1. What is Python?

o Python is a high-level, interpreted, general-purpose programming language

2. What are the key features of Python?

o Easy to learn and read

o Interpreted and dynamically typed

o Extensive standard library

o Object-oriented

o Portable and open-source

o Supports modules and packages

3. What are Python's key data types?

o int, float, str, bool, list, tuple, set, dict, NoneType

4. What is the difference between a list and a tuple?

o List is mutable, while tuple is immutable.

5. What is the difference between is and ==?

o is compares object identity, == compares values.

6. What are Python’s numeric data types?

o int, float, complex

7. What is type casting in Python?

o Converting one data type to another using functions like int(), float(), str()
8. How do you check the type of a variable?

o Using type(variable)

9. What are Python’s built-in data structures?

o list, tuple, set, dict

10. What is the use of None in Python?

o Represents the absence of a value, similar to null in other languages.

11. What are the control flow statements in Python?

o if, elif, else

12. What are the looping constructs in Python?

o for loop and while loop

13. How do you iterate over a list?

14. for item in my_list:

15. print(item)

16. What is range() in Python?

o Returns an immutable sequence of numbers for looping.

17. What does break do in Python?

o Exits the loop immediately.

18. What does continue do in Python?

o Skips the current iteration and moves to the next.

19. What is the use of pass?

o A null operation; used as a placeholder.

20. What is a list comprehension?

o A concise way to create lists:

o [x**2 for x in range(5)]

21. Can you use else with loops?

22. What is the difference between for and while loop?

o for is used for definite iteration, while for indefinite.

21. How do you define a function in Python?

22. def my_func():

23. pass

24. What is a return statement?

o Used to return a value from a function.

25. What is the difference between return and print?

o return gives back a value to the caller; print outputs to the console.

26. **What are *args and kwargs?

o *args for variable-length positional arguments; **kwargs for variable-length

27. What is recursion?

o A function calling itself to solve smaller instances of the problem.

28. What is the scope of a variable?

o The area in the code where a variable is accessible: local, enclosing, global, or
built-in.

29. What is a lambda function?

o Anonymous function:

o lambda x: x * 2

30. What is a docstring?

o Documentation string used to describe a function/class/module.

31. What is the difference between global and local variables?

o Global is defined outside functions; local is inside a function.

32. How can you modify a global variable inside a function?

31. What is Object-Oriented Programming in Python?

• A programming paradigm where code is organized into objects that combine data
and behavior.

32. What are classes and objects?

• A class is a blueprint; an object is an instance of a class.

33. How do you create a class in Python?

class Dog:

def __init__(self, name):

self.name = name

34. What is the __init__ method?

• A special method called when an object is created; like a constructor.

35. What is self in Python classes?

• Refers to the instance of the object itself.

36. What is inheritance in Python?

• Allows one class to inherit attributes and methods from another:

• class Dog(Animal):

• pass

37. What is method overriding?

• Providing a new implementation of a method in a derived class.

38. What is polymorphism?

• The ability to use a single interface for different types (e.g., function overloading).

39. What is encapsulation?

• Bundling data and methods together and restricting access using private members (_
or __).
 40. What is the difference between @classmethod, @staticmethod, and instance
methods?

• @staticmethod: Doesn’t access class or instance.

• @classmethod: Accesses class (cls).

• Instance method: Accesses object (self).

41. How do you open a file in Python?

with open('file.txt', 'r') as f:

data = f.read()

42. What are the different file modes in Python?

• 'r', 'w', 'a', 'rb', 'wb', 'r+', etc.

43. How to read a file line by line?

for line in open('file.txt'):

print(line)

44. What is the difference between read(), readline(), and readlines()?

• read(): Whole file

• readline(): One line

• readlines(): List of all lines

45. How to write to a file?

with open('file.txt', 'w') as f:

f.write("Hello")

46. What is the with statement in file handling?

• Ensures automatic file closing (context manager).

47. What happens if you try to read a closed file?

• It raises a ValueError.

48. How do you handle file not found errors?

open('nofile.txt')

except FileNotFoundError:

print("Not found")

49. What is binary mode in file handling?

• Used for reading or writing binary files like images.

50. How to check if a file exists?

import os

os.path.exists('file.txt')

51. What is exception handling in Python?

• Mechanism to handle runtime errors using try, except, finally.

52. How do you catch exceptions in Python?

try:

risky_code()

except ValueError:

print("Caught error")

53. What is the purpose of the finally block?

• Executes code no matter what (error or no error).

