Quantitiative Aptitude- Maths - stick to basics

Geometry and Trigonometry

Geometry
Graph of Linear Equations ,Triangles ( Types and Center , congruency and similiarity)
Circle (Chords,Tangents,Angles Subtended by chords by a circle, common tangents to two or more Circles),
Polygons(Regular Polygon , Right Prism, Right Circular Cone, Right Circular Cylinder , Sphere)
Hemispheres, Rectangular Paralleliped, Regular Right Pyramid with triangular or square base

v = u + at.
v² = u² + 2as.
s = ut + ½at²

Area of Regular Polygon of N-sides Formula

If “n” is the number of sides of a polygon, then the formula to find the area of regular polygon of n

sides is given by:

Area of Regular Polygon Formula = [l2n]/[4tan(180/n)] Square units

Where “l” is the side length of polygon

“n” is the number of sides of the polygon.

Area of Regular Polygon Inscribed in a Circle

The area of a regular polygon inscribed in a circle formula is given by:

Area of a regular polygon inscribed in a circle = (nr2/2) sin (360/n) square units

Where “n” is the number of sides

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“r” is the circumradius.
Factors Formulas
There are basically three types of formulas considered for factors. They are:
1. Number of Factors
2. Product of Factors
3. sum of factors

4.

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 Volume

l*b*h

a3
Curved Surface Surface
area of a
area of a
triangular
½×b×h×
triangular prism
Triangular =(a + b + c)H prism = bh H
+ (a + b +
c)H

A right square
pyramid with base
Right square length l and height
pyramid h has the following
formula for surface

Right Pyramid A regular tetrahedron's Total surface Volume: V= (a³√2) / 12

with triangular area of one (identical area: (a is side length).
base equilateral TSA=4*√3x²
Right traingle)face:
Traingular Area= √3x² (x is side
pyramid length).
Tetrahedron

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Right rectangular prism is cuboid only (if right square prism length=breadth)

Trigonometry
cos2 A + sin2 A = 1 (just convert everything to sin and cos, deal then)
1 + tan2 A = sec2 A
cot2 A + 1 = cosec2 A

A 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

1 1 3
sin A 0 1
2 2 2

3 1 1
cos A 1 0
2 2 2

1
tan A 0 1 3 Not defined
3

2
cosec A Not defined 2 2 1
3

2
sec A 1 2 2 Not defined
3
1
cot A Not defined 3 1 0
3

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class 9 maths syllabus - book pdf kopykitab

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Solid will mean not hollow.

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Class 9 maths syllabus...

CONTENTS

FOREWORD iii
RATIONALISATION OF CONTENT IN THE TEXTBOOKS v
1. NUMBER SYSTEMS 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Irrational Numbers 5
1.3 Real Numbers and their Decimal Expansions 8
1.4 Operations on Real Numbers 15
1.5 Laws of Exponents for Real Numbers 21
1.6 Summary 24
2. POLYNOMIALS 25
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Polynomials in One Variable 25
2.3 Zeroes of a Polynomial 29
2.4 Factorisation of Polynomials 32
2.5 Algebraic Identities 36
2.6 Summary 42
3. COORDINATE GEOMETRY 43
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 Cartesian System 46
3.3 Summary 53
4. LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES 55
4.1 Introduction 55
4.2 Linear Equations 55
4.3 Solution of a Linear Equation 57
4.4 Summary 59
5. INTRODUCTION TO EUCLID’S GEOMETRY 60
5.1 Introduction 2024- 60
5.2 25 and Postulates
Euclid’s Definitions, Axioms 62
5.3 Summary 68
6. LINES AND ANGLES 69
6.1 Introduction 69
6.2 Basic Terms and Definitions 70
6.3 Intersecting Lines and Non-intersecting Lines 72
6.4 Pairs of Angles 72
6.5 Lines Parallel to the Same Line 78
6.6 Summary 82
7. TRIANGLES 83
7.1 Introduction 83
7.2 Congruence of Triangles 83
7.3 Criteria for Congruence of Triangles 86
7.4 Some Properties of a Triangle 94
7.5 Some More Criteria for Congruence of Triangles 99
7.6 Summary 103
8. QUADRILATERALS 104
8.1 Properties of a Parallelogram 104
8.2 The Mid-point Theorem 111
8.3 Summary 115
9. CIRCLES 116
9.1 Angle Subtended by a Chord at a Point 116
9.2 Perpendicular from the Centre to a Chord 118
9.3 Equal Chords and their Distances from the Centre 119
9.4 Angle Subtended by an Arc of a Circle 122
9.5 Cyclic Quadrilaterals 125
9.6 Summary 129
10. HERON’S FORMULA 131
10.1 Area of a Triangle – by Heron’s Formula 131
10.2 Summary 136
11. SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES 137
11.1 Surface Area of a Right Circular Cone 137
11.2 Surface Area of a Sphere 141
11.3 Volume of a Right Circular Cone 145

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Class 10 maths syllabus...

