BUILDING

WATER
SYSTEMS
AND DESIGN
GROUP 3:
JOHN CARL G. CORREA
FERNAN D. DEOCAREZA
DAWN FRANZESKA E. GALOSO
BRIAN H. SESBREÑO
OUTLINE OF THE TOPIC
IMPORTANCE OF BUILDING WATER
SYSTEMS AND DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS FOR A
SUSTAINABLE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
TYPES OF WATER SERVICE LEVEL
MAIN PARTS OF WATER SUPPLY
SYSTEM
TYPES OF WATER DISTRIBUTION
TYPES OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS
WATER SUPPLY DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
WATER SUPPLY DESIGN CONCERNS
IMPORTANCE OF
BUILDING WATER
SYSTEMS AND
DESIGN
Water distribution systems comprise,
essentially, reservoirs, pipes, pumps, and
valves. Which are needed to be properly
designed and optimized so that they can
function adequately, delivering the
required water volumes to consumers.
These are required to supply the
consumers with potable water.
IMPORTANCE OF
BUILDING WATER
SYSTEMS AND
DESIGN
Improper planning could result in dire
consequences, including:
Unsafe and impure drinking water
The development of waterborne and
water-based diseases
Plumbing and sewer issues
Site/project shutdowns
Civil and criminal legal suits
High maintenance and costly
IMPORTANCE OF
BUILDING WATER
SYSTEMS AND
DESIGN
Requirement of a well distributed water system include:
it should be economical to maintain and operate.
sufficient water should reach all consumers.
should be watertight and leakage should be least as possible.
any type of contamination of water should not occur during the distribution.
system should not be laid below the sewer lines as far as possible.
should have adequate pressure but not as high that causes bursting of pipes,
the distribution layout should supply water even during repair and maintenance time.
CONSIDERATIONS FOR A SUSTAINABLE
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
TECHNICAL FINANCIAL
CONSIDERATIONS CONSIDERATIONS
These include proper and thorough conduct These involve developing the water system in
of preparatory works (feasibility studies, the most cost-effective manner while
water source assessment, etc.) to sufficiently meeting the necessary standards and
prepare the system preliminary plan and customers’ requirements. The system’s
detailed design. Design and construction of development costs and resulting tariff
the system should also be done in structure must strike a balance between the
accordance with the standards and employ customers’ affordability levels and the utility’s
appropriate technologies, equipment, and cost recovery. The latter ensures that the
materials. system can earn funds that can sustain its
operations, maintenance, and future
requirements
CONSIDERATIONS FOR A SUSTAINABLE
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL
CONSIDERATIONS CONSIDERATIONS
These consider the interests and concerns of These ensure that the development and
the various stakeholders involved in the operation of the system consider their effects
development and operation of the water on the environment. It also entails that the
system (local officials, businesses, community use of water sources is within its safe yields
leaders, and households). and will not compromise its current and
future viability to promote its long term
sustainability.
SERVICE LEVEL DEFINITIONS

LEVEL I LEVEL II LEVEL III

(POINT SOURCE) (COMMUNAL FAUCET (WATERWORKS SYSTEM
SYSTEM OR STAND POSTS) OR INDIVIDUAL HOUSE
CONNECTIONS)

This service level A piped system This system includes a

provides a protected well composed of a source, a source, a reservoir, a
or a developed spring reservoir, a piped piped distribution
with an outlet but distribution network, network, and individual
without a distribution and communal faucets. household taps.
system.
SERVICE LEVEL DEFINITIONS