54. What are some common Python exceptions?

• ZeroDivisionError, TypeError, ValueError, KeyError, IndexError, etc.

55. How to raise an exception manually?

raise ValueError("Custom error")

56. What is the assert statement?

• Used for debugging to test if a condition is true.

57. What is the difference between syntax error and exception?

• Exception: Detected during execution

58. Can you catch multiple exceptions in one block?

except (TypeError, ValueError):

pass

59. How to define custom exceptions?

class MyError(Exception):

pass

60. How does exception propagation work in Python?

• If an exception isn’t handled, it moves up the call stack.

61. What is a module in Python?

• A file containing Python definitions and code (.py).

62. What is a package in Python?

• A directory with __init__.py that contains multiple modules.

63. How to import a module?

import math

from math import sqrt

64. What is __name__ == "__main__" used for?

• Checks if the script is being run directly or imported.

65. How to install external packages?

pip install package-name

66. What is the Python Standard Library?

• Built-in modules like math, datetime, os, sys, json, etc.

67. What is dir() function used for?

• Lists attributes and methods of an object/module.

help(math)

69. What are relative and absolute imports?

• Relative: from . import module

• Absolute: import package.module

70. What is the role of __init__.py?

• Marks a directory as a Python package.

71. What is a decorator in Python?

• A function that takes another function and extends its behavior without modifying it:

def decorator(func):

def wrapper():

print("Before")

func()

print("After")

return wrapper

72. What are *args and **kwargs used for?

• *args: allows variable number of positional arguments

• **kwargs: allows variable number of keyword arguments

73. What is a generator in Python?

• A function that uses yield to return an iterator, producing items lazily:

def gen():

yield 1

yield 2

74. What is the difference between yield and return?

75. What are iterators and iterables?

• Iterable: an object you can loop over (e.g., list)

• Iterator: object with __next__() and __iter__() methods.

76. What is a context manager in Python?

• An object that manages a resource using with:

with open('file.txt') as f:

data = f.read()

77. What are magic methods (dunder methods)?

• Special methods with __ prefix/suffix, like __init__, __str__, __len__

78. What is the use of __str__ and __repr__?

• __str__: user-friendly string

• __repr__: developer-friendly representation

79. What is monkey patching?

• Dynamically changing a class or module at runtime.

80. What is metaclass in Python?

• A class of a class; it defines how a class behaves.

81. How is memory managed in Python?

• Through reference counting and garbage collection.

82. What is the difference between deep copy and shallow copy?

• Shallow: references objects

• Deep: recursively copies all nested objects

83. How do you create a shallow copy?

import copy

shallow = copy.copy(obj)
 84. How do you create a deep copy?

import copy

deep = copy.deepcopy(obj)

85. What is the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL)?

• A mutex that prevents multiple native threads from executing Python bytecodes
simultaneously.

86. How do you profile performance in Python?

• Using cProfile, timeit, or line_profiler.

87. What are some ways to improve Python performance?

• Use built-in functions, list comprehensions, avoid unnecessary loops, and use NumPy.

88. What are memory leaks in Python and how to avoid them?

• Caused by objects referencing each other cyclically. Use weak references or cleanup.

89. What is the use of gc module?

• Garbage collection for detecting and cleaning up cycles.

90. What is the difference between multiprocessing and multithreading?

• Multiprocessing: parallel execution using multiple CPU cores

• Multithreading: concurrent execution with threads (limited by GIL)

91. What is NumPy?

• A library for numerical computing with support for arrays, matrices, and linear
algebra.

92. How do you create a NumPy array?

import numpy as np

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3])

93. How do you perform element-wise operations in NumPy?

arr * 2 # Multiplies each element by 2

94. What is the difference between Python list and NumPy array?
 • NumPy arrays are faster, support vectorized operations, and are more memory-
efficient.

95. What is Pandas in Python?

• A data manipulation library offering DataFrames for structured data.

96. How do you create a DataFrame in Pandas?

import pandas as pd

df = pd.DataFrame({'name': ['A', 'B'], 'age': [25, 30]})

97. How do you read a CSV file in Pandas?

df = pd.read_csv('data.csv')

98. What is the difference between loc[] and iloc[]?

• loc[]: label-based indexing

• iloc[]: integer-location based indexing

99. How do you handle missing values in Pandas?

df.fillna(0) # Replace with 0

df.dropna() # Remove rows with NaN

100. What is vectorization in NumPy/Pandas and why is it useful?

• Replacing loops with array operations for faster execution using low-level
optimizations.