TenSt!

--------------------------------
Has/ have ifi m
baa • He / She/ It/ Name/ Singular <ii mri
have• I/ We/ They/ You/ Plural/ All lli lfflf
am~:
l. Science has given us many new inventions. (.I)
2. \Ve have reached the moon. ( ✓)

l. Science has given us many n ew inventions in the 19th century. (1<)

2. \Ve have reached the moon on 22 nd Oct, 2008. (><)
~ 3f'Tt "{.iiifil<"I 4!fi' ~ (I;'( 3ffilll 1T it Present perfect =m
Simple past tense 1fiT ffl ~I
m a;q-c ITT "'l1l iu:n cn1flil-t mt~ tirrit
l. Scien ce gave us many life saving drugs in the 19th century.( ✓)
2. \Ve reached the moon on 22114 Oct, 2008. (✓)
-:rlc. I. I have had enough problems h ere ( ✓)
He has had his breakfast (✓)
Vlfi ~ ~ have lli fltilft If! form ( 1IW1 have "t forms helping verb 1Wf) ?Ii 1ml had ( had
main verb ffl ) <ti1 ffl ll ~ i1 ~ "ti P.:reaent perfect "Q"a Put perfect ~ Formulae
~ flt i1'R fr
2. a1q1:.qo; recently, already, yet, so far (I;'(
. ., ~
m perfect tense 1l m11 ii 'yet' Cfi'I ffl
perfect tense -ve ~ -ii "Wl<l1 "fl
~~: He has not reached home yet (present perfect)
He h ad not done any wor k so far. (p:\'l,l perfect)
3. 3flTt since <t llT<: simple paat 7'i1 ffl ii WI since "1 ~ present perfect 1'il ffl ffll
~: I haven't seen him alnc e he lcn India.
Pttunt pc,rf<ct Stmpkpaal

-:rk-. I. ta ~ ~ present perfect lfi ~ '1ft "!fiff modal ~ perfect form "4" 3ll ~ f I
~

~:
. He may have grown old since she last saw him.
Mod.al '" pc,rfee, form Sunpl<, past

2. 3l"R since (f;l ffl ~ ~ u(Qllil ~ ~ ffl ~ ill simple past ~ since '<6 ~ ~
i; ~ 'qJ'l'j -q· 3ll ~ I

im: Since he joined the ar my , he has not take n a ny leave.

&mple paat Prc..,nt p•rfttt

Engllsh - from P/lnthtoParomount - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -lJI

 1-------------------------------Tense
PAST PERFECT
:fii1 fw 11ll filft,!l 1f'ftfl1T w tli:-
1. I saw him before he stopped his car. (x)
I had seen him before he stopped his car. ( ✓)
2. Before he understood anything the robber fled. (x)
Before he understood anything the robber had fled. ( ✓)
3. 1 met him after I finished my work. (x)
I met him after I had finished my \Vork. ( ✓)
4. By the time I reac hed the theatre, lhe show s tancd. (x)
By the tune I reac hed the theatre, the show had started. ( ✓)
5. \l/ben Anand reached hls village, h e found that the news about him had preceded
him. ("1
► lltA ~ <fil formation f.li::t ~ ll t-
1•• action before 2ad action
Pae t Perfect Slmple Paet

► ~ ~ 1'i1 formation f.t'i;i WnR ii t-

, .. , , Z"' action 111t a .c tion
Before 1'i1 '!fllTl1 3ll'f'{ lflt it Tl -a'I - - - - - - - - -
S . Past ' Past Perfect
► fflm qTcpt <fil formation ~ 'ffR ll i -
2nd action after 1• action
Simple Paat Past Perfect
im ~ q;i formation f.li::t 'Rill it !-
2a 4 action 1"' action
By tbe time Simple Paet ' Past Perfect

