International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7 (4.

20) (2018) 293-298

International Journal of Engineering & Technology

Website: www.sciencepubco.com/index.php/IJET

Research paper

The Possibility of Using Navigation GPS Devices in the Survey

Engineering
Haidar Abbas Neam Al_ dami*, Isaraa Riyadh Abdulridha

University of Al Qadisiyah / Engineering College, Road and transport Dep.

*Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract

As a result of the tremendous development in the field of computer technologies, communications and information revolution, new ap-
plications which has seen a tremendous development in terms of devices and technologies used in various applications such as a device
Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM), Total Station, GPS (Surveyor and Navigational)… etc. In this study, five-ground control
points (BM) were made to provide traverse, and these points observed by using three different navigation GPS devices, and observed by
using TOTALSTATION device, and using spatial and statistical analysis functions in GIS. The study showed that the error in these de-
vices is a random error varies from one device to another. In addition, it showed that the error varies from time to time. Cannot be deter-
mined the spread of readings to the observed point (by navigation GPS) in a particular direction or specific frame, as well as the central
distance of the readings are changing from one device to another and from point to point.
The study recommends that should not be used navigation GPS devices in the survey work. In addition, re-survey all areas are observed
or defined its borders by using this device (navigation GPS) by serving GPS devices with the required accuracy.

Keywords: GIS, Global Positioning System (GPS), observations, surveying, total Station

1. Introduction to provide and desire to use these techniques, which led to the use
of (GPS navigation) in surveying applications and the establish-
ment of projects and try to use some mathematical and statistical
science, which has seen a tremendous development in terms of
methods to reach Acceptable results.
devices and technologies used in various applications such as a
device Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM), Total Station, This has led to research in this area and to determine the points of
GPS (Surveyor and Navigational)… etc.[1],[2]. strength and weakness, especially after the use of navigation GPS
in surveying applications and construction of projects widely in
All of these applications and modern technologies have made of
almost all ministries, (As currently known in Iraq).
space science enters many other sciences, but became a major part
of them, which led to the emergence of new names trying to catch
up with everything that develops in this area, such as the term 2. The principle of GPS:
(Geomatics).[3].
The navigation GPS enabled many people who have no relation- The GPS (Global Positioning System) is a positioning system
ship with Geomatics Engineering to use it in many joints of their using a satellite called a global geodetic system or a global posi-
lives. This application enables them to travel through the desert, tioning system by receiving radio waves sent from satellites orbit-
sea, air, and return to their places of origin without any difficulties ing the Earth with a terrestrial receiver. The distance from the
or problems by identifying the coordinates of origin and destina- satellite to the receiver is obtained, and at the same time, based on
tion and reducing them. Further, it can be used draw the paths the position information of the satellite sent from the satellite, the
between the origin and the destination. This application also ena- receiver Dimensional position (degree, longitude, height) of the
bles to save the names of places and names of the objects and system,[6].
calculate the distance between them and determine the time re- GPS started development in the 1970s by the United States, and in
quired to reach according to the speed of the specified path and 1993 formally started to be declaring in operation. Although it was
determine their direction.[4]. develop for military use, it is also use for civilian use and is now
being use by a large number of users in car navigation and mobile
However, it should be noted that GPS devices used in surveying phones. There are no restrictions on time available for radio waves
applications differ from those of hand-held GPS (navigator) in from satellites to reach, and if prepare even a GPS receiver can
terms of their prices, associated parts, the monitoring methods and use it free of charge. [7].
the required calculations. It also requires the expertise and preci- The GPS satellite is a satellite that circles 20200 km over the peri-
sion of the people employed (surveyors), [5]. od of about 11 hours, 58 minutes and 2 seconds. 24 aircraft are
deployed in each of the six orbital planes and operated so that four
And because of the need of these devices (surveying GPS) of the or more satellites can be permanently observed from anywhere on
requirements and the inability of many institutions and companies the earth under a good geometric arrangement. GPS satellites are
Copyright © 2018 Authors. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
294 International Journal of Engineering & Technology

