Inverse system construction

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We are given the system:

y(t) = 2x(t)

To construct the inverse system, we want a new system that recovers the original input x(t) from
the output y(t). That is:

1
x(t) = y(t)
2
​

So, the inverse system is:

Inverse: x(t) = 0.5 ⋅ y(t) ⇒ y(t) = 0.5x(t)

✅ Correct Answer: a) y(t) = 0.5x(t)

Explanation of other options:

b) y(t) = 2x(t) → This is the original system, not its inverse.

c) y(2t) = x(t) → This is a time-scaling system, unrelated to the inverse of multiplication by 2.
d) y(t) = x(2t) → Also a time-scaling system, not the inverse of the original amplitude scaling.

Hence, option (a) is the correct inverse system.

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Let's go through the questions one by one:

42. y[n] = x[−n]. The system is:

This system reverses time, so it is not time-invariant.

It depends on future values, so it is non-causal.

✅ Correct answer: c) Non-causal

43. A system is said to be shift invariant only if:

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 A time-invariant system must preserve shifts, i.e., a shift in input should result in the same shift in
output.

✅ Correct answer: a) a shift in the input signal also results in the corresponding shift in the
output

44. Under which conditions does an initially relaxed system become unstable?

Stability: A system is unstable only if a bounded input generates an unbounded output.

✅ Correct answer: a) only if bounded input generates unbounded output

45. Stability of the system

Given:

z(3z − 4)
H(z) =
(z − 0.4)(z − 2)
​

Poles: z = 0.4 and z = 2

For a discrete-time system to be stable, all poles must lie inside the unit circle (i.e., ∣z∣ < 1)

Since one pole is at z = 2, outside the unit circle → unstable

✅ Correct answer: b) unstable
46. When is the system said to be causal and stable in terms of poles/ROC?

For causality, ROC must be outside the outermost pole

For stability, ROC must include the unit circle

This happens only when all poles are inside the unit circle
✅ Correct answer: c) Only if all the poles of system lie inside unit circle
✅ Final Answers:
42 → c) Non-causal
43 → a) a shift in the input signal also results in the corresponding shift in the output

44 → a) only if bounded input generates unbounded output

45 → b) unstable
46 → c) Only if all the poles of system lie inside unit circle

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Here are the answers and explanations for the questions shown:

42. Use Mason's gain formula to find the transfer function

The block diagram has:

Two forward paths: G1 and G2 ​ ​

A feedback loop with gain −H from output of G2 ​

Using Mason's Gain Formula:

Forward Path Gain

T =
1 − Loop Gain
​

Forward path: G1 ​ + G2 ​

Loop gain: G1 H
​ + G2 H ​

G1 + G2
T =
​ ​

1 − (G1 H + G2 H)
​

​ ​

✅ Correct answer: c) G1 +G2 ​

1−G1 H +G2 H
​
​

​
​

43. Routh-Hurwitz criterion gives

The Routh-Hurwitz criterion helps in determining the number of roots of the characteristic equation
that lie in the right half of the s-plane, which is important for system stability.
✅ Correct answer: a) Number of roots in the right half of the s-plane
44. Which of the following is a unit step function?

u(t): This is the unit step function

✅ Correct answer: a) u(t)

45. A system is said to be _____ if its response depends only on present and past
inputs

Such a system is causal, as it doesn’t depend on future inputs.

✅ Correct answer: a) Causal

46. Laplace transform of sin(at)u(t)

The Laplace transform of:

a
L{sin(at)u(t)} =
s2 + a2
​

✅ Correct answer: b) a
a2 +s2
​

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✅ Final Answers:
42 → c
43 → a

44 → a
45 → a
46 → b

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Let's answer the questions from both images:

40. The relation between Laplace domain and Z domain is:

The standard mapping from Laplace to Z-domain (when sampling is done with period T ) is:

Z = esT

✅ Correct answer: a) Z = e sT

45. Z-transform reduces to Fourier transform when it is evaluated on:

The Z-transform becomes the Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT) when evaluated on the
unit circle:

Z = ejω ⇒ ∣Z∣ = 1

✅ Correct answer: c) unit circle

46. The initial value of 20 − 10t − e25t is:

To find the initial value, evaluate the expression at t = 0:

20 − 10(0) − e25⋅0 = 20 − 0 − 1 = 19

✅ Correct answer: b) 19
✅ Final Answers Summary:
40 → a) Z = esT
45 → c) unit circle

46 → b) 19

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Let's solve both questions:

30. Fourier series coefficients for the signal x(t) = 5 cos ( πt

T
​) are:
We know the Fourier series of a cosine function:

2πk0 t
x(t) = A cos ( ) ⇒ X[k] = , at k = ±k0
​
A
2
​ ​ ​

Given:

x(t) = 5 cos ( πt
T
) ​

1
So A = 5, and k0 = 1 (since frequency =
​

2T
) ​

Hence,

5
X[k] = , for k = ±1
2
​

✅ Correct answer: a) X[k] = 5/2 for k = ±1

31. Which of the following is the condition for symmetry of Z parameters?

For a reciprocal network, the Z-parameters (impedance parameters) satisfy the symmetry condition:

Z12 = Z21 ​ ​

But if they are talking about symmetry in the diagonal elements (e.g., in symmetric 2-port networks):

Z11 = Z22 ​ ​

✅ Correct answer: b) Z 11 = Z22 ​

✅ Final Answers:
30 → a) X[k] = 5/2 for k = ±1
31 → b) Z11 ​ = Z22 ​

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Here are the correct answers with brief explanations for each question from the images:

✅ Image: Questions 30-31

30. Fourier series coefficients for x(t) = 5 cos(πt/T )
A 5
X[k] = = at k = ±1
2 2
​ ​

✔ Answer: a) X[k] = 5/2 for k = ±1

31. Symmetry condition for Z-parameters
For reciprocal 2-port networks:

Z11 = Z22 ​ ​

✔ Answer: b) Z 11 ​ = Z22 ​

✅ Image: Questions 44–50

44. Area of Unit Impulse function
∞
∫ ​ δ(t)dt = 1
−∞

✔ Answer: d) Unity
45. Nodes in signal flow graphs
✔ Answer: a) Circles
46. Pole at s = −5 in Laplace
1
Transfer function = s+5
✔ Answer: a) 1/(s + 5)
​

−1
47. x(n) → a x(n) ⇒ X(a
n
z)
✔ Answer: c) X(a z) −1

48. Mason’s formula (with forward path G1 G2 , loop gain −G1 H ) ​ ​ ​

G1 G2
T =
​ ​

1 + G1 H
​

✔ Answer: c) G /(1 + G H )
2 ​

1 ​

49. Z-transform of δ(n − m)

Z{δ(n − m)} = z −m

✔ Answer: b) z −m

50. Z-transform of x(n) = {2, 4, 5, 7, 0, 1}

1 2 3 4 5
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 X(z) = 2 + 4z −1 + 5z −2 + 7z −3 + 0z −4 + 1z −5

✔ Answer: d) 2z 2
+ 4z + 5 + 7z −1 + z −3

✅ Image: Questions 36–39

36. Initial value theorem:
sω
f (0+ ) = lim sF (s) = lim =0
s→∞ (s + α)2 + ω 2
​ ​ ​

s→∞

✔ Answer: b) 0
37. Gate function (rectangular pulse of width τ ) → Bandwidth = 1/τ
✔ Answer: b) 1/τ Hz
38. Z-transform of u[−n]:
z
Z{u[−n]} = , ∣z∣ > 1
z+1
​

✔ Answer: c) z/(z + 1)
39. Mason’s gain formula for system with forward path G1 ​
+ G2 , loop gain −G1 H − G2 H
​ ​ ​

G1 + G2
T =
​ ​

1 + G1 H + G2 H
​

​ ​

✔ Answer: d) G1 +G2 ​

1+G1 H +G2 H
​
​

​
​

✅ Image: Questions 40–43

40. Feedback reduces sensitivity most in closed-loop systems
✔ Answer: b) Closed loop systems

41. Energy of a power signal is

Power signals have infinite energy (though finite power).
✔ Answer: c) Infinite
42. Time-invariant system → Delay in input results in same delay in output
✔ Answer: c) Remains same with a delay in input
43. x(−t) = −x(t) is the condition for odd signal
✔ Answer: b) Odd signal
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✅ Questions 31–33
31. Even component of the signal x(t) = cos(t + 45∘ ) + sin(t)
To extract the even part of a signal x(t), we use:

x(t) + x(−t)
xeven (t) =
2
​ ​

Since:

cos(t + 45∘ ) is even

sin(t) is odd

The even part is just the even term:

xeven (t) = cos(t + 45∘ )

​

✔ Answer: c) cos(t + 45 ) ∘

32. For an energy signal:

Energy E is finite

Power P =0

✔ Answer: b) P = 0
33. Period of the signal x(t) = 5 cos(24t + 60∘ )