Contents

Foreword iii
Rationalisation of Contents in the Textbooks v
Preface vii
1. Real Numbers 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic 2
1.3 Revisiting Irrational Numbers 6
1.4 Summary 9
2. Polynomials 10
2.1 Introduction 10
2.2 Geometrical Meaning of the Zeroes of a Polynomial 11
2.3 Relationship between Zeroes and Coefficients of a Polynomial 18
2.4 Summary 23
3. Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables 24
3.1 Introduction 24
3.2 Graphical Method of Solution of a Pair of Linear Equations 25
3.3 Algebraic Methods of Solving a Pair of Linear Equations 30
3.3.1 Substitution Method 30
3.3.2 Elimination Method 34
3.4 Summary 37
4. Quadratic Equations 38
4.1 Introduction 38
4.2 Quadratic Equations 39
4.3 Solution of a Quadratic Equation by Factorisation 42
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4.4 Nature of Roots 25
44
4.5 Summary 47
5. Arithmetic Progressions 49
5.1 Introduction 49
 xii
5.2 Arithmetic Progressions 51
5.3 nth Term of an AP 56
5.4 Sum of First n Terms of an AP 63
5.5 Summary 72
6. Triangles 73
6.1 Introduction 73
6.2 Similar Figures 74
6.3 Similarity of Triangles 79
6.4 Criteria for Similarity of Triangles 85
6.5 Summary 97
7. Coordinate Geometry 99
7.1 Introduction 99
7.2 Distance Formula 100
7.3 Section Formula 106
7.4 Summary 112
8. Introduction to Trigonometry 113
8.1 Introduction 113
8.2 Trigonometric Ratios 114
8.3 Trigonometric Ratios of Some Specific Angles 121
8.4 Trigonometric Identities 128
8.5 Summary 132
9. Some Applications of Trigonometry 133
9.1 Heights and Distances 133
9.2 Summary 143
10. Circles 144
10.1 Introduction 144
10.2 Tangent to a Circle 145
10.3 Number of Tangents from a Point on a Circle 147
10.4 Summary 153
11. Areas Related to Circles 154
11.1 Areas of Sector and Segment of a Circle 154
11.2 Summary 160

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12. Surface Areas and Volumes xiii 161
12.1 Introduction 161
12.2 Surface Area of a Combination of Solids 162
12.3 Volume of a Combination of Solids 167
12.4 Summary 170
13. Statistics 171
13.1 Introduction 171
13.2 Mean of Grouped Data 171
13.3 Mode of Grouped Data 183
13.4 Median of Grouped Data 188
13.5 Summary 200
14. Probability 202
14.1 Probability — A Theoretical Approach 202
14.2 Summary 217
Appendix A1 : Proofs in Mathematics 218
A1.1 Introduction 218
A1.2 Mathematical Statements Revisited 218
A1.3 Deductive Reasoning 221
A1.4 Conjectures, Theorems, Proofs and Mathematical Reasoning 223
A1.5 Negation of a Statement 228
A1.6 Converse of a Statement 231
A1.7 Proof by Contradiction 234
A1.8 Summary 238
Appendix A2 : Mathematical Modelling 239
A2.1 Introduction 239
A2.2 Stages in Mathematical Modelling 240
A2.3 Some Illustrations 244
A2.4 Why is Mathematical Modelling Important? 248
A2.5 Summary 249
Answers/Hints 250

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Class 11 maths syllabus...
Contents
i
Foreword iii v
Rationalisation of Content in the Textbooks
1. Sets 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Sets and their Representations 1
1.3 The Empty Set 5
1.4 Finite and Infinite Sets 6
1.5 Equal Sets 7
1.6 Subsets 9
1.7 Universal Set 12
1.8 Venn Diagrams 13
1.9 Operations on Sets 13
1.10 Complement of a Set 18
2. Relations and Functions 24
2.1 Introduction 24
2.2 Cartesian Product of Sets 24
2.3 Relations 28
2.4 Functions 30
3. Trigonometric Functions 43
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 Angles 43
3.3 Trigonometric Functions 49
3.4 Trigonometric Functions of Sum and Difference of Two Angles 57
4. Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations 76
4.1 Introduction 76
4.2 Complex Numbers 76

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 4.3 Algebra of Complex Numbers 77
4.4 The Modulus and the Conjugate ofii a Complex Number 81
4.5 Argand Plane and Polar Representation 83
5. Linear Inequalities 89
5.1 Introduction 89
5.2 Inequalities 89
5.3 Algebraic Solutions of Linear Inequalities in One Variable and
their Graphical Representation 91
6. Permutations and Combinations 100
6.1 Introduction 100
6.2 Fundamental Principle of Counting 100
6.3 Permutations 104
6.4 Combinations 114
7. Binomial Theorem 126
7.1 Introduction 126
7.2 Binomial Theorem for Positive Integral Indices 126
8. Sequences and Series 135
8.1 Introduction 135
8.2 Sequences 135
8.3 Series 137
8.4 Geometric Progression (G.P.) 139
8.5 Relationship Between A.M. and G.M. 144
9. Straight Lines 151
9.1 Introduction 151
9.2 Slope of a Line 152
9.3 Various Forms of the Equation of a Line 159
9.4 Distance of a Point From a Line 164
10. Conic Sections 176
10.1 Introduction 176
10.2 Sections of a Cone 176
10.3 Circle 179
x

