UNIT-3 - Types of different Element

Syllabus :

Types of Elements used in Finite

Element Analysis
An element is the basic building block of finite element analysis. There are several basic
types of elements, it depends on the type of object that is to be modeled for finite element
analysis and the type of analysis that which type of element for finite elements analysis will be
used.

Categories:-

Truss or Line Element (2D Line):-

Truss elements are long and slender, have 2 nodes, and can be oriented
anywhere in 3D space. Truss elements transmit force axially only and are 3 degree of
freedom elements which allow translation only and not rotation. Trusses are normally
used to model towers, bridges, and buildings. A constant cross section area is assumed
and they are used for linear elastic structural analysis.
1. Beam Element (2D Line):-
Beam elements are long and slender, have three nodes, and can be oriented
anywhere in 3D space. Beam elements are 6 degree of freedom elements allowing both
translation and rotation at each end node. That is the primary difference between beam
and truss elements. The I J nodes define element geometry, the K node defines the cross
sectional orientation. This is how you differentiate between the strong and weak axis of
bending for a beam.
A constant cross section area is assumed. In the image, the beam shape is shown
only for visualization, the element is the dark blue rod. The I J axis runs from the near to
far node. K is shown vertically above the I node or could be horizontally to the right of I.

2. 2D Element (2D Planar):-

2D Elements are 3 or 4 node elements with only 2 DOF, Y and Z translation,
and are normally created in the YZ plane. They are used for Plane Stress or Plane Strain
analyses. Common applications include axisymmetric bodies of revolution such as missile
redoes, radial seals, etc. and long sections with constant cross sectional area such as a
dam. Plane Stress implies no stress normal to the cross section defined - strain is allowed
- suitable to model the 2D cross section of a body of revolution. Plane Strain implies no
strain normal to the cross section defined - stress is allowed - suitable to model the 2D
cross section of a long dam.
3. Membrane Element (2D Planar):-
Membrane Elements are 3 or 4 node 2D elements that can be oriented anywhere
in 3D space. They can be used to model thin membrane like materials like fabric, thin
metal shells, etc. These elements will not support or transmit a moment load or stress
normal to the surface. They support only translational DOF not rotational and in-plane
loading. The thickness of the membrane must be small relative to its length or width.
Membrane thickness is defined as a fixed parameter which can be varied. The geometry
is drawn at the mid plane with zero thickness shown, similar to a plate element.

4. Plate Element (2D Planar):

Plate elements are 3 or 4 node 2D planar elements that can be oriented
anywhere in 3D space. They are typically used to model structures comprised of shells
such as pressure vessels, automobile bodies, ship hulls, and aircraft fuselages. Generally a
thicker wall than for a membrane element but about 1/10 the length or width. All
translational degree of freedoms are supported as well as rotational DOF that are not out
of plane. That is rotation about the normal to the element surface is not allowed. Plate
thickness is defined as a fixed parameter which can be varied. The geometry is drawn at
the mid plane with zero thickness shown.
5. 3D Brick Element, 8 Nodes (3D Solid):-
Brick or tetrahedral elements may have 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 15, or 20 nodes and support
only translational degree of freedom. They are normally used to model solid objects for
which plate elements are not appropriate. You can usually specify either all tetrahedral,
all bricks, or a mixture of both with some automatic mesh generators. This is the most
common, and frequently the only element type supported by automatic mesh
generators. Bricks work quite well for any "blocky" structures which are typical of
machined, cast, or forged fabricated parts. Structural and thermal bricks exist so the
same model geometry can be used for both the initial steady state heat transfer and
subsequent thermal stress computations. Bricks compute stress through the thickness
of a part.

6. 3D Tetrahedral Element, 4 Nodes (3D Solid):-

Tetrahedral elements may have 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 15, or 20 nodes and support only
translational degree of freedom. They are normally used to model solid objects for which
plate elements are not appropriate. You can usually specify either all tetrahedral, all
bricks, or a mixture of both with some automatic mesh generators.
7. 3D Tetrahedral Element, 5 Nodes, Pyramid
(3D Solid)
See definition above for the 8 node brick, you can usually specify either all
tetrahedral, all bricks, or a mixture of both with some automatic mesh generators.

8. 3D Tetrahedral Element, 6 Nodes, Wedge

(3D Solid):-
6-node linear triangular prism element types are used for the welds. Tetrahedral,
all bricks, or a mixture of both with some automatic mesh generators.
9. 3D Tetrahedral Element with Mid side Nodes,
15 Nodes, Wedge (3D Solid):-
See definition above for the 15 node brick, you can usually specify either all
tetrahedral, all bricks, or a mixture of both with most automatic mesh generators.
10. 3D Brick Element with Mid side Nodes, 20
Nodes (3D Solid):-
20 node element types are used for the angle specimens and bolts. Hex bolt
heads and nuts are idealized as square bolt heads and nuts to simplify the analysis.
Washers are not modeled in this analysis.
Isoparametric Formulation in Finite Element Method (FEM)
The isoparametric formulation is a widely used technique in the Finite Element Method (FEM) for
defining complex element shapes and integrating numerical solutions. It provides a systematic way
to approximate the geometry and field variables within an element using the same shape functions.
This formulation is particularly useful for higher-order and irregularly shaped elements.
1. Introduction to Isoparametric Formulation
In the conventional FEM approach, simple elements like triangular or rectangular elements are
directly mapped onto the global coordinate system. However, for complex geometries and irregular
meshes, it becomes necessary to map the elements from a standard reference domain to the
actual element domain. This is achieved using isoparametric elements, where both geometry and
field variables are approximated using the same shape functions.
The term "isoparametric" implies:
 "Iso" (same): The same set of interpolation (shape) functions is used for both geometry
mapping and field variable interpolation.
 "Parametric": The mapping is done using a reference (parent) coordinate system.
2. Advantages of Isoparametric Elements
 Handles complex geometries efficiently.
 Allows curved elements, unlike standard triangular or quadrilateral elements.
 Provides a systematic numerical integration framework using Gaussian quadrature.
 Improves accuracy in higher-order elements (e.g., quadratic, cubic).
7. Application of Isoparametric Formulation in FEM
The isoparametric formulation is widely applied in:
 Structural Analysis (stress-strain computation in complex geometries).
 Geotechnical Engineering (modeling soil-structure interaction).
 Fluid Mechanics (handling irregular domains in Computational Fluid Dynamics).
 Thermal Analysis (heat transfer problems in curved domains).