General form: x(t) = A cos(ωt + ϕ)

Here, ω = 24
2π 2π
Period T = ω
​ = 24
​ = π
12
​

✔ Answer: b) 24π (There is a mismatch in options, but ω = 24 gives period 2π

24
​ = π
12
​)

So, likely Answer is b)

✅ Questions 34–35
34. Relationship between x(t) and y(t):

From the diagram:

x(t) is a rectangular pulse

y(t) is a triangular pulse, which is typically the integral of a rectangular function

y(t) = ∫ x(t) dt

✔ Answer: a) Y (t) = ∫ x(t) dt

35. Laplace Transform of f (t) = [cos(3t)]2
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Use identity:

1 + cos(6t)
cos2 (3t) =
2
​

Then:

1 1 1 1 1
L {cos2 (3t)} = L { + cos(6t)} = ⋅ + ⋅ 2
s
2 2 2 s 2 s + 36
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Take LCM:

1 1
( + 2 )
s
L{f (t)} =
2 s s + 36
​ ​ ​

✔ Answer: d) 1
2
​ [ 1s +
​
s
s2 +36
​]

✅ Final Answers Summary

Q.No Answer Explanation
31 c Even component is cosine term

32 b Energy signal → P =0
2π
33 b T = 24
​ = π
12
​

34 a Integration of rectangular = triangle

35 d Uses cos2 (θ) identity and Laplace

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43. Fundamental period of x(t) = 2 cos(t/4)

1
Angular frequency ω = 4
​

2π
Period T = ω
​ = 8π

✔ Answer: d) 8π
44. Laplace Transform of teat

1
L{teat } =
(s − a)2
​

✔ Answer: c) 1/(s − a) 2

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45. Final value of the system with transfer function F (s) = s+1
s2 +2s+5
​

Use Final Value Theorem:

s(s + 1) 0
lim f (t) = lim sF (s) = lim = =0
s→0 s2 + 2s + 5 5
​ ​ ​ ​ ​

t→∞ s→0

✔ Answer: d) zero
46. Overall transfer function using block diagram

From the figure, using Mason’s gain formula and feedback paths:

G1 G2
T (s) =
​ ​

1 + G2 H 2 + G1 G2 H 1
​

​ ​ ​ ​ ​

✔ Answer: c) G1 G2
1+G2 H2 +G1 G2 H1
​ ​
​ ​

​ ​ ​
​

47. Roots of P (s) = 2s4 + 3s3 + 3s2 + 5s + 7 = 0 in right-half s-plane

Given that the characteristic equation is 4th order, and if you analyze sign changes using Routh-Hurwitz
criterion, it would result in 1 sign change, indicating:

✔ Answer: c) 1
48. In force-current analogy, capacitance is analogous to:

Capacitance C stores charge, which is the integral of current.

In force-current analogy, Capacitance ↔ Mass

✔ Answer: d) Mass
49. Z-transform of δ(n − m)

Z{δ(n − m)} = z −m

✔ Answer: b) z −m

50. Z-transform and ROC of f (n) = 3n u(n)

1
Z{3n u(n)} = , ROC: ∣z∣ > 3
1 − 3z −1
​

✔ Answer: a) 1
1−3z −1
, ​ ∣z∣ > 3

✅ Final Answers Summary:

Q.No Answer Explanation
43 d) 8π Period from ω = 1/4

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 Q.No Answer Explanation
1
44 c) (s−a)2 ​
Laplace of teat

45 d) zero Final value theorem

G G
46 c) 1+G2 H21+G2 1 G2 H1 Block diagram analysis
​ ​

​ ​ ​ ​ ​

47 c) 1 One right-half plane root

48 d) Mass Force-current analogy

49 b) z −m Standard Z-transform

50 a) ( \frac{1}{1 - 3z^{-1}}, z
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41. Check linearity and time invariance of the system: y(t) = x(2t) + 3
Linearity: The system is not linear due to the constant +3 term (violates additivity and
homogeneity).

Time invariance: The presence of x(2t) implies a time scaling, which does change the behavior
when the input is shifted → so it is time-variant.

✅ Correct answer: b) Non-linear and time variant

42. Energy signal condition:

An energy signal has:

Finite energy: 0 <E<∞

Zero average power: P =0

✅ Correct answer: a) 0 < E < ∞, P = 0

✅ Final Answers:
41 → b) Non-linear and time variant

42 → a) 0 < E < ∞, P = 0

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