equipped with atomic clocks using rubidium (Rb) and cesium (Cs), 1- Multipass
and transmit radio waves and signals to the ground with an ex-
tremely accurate cycle. 4 to 8 satellites can be observe at all times Among the radio waves reaching the antenna from GPS satellites,
in the sky above elevation angle 15 degrees. The main specifica- radio waves of low altitude satellites close to the horizontal line
tions of GPS are shown in Table (1). [8], [9]. pass through the atmosphere of the ball over long distances, so
that propagation errors may increase. As a result, the radio wave
Table 1: Specifications of GPS satellites [10]. hits the feature and reflects it together with the directly received
Number of satellites 24 (4 machines × 6 orbital plane) radio waves and it is receive, which becomes an error factor in
Orbital radius 26561.7 km (sky approximately 20200 km) distance measurement between the satellite and the antenna. [16].
Orbiting period about 11 hours 58 minutes 2 seconds
Orbital inclination angle 55 °
2- Cycle slip
Atomic clock with rubidium, cesium
If the radio waves from the satellite are interrupting by an obstacle
Recently, satellite-positioning systems targeting the entire Earth
or the like, the phase measurement is interrupt and value is record
are progressing not only in US GPS but also in Russian
by an integer, obstacles determine the integer value bias possible
GLONASS and European Galileo plan. Since the inclination angle
cyclic slips occur when passing under the roof, in a place sur-
of GLONASS satellite is 64.8 degrees and its inclination angle is
rounded by trees and near the building.
larger than that of GPS satellites, if it can be used with GPS , the
number of acquired satellites will increase dramatically in the
3- Other
middle and high latitudes area. In addition, although the system of
the Galileo plan is independent of GPS and GLONASS, it is mu- Problems related to reception of GPS are other than multi pass and
tually compatible and aims for interoperation. For the arrangement cycle slip. For example,
of Galileo's satellites, 30 aircraft (3 of which are spare) satellites
are supposed to be arranged at equal intervals on the orbital plane • Unjustified satellite clock
each having a tilt angle of 56 degrees. When the satellite of the
Galileo plan is set at the lowest elevation angle of 15 degrees, the
• The errors of controllers caused by operators, and these
maximum visible number is nine. Since the maximum number of
errors range from 1 meter to hundreds of kilometers.
visible GPS satellites is 8, when using it with the satellite of the
Galileo plan, use up to 17 positioning satellites.[11].
• Errors caused by users (device settings, geodetic refer-
ence selection… etc.)
3. GPS radio waves and signals:
Noise errors and up to a meter limit.
Radio waves transmitted from the GPS are two types of carrier
waves, L1 wave (center frequency: 1575.42 MHz) and L2 wave
(center frequency: 1227.6 MHz). Two types of digital signals are 6. Area of study:
modulate and transmitted on these carrier waves. These are call C
/ A code (Clear and Acquisition) and P code (Precision). The area of study chosen in the garage of the Faculty of Engineer-
These codes are irregular 0 and 1 series, and repeat the same pat- ing, University of Al - Qadisiyah, Iraq, an open area free from
tern every cycle. Since this signal is call a code pattern and signals buildings and trees to avoid possible signal errors within the
are transmit with different patterns for each satellite, the receiver Global Positioning System, on an area about 6500 m2, the ground
can recognize the radio signal for each satellite. In addition, Co control points (BM) were distributed in the form of a polygon. As
plays a role of a time mark, and using this as a marker measures shown in fig. (1).
the time required for radio wave arrival from the satellite to the
receiver. Further, data called a navigation message (navigation
message) is superimpose on the C / A code and transmitted to the
L1 wave and the L2 wave. The contents are data such as satellite
orbit information and satellite clock correction information.
[12],[13].

4. Types of GPS positioning methods:

For GPS positioning, there is a single positioning using a single
GPS receiver and relative positioning that uses two or more GPS
receivers to eliminate errors. Singly positioning should receive the
radio waves from four GPS satellites at the point where you are
going to locate, and measure the distance to each satellite. The
distance between the satellite and the GPS receiver is obtained by
observing the propagation time from the satellite to the receiver
and by multiplying the speed of light. In general, only the C / A
code of the L1 wave can be use, so the accuracy obtained is as low (a)
as 2 to 50 m. On the other hand, in relative positioning, one re-
ceiver is installing at a known point and the other receiver is in-
stalling at a measurement point, thereby obtaining a baseline vec-
tor with high accuracy. Various positioning methods are use like
differential GPS (DGPS), the RTK-GPS positioning, and the vir-
tual reference point method…etc.[14],[15].

