continuously and in the loop function, it will
control the traffic signals. In the setup function, it has used the Timer1.initialize(microseconds)
function. This must be called before used any of the other methods of timer one library.
“Microseconds” is actually the period of time the timer takes. It is optionally to specify the
timer’s period such as Timer1.attachInterrupt(softener) calls a function each time the timer
period finishes. It has set the timer period at 100000 so them function will be called after 100
milli seconds. In the loop function it is looking if there are any vehicles under the 10 cm distance
or not. If there will be vehicle, then the function to that signal will be called. Signal Function ();
"It is the interrupt function and will be called after every 100 milliseconds. In this function, it
read from ultrasonic sensors and distance calculation. This function is also written in four
sensors.
The results of this study show that the traffic congestion problem is solved by an Ardunio
sensor system. when, all traffic lights are connected to a central unit and displayed as in previous
on the map. The use of sensors solves the main problem of traffic congestion. Reduce traffic
accidents. Improve traffic at intersections. Save energy and time of traffic officials. Shorten
waiting time and mainly solve traffic problems, especially during peak hours.

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‫م‬2022 ‫ يونيو‬/25 – ‫العدد واحد وثمانون‬
‫جامعة بنغازي‬
‫مجلة العلوم والدارسات االنسانية – المرج‬
‫مجلة علمية الكترونية محكمة‬
ISSN: 2312 – 4962 2014 / 284 ‫رقم اإليداع بدار الكتب الوطنية‬

V. CONCLUSIONS.

In this project a smart traffic light was developed to help the traffic officer to control
junctions via sensors in order to save time, effort, and reduce accidents. This system used a group
of sensors and wires to create a 3D picture for a smart traffic light. Where is designed to develop
a dynamic traffic light control wherever if there is no traffic on the other signal then one should
not wait for this signal. The system which includes light traffic would control this signal and
moved to the next signal. The signal timing changed automatically when traffic intensity is
sensed at the intersection. The microcontroller used also another device as ultrasound sensors,
the purpose of this research to solve and development problem of the road traffic which is done
through used C++ language, electric wires, resistance, electronic board. In the end, the results
were very accurate with shorten waiting time.

11
‫م‬2022 ‫ يونيو‬/25 – ‫العدد واحد وثمانون‬
‫جامعة بنغازي‬
‫مجلة العلوم والدارسات االنسانية – المرج‬
‫مجلة علمية الكترونية محكمة‬
2014 / 284 ‫رقم اإليداع بدار الكتب الوطنية‬
ISSN: 2312 – 4962

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