Dar es Salaam institute of Technology (DIT)

ETU 08103

Data Communications

Ally, J
ICT Professional (Radio Frequency Communication)
Huawei Certified Academy Instructor (Routing and
Switching, Cloud Computing, Storage, and 5G)

[email protected]
DIT
IPv6 Basics

DIT
 Necessity for IPv6 Addresses
 32-bit addressing structure of IPv4 provides only
4,294,967,296 IP numbers.
 Active address are still very much less.
 In order to use this address space more efficiently,
technologies such as CIDR, DHCP, Private IP , NAT etc. were
developed.
 These interim solutions helped only to postpone exhaustion of
IPv4 address space.
 Exponential growth of Internet, Wireless Subscribers and
deployment of NGN Technology etc. demand still a large
amount of address space.
 IPv6 is meticulously (very careful) designed to correct some
problems of IPv4 and to provide various enhancements with
respect to security, routing addresses, auto configuration,
mobility and Quality of Service (QoS) etc.
DIT
 IPv6 deployment
 The existing pool of IPv4 addresses was exhausted
since August-2012.
 All service providers and other stakeholders will
gradually transit to IPv6 in a phased manner.
 The co-existence of IPv4 & IPv6 will be there for some
more years to come.
 There are 2 operating situations:
 IPv6 nodes have to communicate with IPv4 nodes.

This problem is solved using Dual Stack technique.

 Isolated islands of IPv6 will have to communicate with

each other using the widely available IPv4 networks.

This problem is solved using Tunneling technique.

DIT
 IPv6 Main Features
 Expanded Address Space
 Header Format Simplification
 Improved host and router discovery
 Auto-configuration
 Multi-Homing
 Class of Service/Multimedia support
 Improved Mobile IP support
 Authentication and Privacy Capabilities
 No more broadcast  Multicast
 Anycast

DIT
 Larger IP Address Space
 IPv4 address space is 32 bits long
 4,294,967,296 possible hosts

 New types of devices need to be addressed

 Mobile/wireless devices/IoT Devices
 Desktop devices

 NAT works, but is not ideal

 IPv6 address space is 128 bits long

 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 possible
hosts
= 67 billion billion addresses per cm2 of the planet surface

 End-to-end addressing
 No need for Network Address Translation (NAT)
DIT
 IPv6 Packet Header
 IPv4 header fields IPv4 Header
are very detailed. Version IHL Type of Service Total Length
 Some of the Flags Fragment Offset
Identification
information is rarely
Time to Live Protocol Header Checksum
used or poorly
Source Address
defined.
 Example: Type of Destination Address
Service Options Padding
 Other information is
no longer needed. IPv6 Header
 Example: Header Version Traffic Class Flow Label
Checksum
Payload Length Next Header Hop Limit
 IPv6 has a
simplified header Source Address
with only the
minimum number of Destination Address
necessary fields.

DIT
 IPv6 Format
 X:X:X:X:X:X:X:X where X is a 16 bit
hexadecimal field
 Case Insensitive
2001:235d:0000:0000:123f:0000:0001:345E
 Leading zero are optional
 Successive fields of zeros can be represented
as ::
 But only once per address

 Can be represented as
2001:235d::123f:0:1:345E
Not 2001:235d::123f::1:345E
DIT
 Types of IPv6 Addresses
 Unicast
 Address for a single interface

 Several types

 Global unicast address

 Reserved unicast address

 Link local unicast address

 Site local unicast address

 Special purpose unicast

 Unspecified, loopback, IPv4 compatible

DIT
 Types of IPv6 Addresses - 2
 Multicast
 One to many
 Enables more efficient use of the network
 Uses a larger address range
 Anycast
 One to nearest (allocated from unicast address
space)
 Multiple devices share the same address
 All anycast nodes should provide uniform service
 Routers decide on closest device to reach destination
 Suitable for load balancing and content delivery
services
DIT
 IPv6 Address Size
128 bits

Network Prefix Interface Identifier

64 bits 64 bits

No subnetting like in IPv4

No NAT like in IPv4

Each link will have /64 subnet mask

Interface ID can use modified EUI-64 format

DIT
 Ethernet MAC Address
48 bits

00 34 56 78 90 AB

00 34 56 FF FE 78 90 AB

64 bits
IPv6 EUI Address
DIT
 Ethernet MAC Address - 2

00 34 56 FF FE 78 90 AB

7th bit X = 1 Unique

U/L Bit X = 0 Non unique
000000X0

02 34 56 FF FE 78 90 AB
DIT
 IPv6 Unicast Global Address
Network Prefix Interface Identifier
64 bits 64 bits