5. Error in GPS system:

Errors in the system can be divided into three categories.
International Journal of Engineering & Technology 295

the extraction of Best Value in the Total Station of the point in

instrument station. Set a point as (BS) for the monitoring process,
a point on which the device depends on the base line to start from
to monitor the remaining points. Conduct monitoring by directing
the telescope to the reflector at the other points (BM) and reading
coordinates.

8. Calculations:
After the process of making and setting the ground control points
BM (first stage), the second stage started, the observations carried
out using GPS devices for all the (BM) points and obtaining the
data shown in tables 2 to 6, and then represent this tables in dia-
grams as shown in figures 4 to 8.

Table 2: The data of BM 1 that observed by GPS navigator devices, (I, II,
III).
(b) BM1
I II III
Fig. 1: (a) Shows the location of Al - Qadisiyah province within the map No. Of No. Of No. Of
of Iraq, (b) Shows the area of study in the Faculty of Engineering, Univer- Time Satellit East North Time Satellit East North Time Satellit East North
sity of Al - Qadisiyah e e e
0 min 9 489792 3539913 0 min 6 489797 3539911 0 min 5 489792 3539912
1 min 11 489795 3539912 1 min 9 489797 3539913 1 min 5 489791 3539916

7. Practical steps: 2 min

5 min
11
11
489793 3539914 2 min
489793 3539914 5 min
8
8
489797
489795
3539914 2 min
3539913 5 min
9
9
489791
489793
3539917
3539919
10 min 11 489793 3539912 10 min 8 489797 3539914 10 min 9 489792 3539916
15 min 10 489794 3539913 15 min 9 489797 3539914 15 min 9 489792 3539917
The research project carried out in three steps: 30 min 9 489792 3539910 30 min 10 489797 3539915 30 min 11 489795 3539916
1 hr 7 489793 3539912 1 hr 7 489798 3539919 1 hr 8 489791 3539915
2 hr 9 489794 3539914 2 hr 7 489800 3539918 2 hr 11 489790 3539920
7.1 The first step: 3 hr 9 489791 3539913 3 hr 7 489792 3539916 3 hr 11 489789 3539916
4 hr 9 489795 3539915 4 hr 7 489786 3539916 4 hr 11 489790 3539915

Making and setting five ground control points (BM) in an open Table 3: The data of BM 2 that observed by GPS navigator devices, (I, II,
area of about 6,500 m 2 to avoid signal error, the ground control III).
points made as (40 x 40) cm for the bottom base and 25x25 cm for BM2
I II III
the upper base, 40cm height and 30cm for the ground installation.
No. Of No. Of No. Of
A 15mm spiral screw was place in the middle of the upper base to Time
Satellite
East North Time
Satellite
East North Time
Satellite
East North

installing the Total Station and measuring distances. As shown in 0 min 8 489740 3539935 0 min 10 489738 3539936 0 min 7 489740 3539935
1 min 8 489739 3539937 1 min 9 489739 3539934 1 min 8 489742 3539937
fig. (2) 2 min 9 489739 3539937 2 min 10 489738 3539935 2 min 10 489741 3539936
5 min 9 489738 3539936 5 min 10 489740 3539938 5 min 8 489741 3539937
10 min 10 489738 3539937 10 min 10 489739 3539939 10 min 9 489742 3539938
15 min 10 489738 3539937 15 min 8 489740 3539941 15 min 9 489741 3539938
30 min 9 489738 3539939 30 min 9 489737 3539938 30 min 8 489740 3539937
1 hr 10 489737 3539938 1 hr 8 489741 3539938 1 hr 9 489742 3539935
2 hr 9 489744 3539936 2 hr 8 489740 3539936 2 hr 9 489740 3539933
3 hr 11 489736 3539938 3 hr 10 489740 3539940 3 hr 9 489745 3539938
4 hr 9 489739 3539937 4 hr 9 489740 3539938 4 hr 10 489739 3539934

Table 4: The data of BM 3 that observed by GPS navigator devices, (I, II,
III).
BM3
I II III
No. Of No. Of No. Of
Time East North Time East North Time East North
Satellite Satellite Satellite