► 3i1'R <O' q;rlf Past if Vifi ~ ~ Vifi if. ill 1ITI'IT q;ri:f Past perfect ii Ml 3ITT cfmt Simple
Paet tense.
Formulae: + Ve - > Sub + had + V 3 + obj
- Ve ➔ Sub + had + not (hadn't) + Va + obj
Que• - > Had + sub + V 2 + obj ?
Had + sub +not + V 3 +obj ?
Hadn't + sub+ V 3 + obj ?
::nz-. <I'm s 1fil ~ :-
When Anand reached his village, he found that the news about hlm had preceded him.
<IT<Pli1'J6Q/&Ql-
j,.. ~ Anand 1ml + WI ~ fen- m ?ffl ii~ News lff '!f! .nm ~ qf.t ~
(Simple Past)
tft1(Precede ifiT 31W t "" ~ 31RT' ) I 3l'R 7f\1$ ac tion 's imple past' '" ~ 1!1ifl i ii ?ff
'past p e rfect tense' it lTin i1 3«'1: 'news 1'il ffi'U' Past perfect tense it 1T'lll
i£ii English - from Pi/nth to Paramount
Ten.se--------------------------------
I
FUTURE PERFECT
~ <f;J?t ,qfti~ ii 'tJ'jq 1" WfiT 1"'111 1ff Future Perfect <ft ~ 3'lffl ft
You will have finished your syllabus by this time .ne>..,: year .
.., 't - ....
~ Rlll' ~ sentence formation c:tii-

By the time I reach the statioJ:¾ the train will have left.
By the dme, Simple Present l"luntt l"l,t£,,:t

By the time, Simple Present, Future Perfect

Fonnul.a e: + Ve ➔ Sub + will/ shall + ha.ve + V 3 + obj
- Ve ➔ Sub + will/ shall + no,t + hav'tl + V11 + obj
Sub + won't/shan't + have + V 3 + obj
Que• - • WW/sball + Sub + have+ v, + obj?
WW/shall + Sub + n ,ot + h.ave + V 3 + obj?
Won't / shan't + Sub ·+have + V3 + obj?

1. By the time l reach.t he station, the train will have left.

Simple l're8ent futun, Pttr..ct

2. By the time I reached the station, the train had left:.

Simplt-PH1 P.tal Pl!tfttt

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

► ai!Cfi!fi "rf>lc'I tf~nn-it ~ aM 1ft.;JR Tinln' mf Present Perfect Continuowt tense <ri
~ 3U'ill wi
:im: I have be.en living in Delhi for five years.
Formulae:
+ Ve ➔ Sub + has/ have+ bee.n. +VI + ing + obj+ for/ since+ time.
- Ve ➔ Sub + has/ have + not + been + V1 + ing + obj+ fo.r / since + time.
Sub + hasn't / haven't + bee.n. + V1 + ing -i- obj+ for/ since + tim.e.
Ques-,. Bas/ have + Sub + + been + v.. + ing + obj + for/ since + time?
Has/ have + Sub +not+ been + V 1+ing + obj + for/ since +time?
Hasn't / b.a ven't + Sub + been + V 1 + ing + obj + Jor/ since + time?
~: I run teaching you sin~ an hour. (><)
I have been teaching you for an hour. (✓)

Engllsh - f r o m P l f n t h t o P a r a m o u n t - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1111
 1--------------------------------Tenw
c&'f
For- ~ 3ffi& ir
~ ~ '6T
'ifitl n<f 'For' q;r ~
am: For two hours, for last 2-years
For five d~s. for last 2 months
For 10 years, for last 3 weeks
Since- ~ ~ ~ <fit a~& n ~ since ~ vtitrr Qitl
Since monday, since tbc beginning
Since 1008, since time immemorial
Since 7 P.M.. since last year
Since "i1i1 rdttT- /iitU-lH . 1m". 1'lr, "1fi lfKT vii ~ c&'f ~ <i; ~ 'since' <fi1 ffl ?.ral i -

Daya - Monday, Tuesday etc.

Dates - T" May, 8d, July etc.
Calendar
.,....__ Years - 2005. 2007 etc.
:Since Months - May. June etc.
Occasions - Holi. Diwali etc.