LEVEL I LEVEL II LEVEL III

(POINT SOURCE) (COMMUNAL FAUCET (WATERWORKS SYSTEM
SYSTEM OR STAND POSTS) OR INDIVIDUAL HOUSE
CONNECTIONS)
MAIN PARTS OF
WATER SUPPLY
SYSTEM
WATER MAIN
WATER SERVICE PIPE
BUILDING SUPPLY PIPE
WATER-DISTRIBUTING PIPE
BUILDING MAIN
RISER
FIXTURE BRANCH
FIXTURE SUPPLY
WATER METER
VALVES
WATER MAIN
also known as STREET MAIN.
large underground municipal pipe that allows
water to be distributed in each households or
establishment around a local community.
connected by multiple smaller pipes that
supplies buildings.
materials commonly used to construct water
pipes include polyvinyl chloride (PVC), cast iron,
copper, steel and in older systems concrete or
fired clay.
the more long-term reliability a material has,
the better it is for the safety of the water main.
WATER SERVICE PIPE
also known as SERVICE PIPE/WATER
LINES/COMMUNICATION PIPES.
pipeline that transports potable water from the
water main to individual properties.
vital for carrying clean, potable water for
consumption and use by occupants of the
property.
made of materials like copper, polyethylene, or
PVC, and size can vary depending on the building’s
water requirements.
maintenance, repair, and replacement of water
service pipe typically fall under the property
owner’s responsibility, although this may differ
depending on local regulations.
WATER METER BUILDING SUPPLY PIPE
is required by most district water supply the pipe carrying potable water from the water
systems to measure and record the amount of meter or other source of water supply to a building
water used. It may be placed in a meter box or other point of use or distribution on the lot.
located in the ground near the street or inside also known as WATER SERVICE CONNECTION.
the building.
BUILDING MAIN WATER-DISTRIBUTING PIPE
is a large pipe that serves as the principal route of a pipe that conveys potable water from the
the water supply system. building supply pipe to the plumbing fixtures and
carries water through the building to the furthest other waste outlets.
riser.
FIXTURE BRANCH FIXTURE SUPPLY
the water supply pipe between the fixture supply also known as FIXTURE CONNECTION.
pipe and the water-distributing pipe. a water supply pipe connecting the fixture with the
fixture branch.
RISER
a water supply pipe which extends vertically from
one full story or more to convey water into pipe
branches or plumbing fixtures.
water risers are typically made of copper, PVC, or
other durable materials that can withstand the
pressure of the water and resist corrosion.
gas risers are typically made of steel or other
robust materials that can withstand the pressure
of the gas and resist corrosion.

BACKFLOW
PREVENTER
allows water to flow
in one direction but
never in the
opposite direction.
VALVES
A valve is a type of fitting that allows for regulation, control,
and direction of fluids passing through a pipe.