0 min 11 489752 3539977 0 min 10 489754 3539973 0 min 9 489757 3539973

1 min 9 489754 3539975 1 min 8 489756 3539974 1 min 11 489755 3539973
2 min 9 489754 3539972 2 min 9 489754 3539975 2 min 9 489756 3539974
5 min 10 489752 3539972 5 min 8 489753 3539972 5 min 9 489753 3539975
10 min 10 489755 3539971 10 min 8 489755 3539973 10 min 8 489755 3539976
15 min 8 489752 3539973 15 min 8 489755 3539972 15 min 8 489756 3539974
30 min 6 489751 3539974 30 min 7 489756 3539971 30 min 7 489758 3539974
1 hr 8 489752 3539973 1 hr 9 489755 3539976 1 hr 9 489756 3539975
2 hr 10 489753 3539971 2 hr 9 489756 3539978 2 hr 9 489759 3539979
3 hr 9 489756 3539978 3 hr 9 489753 3539977 3 hr 8 489751 3539970
4 hr 8 489758 3539979 4 hr 11 489752 3539974 4 hr 10 489759 3539976

Fig. 2: (a) Shows ground control points (BM) manufactured, (b) Shows Table 5: The data of BM 4 that observed by GPS navigator devices, (I, II,
stabilized of ground control point (BM), (c) Shows distribution of ground III).
control point (BM) in area of study. BM4
I II III
No. Of No. Of No. Of
Time East North Time East North Time East North
Satellite Satellite Satellite
7.2 The second step: 0 min 9 489798 3539959 0 min 8 489791 3539965 0 min 8 489786 3539959
1 min 10 489795 3539960 1 min 8 489799 3539960 1 min 8 489787 3539958
2 min 10 489796 3539961 2 min 8 489795 3539958 2 min 8 489784 3539956
Monitoring by (GPS) for each point using three (GARMIN e trex 5 min 9 489794 3539961 5 min 9 489800 3539961 5 min 8 489786 3539960
venture) for five days. The three devices placed at each point of 10 min
15 min
9
8
489794
489796
3539964
3539961
10 min
15 min
9
9
489794
489798
3539964
3539962
10 min
15 min
8
9
489789
489796
3539957
3539960
the (BM) for four consecutive hours and the horizontal coordi- 30 min 8 489793 3539963 30 min 9 489797 3539961 30 min 7 489789 3539962
1 hr 10 489792 3539968 1 hr 9 489800 3539960 1 hr 8 489796 3539961
nates (X, Y) recorded at different periods. The methodology ex- 2 hr 9 489797 3539963 2 hr 8 489796 3539959 2 hr 9 489785 3539959
3 hr 8 489792 3539962 3 hr 8 489796 3539963 3 hr 7 489787 3539959
plained in tables (2 - 6). 4 hr 8 489797 3539960 4 hr 8 489792 3539961 4 hr 7 489784 3539963

7.3 Third step:

The Total station is installing at each point of the ground control

(BM) as an instrument station and observed other (BM). Input
coordinates taken from the GPS device after the calculations and
296 International Journal of Engineering & Technology

Table 6: The data of BM 5 that observed by GPS navigator devices, (I, II,
III).
BM5
I II III
No. Of No. Of No. Of
Time East North Time East North Time East North
Satellite Satellite Satellite
0 min 9 489772 3539946 0 min 9 489769 3539941 0 min 11 489773 3539946
1 min 9 489771 3539943 1 min 10 489769 3539941 1 min 10 489770 3539944
2 min 10 489773 3539940 2 min 10 489763 3539950 2 min 10 489769 3539944
5 min 11 489772 3539942 5 min 10 489770 3539948 5 min 11 489770 3539944
10 min 9 489770 3539944 10 min 10 489771 3539946 10 min 10 489771 3539942
15 min 11 489769 3539943 15 min 10 489769 3539946 15 min 9 489770 3539941
30 min 8 489772 3539942 30 min 9 489771 3539950 30 min 9 489770 3539944
1 hr 11 489769 3539942 1 hr 10 489771 3539946 1 hr 11 489769 3539945
2 hr 11 489768 3539944 2 hr 9 489773 3539944 2 hr 10 489769 3539946
3 hr 8 489769 3539945 3 hr 8 489760 3539943 3 hr 9 489768 3539948
4 hr 10 489777 3539945 4 hr 8 489770 3539941 4 hr 11 489773 3539945

Fig. 5: BM 3 observed by GPS navigator devices (I, II, III), in X and Y

coordinates.