Clock-- - - - - - 7 o' clock. 8 p.metc.

Stages of life Childhood, adolescence etc.
Part of each day Morning, last night. noon etc,

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

► <iii "iiu1i 'lMitH if~~-~ klin<filH q<i'i'Cfir-rmil Past Perl"ect Continuous Tense
<I: ~ am, ti
~: l had been waiting for you since momiog.
Formul4e:: + Ve ~> Su.b + had + been + V, + ing + obj + for/ since + time.
-Ve ➔ Sub + bad + not (badn'tl + been + V , + ing + obj+ for/ since + time.
Qu.ea ➔ Had + sub + been + V 1 + ing + obj+ for/ ain.c e + time ?
Had + sub + not+ been + V, + ing + obj + for/ since + time ?
Hadn't + sub + been + V 1 + ing + obj + for/ since + time ?
FUTUREPERFECT CONTINUOUS
► <ii ~ ,qfa12.1 J; f.fttfj- liqtf nifi ~ f l cf!'" Future Perfec t Continuou.a tense '<ii a;:aTlil

3l'@I '
ti: I shall have been living in Delhi for five years by the end of this year.
He will have been playing .from 2 O' clock

m • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --Engr!Sh - from Plinth to Paro.mount

Tense--------------------------------
Fonnul.a e: + Ve ➔ Sub + shall/ will + have + been + Vt +ing + obj +for/ &om+time
- Ve ➔ SUb + ahail/will + not + .have + been + Vt+ ing+ obj + for/ from + time
Sub + shan't/ won't + have + been + V1 + ing + obj + for/ &om + time
Ques ➔ Wm/ shall+sub + have + been + V 1 + ing + obj + for/ from+time?
Will/shall + s:ub + not + have + been + V1 + ing + obj + for/ from + time ?
Won't/ shan't + sub + have + been + V1 + ing + obj + for/ &om + time ?

~ - 1. f.;R verb'!~ '!lml1 {,jil{l-4it: 'ing' 1l ~ '1ro. ~ WWI continuous/ perfect continuous
~ cm it tense 1l 1't 1' mill ~ err-it" it verb 'ing' form '11 m WI arm: Vll 'verbs'
continuous tense 11 ll ai R indefinite tense 'fl qflqfifa 'qit ~I
I am knowing you. (x)
I know you. ( ✓)
m
2. 3PR' ul verbs 'perfec t continuous' ~ ll 4'i 'Perfect Tense' if qflqfdd <fil ~I
I have been knowing him for five years. (x)
I have known him for five years. (✓)
3. For/ Sinc e <fi1 m perfect and perrec t continuous iir:ii 1l<6'R ri; tense -q lira it
I have been living in Delhi for five years. ( ✓)
I had known him for two )'Can.. i✓)
4. 3PR" <Wfl! if Since + time q;J w:m1 lml1 i <11 cITTfll ~ perfect "lIT perfect
continuous tense ii -tT ffl ~ •
l ate nothing since morning. (x)
I have eaten nothing since morning. (✓)

SPOTTING THE ERROR

l. (a) I have not seen him since twenty years/ (b) and so I cannot say with certainty/
(c) whether he is alive or dead./ (d) No error
2. (a) When he did not find his cook in the kitchen/ (b) he asked his wifo/ (c) where
had he gone./ (d) No error
3. (a) Although I am playing cricket/ (b) for more than three years/ (c) I have not been
able to score a century/ (d) No error
4. (a) I do not kn.o w where could he have gone/ (b) so early/ (cl in the morning. / (d) No error
5. (a) By the time/ (b) we got our tickets and entered the cinema theatre,/ (c) the
show was already begun./ (d) No error
6. (a) By the time/ (bl we will get our tickets and enter the cinema theatre, / (cl the
show will have already begun./ (di No error
7. (a) Gowri told me/ (b) his name aft.er/ (c) he left. / (d) No error