BALL VALVES BUTTERFLY VALVES CHECK VALVES

GATE VALVES KNIFE GATE VALVES GLOBE VALVES

PRESSURE RELIEF
VALVES
NEEDLE VALVES PINCH VALVES PLUG VALVES
TYPES OF
WATER
DISTRIBUTION
Dead-End System (Tree
System)
Radial System
Grid Iron System
(Interlaced System)
Ring Distribution
System (Circular
System)
TYPES OF
WATER DISTRIBUTION
DEAD-END SYSTEM (TREE
SYSTEM)
This system consists of a main pipeline with
several sub-main pipelines branching off to
serve different areas. It is often used in older
towns with irregular road patterns.
Advantages:
Cost-Effective: Economical to implement,
making it suitable for budget-conscious
projects.
Easy Installation: Simple pipe laying process
that doesn't require skilled labor.
Simplified Calculations: Fewer valves make it
easier to determine discharge and pressure.
TYPES OF
WATER DISTRIBUTION
Disadvantages
Stagnation Risk: Increased likelihood of water
stagnation due to multiple dead ends, affecting
water quality.
Larger Pipe Requirements: Necessitates larger
diameter and longer pipes to handle high flow,
complicating installation.
Low Pressure: Typically experiences low water
pressure, requiring additional pumping systems.
Limited Firefighting Capability: High head loss
restricts water availability for firefighting.
Single Supply Vulnerability: Dependence on one
main pipeline increases risk of supply disruption
during failures or maintenance.
TYPES OF
WATER DISTRIBUTION
RADIAL SYSTEM
Water is distributed from a central reservoir to
various zones, with supply pipes laid out radially.
This system is ideal for high-rise buildings and
densely populated areas.
Advantages
Suitability for High-Rise Buildings: Ideal for
supplying water to tall structures.
Minimal Supply Disruption: Maintenance or
repairs have a low impact on overall water
distribution.
High Discharge and Low Head Loss: Provides
water with high flow rates and minimal pressure
drop.
Quick Service: Offers efficient and timely water
supply to consumers.
TYPES OF
WATER DISTRIBUTION
Disadvantages
Higher Cost: Less economical due to the
need for multiple distribution reservoirs.
Increased Pipe Length: More
connections require a longer pipe
network, increasing installation costs.
TYPES OF
WATER DISTRIBUTION
GRID IRON SYSTEM
(INTERLACED SYSTEM)
Features interconnected main, sub-main, and
branch pipelines arranged in a grid layout, ensuring
continuous water flow without dead ends.
Advantages
Continuous Water Flow: No dead ends ensure a
constant flow of water through the pipelines.
Minimal Disruption for Maintenance: Repairs
and maintenance can be performed without
interrupting water supply.
Adequate Firefighting Supply: Provides sufficient
discharge for firefighting needs.
Low Head Loss: Interconnected pipes minimize
pressure loss throughout the system.
TYPES OF
WATER DISTRIBUTION
Disadvantages
High Valve Requirement: The system
necessitates a large number of cut-off
valves for effective operation.
Cost Inefficiency: More extensive pipe
lengths make it less economical to
install.
Larger Pipe Sizes Needed: Requires
longer and larger diameter pipes,
increasing material and installation
costs.
TYPES OF
WATER DISTRIBUTION
RING DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
(CIRCULAR SYSTEM)
The main pipeline forms a ring around the distribution
area, with sub-main pipelines branching off. This design
allows for water supply from multiple directions.
Advantages
High Discharge Rate: Provides a higher water flow
rate compared to other distribution methods.
Minimal Supply Disruption: Maintenance and repairs
can be performed without interrupting water
delivery.
Low Head Loss: Fewer interconnections result in
reduced pressure loss throughout the system.
Minimal Stagnation: The absence of dead ends
ensures minimal to no stagnation of water.
TYPES OF
WATER DISTRIBUTION
Disadvantages
Higher Cost: Requires more pipe length,
making it less economical to install.
Increased Valve Requirement: Necessitates
a larger number of cut-off valves for
effective operation.
Need for Skilled Labor: Laying the pipelines
requires the expertise of skilled workers,
increasing installation complexity.
SUMMARY TABLE OF DIFFERENCES
Tree Grid Ring Radial
Feature
System System System System
Branching Interconnected Circular Central reservoir
Structure main line mains with radial pipes
main line
One-way Continuous Continuous Radial flow
Water Flow
flow flow flow from reservoir

Pressure Reasonably High velocity

Distribution Variable Equal equal and low loss

Difficult at dead Easy with Isolated repairs Low disruption

Maintenance
ends valves possible during maintenance

Best Suited Older, irregular Well-planned Urban areas with Areas with radial
For areas cities planned roads design roads
TYPES OF
WATER SUPPLY
SYSTEMS
Gravity-fed Systems
(Upfeed System)
Pressure-fed Systems
(Downfeed System)
Combination-fed
System (Hydro-
Pneumatic System)
TYPES OF
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS
GRAVITY-FED SYSTEMS

This system relies on gravity to

move water from a higher
elevation (like a tank in the loft)
to the taps and appliances
below. It’s common in older
homes and areas without
reliable water pressure.
TYPES OF
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
1. Energy Efficiency Poor Water Pressure: Relies on height for
Utilizes the Earth's natural gravitational pull, eliminating the
water flow, leading to inadequate pressure,
need for pumps.
Results in cost savings and reduced environmental impact.
particularly on upper floors.
2. Reliability Use of Valuable Space: Requires large hot
Operates independently of power sources, ensuring and cold water tanks, which can occupy
consistent water flow even during outages. significant space in the home.
Provides dependable service in various conditions.
3. Low Maintenance
Fewer moving parts lead to reduced risk of failure.
Results in lower long-term maintenance costs.
4. Simplicity
Easy to design, install, and operate.
Requires less technical knowledge compared to pump-
dependent systems.
TYPES OF
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
EXAMPLE:

Hilly terrain where

gravity can be utilized
for water distribution
TYPES OF
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS
PRESSURED-FED SYSTEMS
This system uses pumps to
maintain water pressure,
ensuring a consistent flow
regardless of the elevation.
It’s often used in modern
buildings and areas where
water pressure from the
mains is insufficient.
TYPES OF
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Simplicity: Easier to design and Dependence on Mains Water Pressure: Requires
maintain due to fewer components. sufficient pressure to function effectively; low
pressure can hinder performance.
Reliability: Less prone to failure with Limited Backup Options: Lacks redundancy if the
fewer moving parts. main system fails, leading to potential downtime.
Cost-Effectiveness: Generally cheaper Incompatibility with High-Demand Fixtures: May
to manufacture and operate. struggle to supply multiple outlets simultaneously,
causing pressure drops or cold water issues.
Lower Weight: Can result in a lighter
Space Requirements: Pressurized tanks can take up
overall system, especially in smaller significant space, which may be a limitation in
applications. compact designs.
TYPES OF
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
EXAMPLE:

Homes with well pumps

that provide pressurized
water supply
TYPES OF
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS
COMBINATION-FED SYSTEMS

This system combines elements of

both gravity-fed and pressure-fed
systems. It might use gravity to
supply water to certain parts of a
building while using pumps to boost
pressure where needed.
TYPES OF
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Space Saving: By using a combination boiler, you remove Reliance on Good Mains Water Pressure:
the need for any tanks inside your home, freeing up Requires adequate pressure from the water
valuable space.
mains for proper functioning.
Easy To Install: By using a combination boiler, you remove
the need for any tanks inside your home, freeing up Lack of Backup: No hot water cylinder with
valuable space. immersion heater as a backup in case of boiler
Save on Energy: Compared to immersion heaters that are failure.
found in hot water tanks, combination boilers are much Incompatibility with Power Showers: Cannot be
more efficient at heating up water. They also only heat up used in conjunction with power showers that
the water you need at that moment.
require separate pumps.
Good Water Pressure: Combi-boilers use the mains water
pressure to supply your home, which is generally an
Limited Number of Outlets: Restricted by the
improvement on the pressure you will experience using a boiler's power rating, leading to potential
gravity system. pressure or temperature issues when multiple
outlets are used simultaneously.
TYPES OF
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
EXAMPLE:

Older buildings with a

cold water storage tank
in the attic supplying a
hot water cylinder
WATER SUPPLY DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS

- Water Demand Calculation

- Pipe Sizing
- Pressure Requirements
- Pump Selection
- Water Quality Standards
WATER DEMAND CALCULATION

Water demand calculation

is a crucial step in water
supply design, as it
determines the required
capacity of the system to
meet future needs.
PIPE SIZING

There are two primary factors that are

considered for sizing pipes. The intent is to
select the smallest possible pipe size while
ensuring that velocity and pressure drop are
within limits.
PRESSURE REQUIREMENTS
Most homes should maintain a
Proper water pressure
water pressure range between
regulation is crucial for 40-60 PSI (pounds per square
avoiding leaks, pipe damage, inch). This typical pressure
corroding water pressure range allows fixtures and
regulators and flow appliances to operate
problems in sinks, showers efficiently while avoiding
problems from extremely high
and toilets.
or low pressure.Elevation is
another consideration