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10.4 Parabola 182
10.5 Ellipse iii 187
10.6 Hyperbola 195
11. Introduction to Three Dimensional Geometry 208

11.1 Introduction 208

11.2 Coordinate Axes and Coordinate Planes in Three
Dimensional Space 209
11.3 Coordinates of a Point in Space 209
11.4 Distance between Two Points 211
12. Limits and Derivatives 217
12.1 Introduction 217
12.2 Intuitive Idea of Derivatives 217
12.3 Limits 220
12.4 Limits of Trigonometric Functions 234
12.5 Derivatives 239
13. Statistics 257
13.1 Introduction 257
13.2 Measures of Dispersion 259
13.3 Range 259
13.4 Mean Deviation 259
13.5 Variance and Standard Deviation 271
14. Probability 289
14.1 Event 289
14.2 Axiomatic Approach to Probability 295
Appendix 1: Infinite Series 314
A.1.1 Introduction 314
A.1.2 Binomial Theorem for any Index 314
A.1.3 Infinite Geometric Series 316
A.1.4 Exponential Series 318
A.1.5 Logarithmic Series 321

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Appendix 2: Mathematical Modelling 323
A.2.1 Introduction 323
A.2.2 Preliminaries 323
A.2.3 What is Mathematical Modelling 327
Answers 335
Supplementary Material 357

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Class 12 maths syllabus...
Contents PART I
Foreword iii v vii
Rationalisation of Content in the Textbook Preface

1. Relations and Functions 1

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Types of Relations 2
1.3 Types of Functions 7
1.4 Composition of Functions and Invertible Function 12
2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions 18
2.1 Introduction 18
2.2 Basic Concepts 18
2.3 Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions 27
3. Matrices 34
3.1 Introduction 34
3.2 Matrix 34
3.3 Types of Matrices 39
3.4 Operations on Matrices 43
3.5 Transpose of a Matrix 61
3.6 Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrices 63
3.7 Invertible Matrices 68
4. Determinants 76
4.1 Introduction 76
4.2 Determinant 76
4.3 Area of a Triangle 82
4.4 Minors and Cofactors 84
4.5 Adjoint and Inverse of a Matrix 87
4.6 Applications of Determinants and Matrices 93

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5. Continuity and Differentiability 104
5.1 Introduction 104
5.2 Continuity 104
5.3 Differentiability 118
5.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 125
5.5 Logarithmic Differentiation 130
5.6 Derivatives of Functions in Parametric Forms 134
5.7 Second Order Derivative 137
6. Application of Derivatives 147
6.1 Introduction 147
6.2 Rate of Change of Quantities 147
6.3 Increasing and Decreasing Functions 152
6.4 Maxima and Minima 159
Appendix 1: Proofs in Mathematics 187
A.1.1 Introduction 187
A.1.2 What is a Proof? 187
Appendix 2: Mathematical Modelling 196
A.2.1 Introduction 196
A.2.2 Why Mathematical Modelling? 196
A.2.3 Principles of Mathematical Modelling 197
Answers 208
Supplementary Material 222

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Contents
PART II
Foreword iii
Rationalisation of Content in the Textbooks v
Preface vii
7. Integrals 225
7.1 Introduction 225
7.2 Integration as an Inverse Process of Differentiation 226
7.3 Methods of Integration 235
7.4 Integrals of Some Particular Functions 243
7.5 Integration by Partial Fractions 252
7.6 Integration by Parts 259
7.7 Definite Integral 267
7.8 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus 267
7.9 Evaluation of Definite Integrals by Substitution 271
7.10 Some Properties of Definite Integrals 273
8. Application of Integrals 292
8.1 Introduction 292
8.2 Area under Simple Curves 292
9. Differential Equations 300
9.1 Introduction 300
9.2 Basic Concepts 300
9.3 General and Particular Solutions of a 304
Differential Equation
9.4 Methods of Solving First Order, First Degree 306
Differential Equations
10. Vector Algebra 338
10.1 Introduction 338
10.2 Some Basic Concepts 338
10.3 Types of Vectors 341
10.4 Addition of Vectors 343
10.5 Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar 346
10.6 Product of Two Vectors 355

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 xiv

11. Three Dimensional Geometry 377

11.1 Introduction 377
11.2 Direction Cosines and Direction Ratios of a Line 377
11.3 Equation of a Line in Space 381
11.4 Angle between Two Lines 383
11.5 Shortest Distance between Two Lines 385
12. Linear Programming 394
12.1 Introduction 394
12.2 Linear Programming Problem and its Mathematical Formulation 395
13. Probability 406
13.1 Introduction 406
13.2 Conditional Probability 406
13.3 Multiplication Theorem on Probability 415
13.4 Independent Events 417
13.5 Bayes' Theorem 423
Answers 439

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