English - from Plinth toParomount - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .m

 ■r-----------------------------Ten.se
8. (a) we.have been/ (bJ celebrating many festivals/ (c) since centuries./ (d) No error
9. (a) Old age and infinruty/ (b) had began to/ (c) catch up with hl.ll!l./ (d) No error
10. (a) The passer-by told us/ (b) wbere was the marriage hall/ (c) and even led us to it./
(d) No error
U. (a) I have passed / Cb} the examination/ {cl two years ago/ (d) No error
12. (a) Since he joined/ (b) this post., he did not take/ (cJ any bribe./ (d) No error
13. (a) Perhaps you know/ (b) that I have passed/ (c) the examination in 1990./ (di No
error
14. (a) He has read four plays/ (b) written by Shakespeare/ (c) by lhe end of bis vacation./
(d) No error
15. (a} When they stole / (bl the money/ (c) and where did they hide it?./ fd) No error
16. (a) The reacher/ (b) has took/ (c) the responsibility/ (d) No error.
17. (a) For timr .immemorial/ (b) sea shells have been used by man/ (c) in many ways./ (d)
No error
18. (a) The river is in spate/ (bl and it has overflown/ (c) its banks./ (d) No error
19. (n) The little boy/ (b) had b~n waiting for his rum/ le) since a Long time./ (d ) No
error
20. (a) This T.V. serial/ Cb) is going on/ (c) for 3 years./ (d) No error
21 , (a) 1n the early years of the renai5$8.n ce of Bharatanatyam. b.eredhary dancers
have their O\Vn set of accompanists/ (b) who Uvcd with the dancers and travelled
wilh them from place to place/ (c) when they gave performances./ (d) No error
22. (a) This is turned out to be/ (b) one of our most sucees11f1.1l projecLs/ (c) and we have
made quite/ (d) a large profit from it./ (c) No error
23. (a) He is given me/ (bl a lot of documents/ (c) to read before/ (cf) the prescotation
tomorrow./ (el No error
24. (a) Since the tnp home/ (bl was expensive 1/ (c) did not went home/ (d) during I.he
holidays./ (e) No error
25. (a) As she is late/ (b) for work yesterday she decided/ (cJ to skip breakfast and / (d)
leave for office. / (e) No er_ror
26. (a) As soon as the CEO entered the office, the/ (b) union leaders approached him/
(c) and report the matter to him. / (d) No error
27. (a) The college/ (b) is running a computer course/ (c) since 2007./ (di No error
28. (a) Did be tcll you/ (b) why he hasn't/ (c) come yesterday?/ (d) No error
29. (a) Last nigbr I dream / (b) 1 was a Sheikh on the 169th Door/ (c) ofBurj Khalifa./ (d)
No error
30, (a) She and her mtcr/ (b) were working here/ (c) since 1983./ {d) No error