Fig. 3: BM 1 observed by GPS navigator devices (I, II, III), in X and Y

coordinates.

Fig. 6: BM 4observed by GPS navigator devices (I, II, III), in X and Y

coordinates.

Fig. 4: BM 2 observed by GPS navigator devices (I, II, III), in X and Y

coordinates.
International Journal of Engineering & Technology 297

−
x = Average = the best value for the variable

 V
n 2

 = i =1 i (2)
xi
n −1

Where:
n

v i
2
i = v12 + v22 + ....... + vn2

Fig. 7: BM 5observed by GPS navigator devices (I, II, III), in X and Y vi = Residual error in measurement
coordinates.
−
Then setting out the observed values (coordinates) in the GIS pro- vi = xi − x
gram to show the relationship between them as a real coordinates
as shown in Fig. (8), and use the equations of the statistical and =
 xi The standard error of one of these measurements
spatial analysis for purpose of determining the direction of the
 xi
spread values as shown in fig. (9). ……………. (3)  − = ±
n x

Where:
 − = The standard error of the mean.
x

Table 7: The data of BM 1 that observed by TOTALSTATION for best

values coordinates that extract from GPS navigator devices (I, II, III)
I II II
Calc HD 59.545 Calc HD 60.858 Calc HD 54.072
Obs HD 54.992 Obs HD 54.985 Obs HD 54.996
-4.553 DHd -5.782 DHd 0.925
DHd
BM1 X y x y X Y
BM.2 489742.9 3539935.14 489744.74 3539935.33 489740.35 3539936.52
BM.3 489758.26 3539970.36 489758.91 3539971.1 489754.36 3539972.3
BM.4 489800.39 3539957 489801.43 3539959.07 489796.97 3539960.55
BM.5 489775.26 3539941.82 489776.8 3539943.08 489772.4 3539944.47

Table 8: The data of BM 2 that observed by TOTALSTATION for best

values coordinates that extract from GPS navigator devices (I, II, III)
I II II
Calc HD 39.941 Calc HD 39.574 Calc HD 41.009
Obs HD 38.427 Obs HD 35.441 Obs HD 38.426
-1.515 DHd -1.133 DHd -2.583
DHd
BM2 X y x y X Y
BM.1 489789.69 3539916.37 489789.99 3539916.22 489792.41 3539916.23
BM.3 489753 3539972.64 489754.03 3539973.03 489754.99 3539972.03
Fig. 8: represent the X,Y coordinates values observed by navigation GPS
BM.4 489795.53 3539960.6 489796.39 3539960.4 489797.71 3539960.54
devices (blue I, red II, green III) let fall in the GIS program.
BM.5 489770.86 3539944.67 489771.49 3539944.79 489773.25 3539944.31

Table 9: The data of BM 3 that observed by TOTALSTATION for best

values coordinates that extract from GPS navigator devices (I, II, III)
I II II
Calc HD 43.095 Calc HD 43.651 Calc HD 35.505
Obs HD 44.198 Obs HD 44.249 Obs HD 44.154
1.104 DHd 0.598 DHd 8.649
DHd
BM3 X y x y X Y
BM.1 489789.74 3539917.45 489790.02 3539917.02 489783.17 3539913.08
BM.2 489738.98 3539938.56 489739.43 3539938.68 489736.16 3539941.5
BM.4 489795.93 3539961.68 489796.73 3539961.12 489795.96 3539955.76
BM.5 489771.17 3539945.89 489771.73 3539945.68 489769.06 3539943.93
Fig. 9 direction of the spread values for the X, Y coordinates values ob-
served by navigation GPS devices (blue I, red II, green III) let fall in the Table 10: The data of BM 4 that observed by TOTALSTATION for best
GIS program for BM1 & BM2. values coordinates that extract from GPS navigator devices (I, II, III)
I II II
Calc HD 49.121 Calc HD 46.457 Calc HD 43.313
For applying the third stage, the statistical equations below applied Obs HD 44.674 Obs HD 44.652 Obs HD 44.695
to extract the best value of the points to three devices and input to DHd
-4.448 DHd -1.806 DHd 1.382
TOTALSTATION as the initial coordinates of the instrument BM4 X y X y X Y
BM.1 489793.3 3539917.36 489795.71 3539916.74 489791.54 3539914.9
station and back sight point, this result as shown in tables 6 to 11. BM.2 489740.56 539933.062 489742.6 3539930.92 489737.37 3539942.58
n BM.3 489751.32 3539969.98 489752.41 3539968.1 489743.94 3539962.46