Network Prefix Subnet ID Interface Identifier

48 bits 16 bits 64 bits

Public Topology Site Topology Interface

2^16 gives you 65536 subnets
ISP allocates you /48

You allocate /64 to each interface

DIT
IPv6 Aggregatable Global Unicast Address
FP TLA ID Res NLA ID SLA ID Interface ID

001 13 bits 8 bits 24 bits 16 bits 64 bits

Public topology Site topology Interface

 Uses a global routing prefix – enables aggregation

 Every IPv6 interface contains at least one loopback

::1/128
 Optionally, multiple unique local and global
addresses
 Aggregation / summarization more efficient

DIT
IPv6 Aggregatable Global Unicast Address

Internet ISP
Registry 2001:1234::/32
2001::/16
2001:1234::/32

2001:1234:1::/48

DIT
2001:1234:1::/48

2001:1234:1:2::/64 2001:1234:1:3::/64

DIT
 IPv6 Basic Network
2001:1:1:2::/64
2001:1:1:2::1/64 2001:1:1:2::2/64
F0/0 F0/0
WAN
S0/0 S0/0
R1 R2
2001:1:1:1::1/64 2001:1:1:3::1/64

DIT
 IPv6 Link Local Addresses
Network Prefix Interface Identifier
64 bits 64 bits

FE80::/10

1111 1110 10
10 bits
Have a scope limited to the link

Are automatically configured with the interface ID

DIT
 IPv6 Site Local Addresses
Network Prefix Interface Identifier
64 bits 64 bits

FEC0::/10

1111 1110 11
10 bits
Have a scope limited to the site

Contain the inside topology of the site with the subnet ID

Have been deprecated

DIT
 IPv4 Compatible Addresses
96 bits 32 bits
0 IPv4 Address

0:0:0:0:0:192.0.2.100

= ::192.0.2.100
= ::C000:0246

Used to represent the address of IPv4 nodes

as IPv6 addresses
Has been deprecated
DIT
 Unspecified and Loopback Addresses

 Unspecified addresses:
 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
 Used as a placeholder when no address is
available (Initial DHCP request, Duplicate
Address Detection (DAD))

 Loopback addresses:
 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1
 Same as 127.0.0.1 in IPv4
 It identifies host itself
DIT
 IPv6 Multicast Addresses

IPv6 Multicast Addressing

Assigned Solicited-Node
FF00::/8 FF02::1:FF00:0000/104

DIT
 Stateless Autoconfiguration

Router Solicitation
Request Prefix

 Host sends router solicitation to all routers:

FF02::2
 ICMPv6 Type 133
 Host uses its local link address FE80::/10 as
source
DIT
 Stateless Autoconfiguration

Router Advertisement:
Sends network-type
information:
Prefix, Default Route

 Router replies with ICMPv6 Type 134

 Router uses it’s link local address FE80::/10 as
source
 Destination FF02::1 (All nodes in the same network)

DIT
 Stateful DHCPv6

 More control than stateless

 Can be used concurrently with stateless
autoconfiguration
 Can provide IPv6 addresses in the absence of
routers
 Can be used for network renumbering
 Can be used for automatic domain name registration
of hosts using dynamic DNS

DIT
 Stateful DHCPv6

 If a router is found
 Host examines router advertisements to
determine if DHCPv6 can be used

DIT
 Stateful DHCPv6

 If DHCPv6 can be used

 Host sends a DHCP solicit message to
DHCPv6 agents multicast address FF02::1:2
 Uses a source address of FE80::/10
DIT
 Stateful DHCPv6

 If DHCPv6 cannot be used

 Host uses stateless configuration

DIT
 IPv6 Routing Protocols
 IPv6 routing types
 Static
 RIPng (RFC 2080)
 OSPFv3 (RFC 2740)
 IS-IS for IPv6
 MP-BGP4 (RFC 2545/2858)
 EIGRP for IPv6

 The ipv6 unicast-routing command is

required to enable IPv6 before any routing
protocol is configured
DIT
 Native IPv6-Only Backbone
 Requires: IPv4 Intranet IPv6 Intranet

 IPv4 over IPv6

Tunnels for
Translating
IPv4 traffic Gateway

 Hardware IPv4 Tunnel

IPv6 Backbone
forwarding for
IPv6
 Network Translating
Gateway
management
IPv6 Intranet
over IPv6
IPv4/v6 Intranet
Mobile IPv6

DIT
Dual Stack IPv4-IPv6 Backbone

DIT
 Thanks!

Technology changes but communication lasts.

DIT