1111!!11-- - -- -- -- -- -- - - -- - - - English-from Plinth to Paramount

 I
T~nSf!-----------------------------
31. (a) Nobody saw him/ (bl since the fire broke/ (c) In his locality./ (d} No error
32. (a) 8y this time nt:Xt year/ (b) Ramesh will take/ (c) his degree./ (d) No cu-ror
33. (a) The families/ rJ)) are living in Gulmohar Parle/ (c) for the last two decades./ (d)
No error
34. (a) My uncle/ (b) has left/ (c) for Bombay last Saturday./ (d) No error
35. (a) Good heavens I/ (bl How has she/ (c) grown I/ {d) No error
36. (a) I ate/ (bj n othing/ (c) since morning/ (d) No error
37. (a) He/ {b) Is having/ (c) many friends here/ (d} No error
38. (a) \Vbe:o l went tnere/ (b) Charles is playing/ (c) a game of ch ess/ (d) No error
39. {a) The vaccine/ (b) when hlt lhc market/ (c) is dogged by controversy/ (d) No error
40. (a) The vtetbn tried to telJ us/ (bl what has happened but/ (cl his voice was not audible./
(di No error
41. (a) Our history co.n be seen ns a lon g evolul:Jonnry dialecl:Jcal development/{b) in
which there have been/ (cl a painstaking rorgin g of rational and moral sclf./(d) No
error
42. (a) Last year two Italian prisoners of war/ (b) escapes from a prison camp/ (c) in
Kenya during t he war./ (d) No e_rror
43. (al Madhuri Dlxil/ (b) 1S having/ (c) u large ran following./ (d) No error
44 . (a) No one heard anything/ (b) oboul him since/ (c) he lcfl India for good. / (d) No error
45. (a) Before 1be reacher/ lb) could finish 1bc question/ (c) lhe students. gave the
correct answer./ {d) No error
46. (a} She did not p repare/ (b) her/ fc) breakfast yet./ (d) No error
47, (a) Perhaps you do not know/ (b) lam owning/ (c) a farm house besides two bungalows./
(di No error
48. (a) When Anand reached his village/ (b) he found that / (c) the news about him
preceded hlm./ (d) No error
49. (aj She will already return/ lb) home/ (c) when be arrives./ (d) No error
SO. (a) Each one of them/ (b) has nave his snar_e/ (cl of joy and sorrow./ (d ) No error
51. (a) This custom/ {b) h as come down/ (c:) since times immemoriaJ./ (d) No error
52. (a) Sinee his arrival in India./ (b) he is visiting as many viJJagcs as he ean/ (el to
acquire a firsthand knowledge of lhc rural India./ (d) No error,
53. (a) Believe me, I/ (b) am believing/ (cl w hatever you have said./ (d) No e rror.
54. (a) It ts time/ (b) we should have done/ (c) somet hing useful/ (d) No error.
55. {a) Mother said./ (b) •son,/ (c) you have finished your homewor k?"/ (d) No error.
56. (al I am goin g to buy/ (b) a computer/ (c) when the prices comes down./ (d) No error.
57. (a) I wish/ (bl I have learnt swimming/ (c) when I was young./ (d) No error.
Engllsh- /ramPiFnrhtoPoramounr- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -111
 •
■~-----------------------------hnse

Answers with explanation

I. (a) 'twenty years' ~ ! am: 'stnce' ':rt1 ' for' q;r w.iT'1 ~l
2. (cl 'be' 'f ~ ho.d li61 m <lit" wiif<fi ~ ff-' ':fif t, ll'-\li'-lifi ~ - "4' helping verb <ii1 v:m
subject ~ ,mi, ilin ~I
J. (a) 'am' <fi1 'have been' it 'lf<'1f'Ji1 <ITTI ~ µresent perfect continuous ,cns.e' ~ ti
4. (a) He<f1~c:ould~V<Wl<ri~~'llf'l,tii1
5. (c) was ~ ~ ~ •had l.nl vi:iirr ~I -AA< '1,di.liiltil -q ~ ~ ~ ;i; ~ ~ lit (\1 ~ 1'iR lffitl ~
'Past perfec t tense' ,t l!Tllt f 3l!t "3'WF ~ 'ir-l lfTm 15'flf ' nimplc pru!l tcnac:·ii '1ifl f 1
6. (b) \1,'ill' RI ~ I 'we get our tickets' mil formation i t Wit 10 ~ ~ il l{cl, ffi ~ l{cn ii
it ~ -q m ~ ;5Fl 'simple present tense' ii' inn t am - ~ ":ill <fiTtf ~ q'lfil m
1ff ':future perfect tense ttl
7. (c) 'he h ad left' tm formation it
Simple Past after Past Pcrfee1
2• .Acwn 1•' Af'rfhn