x i
…… (1) BM.5 489771.82 3539943.73 489773.55 3539942.37 489767.25 3539938.69

x = i =1
n

Where:
n = The frequency of measurement for the variable
xi = the measurements to (n) of the variables
298 International Journal of Engineering & Technology

Table 11: The data of BM 5 that observed by TOTALSTATION for best [10] US Army Corps of Engineers, “NAVSTAR Global Positioning
values coordinates that extract from GPS navigator devices (I, II, III) System Surveying”, Washington, DC 20314-1000, manual No.
I II II 1110-1-1003,2003.
Calc HD 32.965 Calc HD 30.406 Calc HD 30.157 [11] Ali Pirsiavash, Ali Broumandan, Gérard Lachapelle and Kyle
Obs HD 33.063 Obs HD 33.061 Obs HD 32.969
O’Keefe, "Galileo E1/E5 Measurement Monitoring - Theory, Test-
DHd 0.098 DHd 2.655 DHd 2.812
BM5 X Y x y X Y
ing and Analysis", European Navigation Conference, 2018.
BM.1 489788.7 3539914.16 489788.05 3539917.03 489790.23 3539917.01 [12] Arvind Roy," Ionospheric Affects on GPS Signals", International
BM.2 489738.6 3539936.99 489736.7 3539936.87 489738.45 3539935.41 Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication
BM.3 489754.42 3539972.04 489750.37 3539972.84 489751.13 3539971.65 Engineering, Volume 6, Issue 6, 2017.
BM.4 489796.42 3539958.16 489793.13 3539961.44 489794.17 3539961.52 [13] Charles S. Carrano, Keith M. Groves, William J. McNeil, and Pa-
tricia H. Doherty," Scintillation Characteristics across the GPS
Frequency Band", 25th International Technical Meeting of the Sat-
9. Conclusion ellite Division of the Institute of navigation, 2012.
[14] Xingxing Li, Maorong Ge, Hongping Zhang, Jens Wickert, " A
By tracking the data extracted from the study in different stages, method for improving uncalibrated phase delay estimation and am-
and when tracking the data in tables 2 to 6, and seeing its behavior biguity-fixing in real-time precise point positioning", Journal of
through the figures 4 to 8, we note, that the values observed in Geodesy, Volume 87, Issue 5, 2013.
[15] Nelson Acosta & Juan Toloza," Techniques to improve the GPS
these devices are (random values) variable from one device to
precision", International Journal of Advanced Computer Science
another, and from time to time. When using the statistical equa- and Applications, Vol. 3, No.8, 2012.
tions from 1 to 3 to obtain the best value (most probable value), [16] James R. Wright, "GPS Composite Clock Analysis", International
note that these values are different from device to another in the Journal of Navigation and Observation, 2008
same point as shown in Figures (10 and 9). When using the GIS
program, the distribution of the random values observed for the
same point varies from one device to another. After extracting the
best value of the points allocated for each GPS receiver separately
and input them as initial values in the TOTALSTATION device,
and observed the remaining points relative to these values, there is
no corresponding between the values extracted from the relative
monitoring using TOTALSTATION device and the most probable
values extracted from all GPS devices. Finally, we can get the
following:
1- The study showed that, the error in the navigation GPS
devices is a random error varies from one device to an-
other.
2- The study showed that, cannot be specified the error in
BM as a reference and observed another point on it.
3- The study showed that, cannot be determined the direc-
tion of scatter readings to the observed point (by naviga-
tion GPS) or specific frame, as well as the central dis-
tance of the readings are changing from one device to
another and from point to point.
4- The study recommends that should not be used naviga-
tion GPS devices in the survey work. In addition, re-
survey all areas are observed or defined its borders by
using this device (navigation GPS) by serving GPS de-
vices with required accuracy.

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International Journal of Engineering & Technology 299