8. (c) 'since' Tt ~ 1tl 'for' <61 ~ ~ ~ 'centuries' ~ f 1

9. (b) had 'ifi 111q V 3 'begun' <lit ffl cf>ll
I 0. (b) marriage hall -;i; ~ \1:as' l.nl ffl lli11 C~ 2 "1'\ gqrso ~ )
I 1. (a) I passed (Simple past) ml formation ti
~• 'lfn~,., CG w:rq <.fi1 ~ it <ii present pcrfccl 9'" Simple past tense <li'l WWI ~,
12. lb) 'lie did not take <Ii lt--lR' 'it 'he has not taken' "'1 m
~I
Sin ce S + V?. S t- has+ V.1 (Present Perfect~ allmit point ira I
s ru, .,...,• . l'~rf
13. (b) 'l passed' mfl formal\on I! (~ II 'li"1 ~ ~ )I
14. (a) 'He will hi.we n:ad qil Vl,IT'Jl 'He bas read' ~ ~ l({ ffll -;;f1 ~ ~ $ f.nm ~ ;J<fi
J I ~ '1'11 ~ ruLure l)Cf{cc t lc:nse ~ ~ 3tFII f t
15. (a) 'When they stoic' <F ~ 'lT 'When did they steal' ~ v$T liit ~ ~ m t ,
16. (b) has ~ ~ V 1 'taken' ~ 1l'lWl <rl,
17. (a) 1'i1ne 1mmemorial Cat:m 1'i@) ~li.i311.fl "XflfQ en'!~ i "';fl fu; ~ J 11111 3'11: 'for' <fi llUA
1R 'since' ~ Firtl '6tl
I8 . (b) ' Over now' ~ V, overflowed i1
19. (c) 'since' ;ii ~ 1't 'for' <fi1 '1IIP1 ~ IJZiiflfi e long \ime' ~ , !1
20. (b) Is going -ct ~ 1tl 'bas been going' <iii llll1'T ~ I ~ present perfect Continuous
lenseqif t,
21 (a) 'caf'ly yea.re or tenaissance' sl ~ '1ffl ffl t. Ni ~ •h1"'11ol "'1 i 1 3ffl: hereditary
dancers ffi ~ 'have' ~ ~ "qt 'had' ~ ~ 1'it1
22. (o) 'This is turned out' ;t ~ ~ ' this has lurned out' ~ 'll'Wl l9ill l!Ff't prcscnl perfect

& Eng/Jsh- Jrom Plinth co PQramou.nt

To~-----------------------------
tense ii it

23. (a) 'He ls given me' 'it WR ~ 'he bas given me' 1'fi1 ffl ~I
24. (c) dJd not lfi ~~ v i 1'fi1 m
lITTll WI 'went' ~ 1l!IR 1fl 'go' 1'fi1 Wll'I !fill
25. (a) 'She is late' -iii ~ en 'she was la,te' ifil Fittl q;"\' ~ yesterday 1li!<1ill:1 :ct wrq 1$;i
ffll'II t1
26. (c) 'report' ~ ~ ~ 'reported' 'l.fi'l "!l'mrl ~ verb 'report' ~ YIC<IH lilfl verb ·v~: form ii t1
27. [b) is 'runnin g' ~ i:qf,f ~ 'bas been running' ~ ffl <fi°tl
28. {b) 'he hasn't ' rt~ 1R 'he hadn't ' 'fiT ffl ~, (~ 11 lift~ -e:d}t
29. (a) ' los'l n ight~ "ffit.t VJ 1il'I '!l'llT'l 1'ill ~ d rt'am -rt~ 1ft dn:amcd m d reamt ~I
30. (bl 'were' It ~ 1ff 'had been' ~ V11i'1 'l5"t ~ rJTIP:f if •ince + time (sine~ 1983) cJil VlffTI
1ll ~ !1 ~ Pasl Perrcct Continuous ten se -4 1Fll m-tll
31. (a) ' Nobody has seem him' ifil WWI ~ I Since~ ~ 'simple past' t i'il Since~ 1l'Ri
'Present perfecl.' lfi1 wiM l!T'l11
32. (b) 'Ramesh will take' lfi ~ 1ft ' Ramesh will have taken' ;J;T '!l<lT'l 1fitl (ltllPt 1-1 ~ oQT&!!1
~)I
33. [b) 'arc" ~ ~ ~ 'have been' '!fil Wll'I <rt1
34. fb) has. left iii' ~ 1it' 'left.' ifil 1lln1T ~ 'I , ~ 1 1<fl't ~ 'ro) I
35. (b) 'h~.s she' q; ~ W 'she has ffi1 'lfllirl ~ I ~ ffi -llfi" -WI
36. (a) 'I ate' "fr ~ ~ I bave eaten' '!fiT llmlT ~I Since/for -+ time' ~ '!f'n11 pcrfocl 11?1
perfect Continuous tense~ 1fT Jim 11
37. (bl 'is having' -ii; ltil"'I 'R 'has' 'cJi1 m t
~I aJ7R 'have' lf.l ~ llli!T 'to possess' 111 'have'
~ -;fl~ 'ing' qjl m ffl m,
38. (b) ' is' ct ~ ~ 'was' 'f.1 WlT'1 <5'{ ~ '\Vhen I wen t there' "8 ~ i" ftn ~ 'ld<blft '5l
ti
39. (c) 'is' ifi ~ "'R was ml WWI ~I vaccine when hit' ~ ~ i ~ simple past tense if
~

~I
40. (b) 'hns' 'Iii' lll1'I 1ft 'h.ad' q;J ffl '!tit ~ victl.tn C!ffilif) ii 11q ~ ~ q;ifi11~1 ~ 4ff ~ \Jffl
~ "Rl'Cl ~ 1ft qrfil tnl 1llf.l w.=n Past Perfect tense q 1ir-n ~ ,
41. (b) ' have' ;;; "f'P.IT'I "1R 'ha-<.1' <fi1 ll'?IT1'I ifi'll
42. (b) 'escapes' ~ ~ 1R 'escaped' <Iii wiP1 <li11
43. (bj 'is having 1$ 1",lR ~ 'has' iiil ~ cit1 (~ 37 iliT ~)I
44. (al ' No one heard' lt ~ lf( ' no one has heard' <iil 'lf!irl ~I (~ 12 'fil a.0&11 ~) I
45. (c) 'the students gave· 'ifi ~ "1R "the students had given· :rn ~ '16i:1
Before Simple Past • past Pcrrfeg (Pasl PenC<"t ;.& )I
•
:2.. At t<ftn 1~ AcUon

English - from Plinth to Poromounc- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -EI

 1-------------------------------Tense
46. (a) 'She d id not prepare' <6 ~ 1Jl 's he has not p repared' <li1 i'QT11 ~I 'yet' <Iii ffl
:a1q1-<1i\: 'Prese:nt perfect nc~tivc sentences ~ '1ffJ i,
47. (b) 'I am owning' 'ft1 'I own' if qfiqf~ ~I
48. {c:l 'Preceded' ~ ~ in 'had preceded 'i61 ffl ..-ti (47 tfc( 48 ~ ~ -q; ~ Past Perfect
~ll
49. (a) ·wm hnve nlrcady rch1me~· ~ ~ -ai;t, (lflllil 6 <li't ~ ~ -,, 1
SO. (bl 'has' ifi ~ V , 'h ad' 'i61 VllT'I WITI
Sl. (ti ' Wil~s' ~ 'tirne' -q qft~flid ~I
52. (bl "is' '.t ~ "R 'has; been' 'i61 W!lT1 ~I
53. (bl ·am believing' ~ 'believe· -q' qft<1fdn if.'(1
54. (b) ·we should hRve done· ~ 'we did' ~ qffAf~a ~I
55. (c) 'you have' <fit 'have you' if qfl~d'ild <nt'J cU<Pi 51Mk4fi €1
56. (c) 'Prices comes' ~ price comes' 1" qf(o4f~d <fitl
57. (b) 'have' 'ifi1 'h a d' -q 'if<qfifo ~I ~ ~ Past 'i61 t,

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