Plumbing codes say pressure over 80 PSI is considered too high

for safe residential plumbing operations as well as pressure below
40 PSI .
 Pump Selection Two other important factors that
significantly impact pump selection
are the properties of the fluid being
Selecting the right pump can pose handled and the specific conditions
a significant challenge due to the of the process. Various variables,
extensive array of options including viscosity, pressure, flow
rate, density, chemical
available for different
compatibility, temperature range,
applications. Each type of pump
vapor pressure, the presence of
comes with distinct advantages
suspended or dissolved solids, and
and disadvantages that
the consistency of the fluid, all need
necessitate careful evaluation. to be carefully taken into account
when choosing the right pump
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
* Source Water Quality: The quality of the source
water will determine the necessary treatment
processes.
* Treatment Processes: Appropriate treatment
It must be ensure that
processes must be selected to remove or reduce
the water delivered to
Modern Building
contaminants to meet water quality standards.
consumers is safe and * Distribution System: The distribution system
must be designed to minimize the risk of
suitable for its
contamination and ensure adequate water
intended use. pressure and flow.
* Monitoring and Testing: Regular monitoring and
testing of water quality are essential to ensure
compliance with standards and identify any
potential problems.
AROWWAI INDUSTRIES

TALL BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION
Building 01 Building 02

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WATER SUPPLY DESIGN
CONCERNS
OUTLINE OF THE TOPIC

Water Velocity
Cavitation
Cross Connection
Backflow
Water Hammer
Air Chambers
Aging
Pipe Insulation
Testing
Leaks
WATER SUPPLY
DESIGN CONCERNS
WATER VELOCITY
The water velocity is how fast the water is
flowing in a pipe.
The velocity of water flowing in a pipe
should not exceed 10 feet/sec and should
be designed for 7-8 feet per second or less,
because high velocities will increase the
rate of corrosion leading to pipe failure and
cause undesirable noises in the system and
increase the possibility of hydraulic shock.
WATER SUPPLY
DESIGN CONCERNS
CAVITATION
Cavitation is the rapid formation and
implosion of vapor pockets inside a
pumped fluid. The implosions create shock
waves that travel through the fluid and
damage equipment. The cavitation process
can wreak havoc on sensitive and highly
engineered components of piping systems.
WATER SUPPLY
DESIGN CONCERNS
CROSS CONNECTION
A cross connection is a direct connection of
a non-potable water source with a potable
source. Cross connections can result in
serious illness and even death. Backflow
can be the result of a cross connection
which can affect water quality and create
health problems.
WATER SUPPLY
DESIGN CONCERNS
BACKFLOW
Is a type of cross connections that occurs
when contaminated water or some other
liquid or substance unintentionally flows
backward into distribution pipes containing
potable water.Simply, it is water flowing in
the opposite direction from normal flow.
Backflow can allow contaminants to enter
the potable drinking water system through
cross-connections.
WATER SUPPLY
DESIGN CONCERNS
WATER HAMMER
Sudden pressure surges caused by the
rapid closure of valves or pumps,
potentially damaging pipes and fittings.
Water hammer is a phenomenon that can
occur in any piping system where valves
are used to control the flow of liquids or
steam. Water hammer is the result of a
pressure surge, or high-pressure
shockwave that propagates through a
piping system when a fluid in motion is
forced to change direction or stop
abruptly.
WATER SUPPLY
DESIGN CONCERNS
AIR CHAMBER
Are small lengths of pipe that are mounted
on your water pipes, close to a fixture.
They‘re made to stop hydraulic shock also
known as water hammer. The air in the
chamber compresses and absorbs the
shock of water moving abruptly in your
pipes. This all happens when a fixture
shuts off the water quickly.
WATER SUPPLY
DESIGN CONCERNS
AGING
Pipes and fittings deteriorate over time,
leading to leaks, corrosion, and reduced
flow capacity.
Over time, pipes can corrode and leach
harmful substances such as lead, rust, and
other contaminants into the water supply.
This is not only unpleasant in taste and
appearance but can also have significant
implications for health and well-being.
WATER SUPPLY
DESIGN CONCERNS
PIPE INSULATION
Pipe insulation aims at carefully controlling
the temperature of liquids flowing in pipes
and therefore preventing any kind of heat
loss/gain. The dual function enhances
energy efficiency by serving as solid
protection against damage arising from
freezing, condensing, and the potential
destruction of the piping system.
WATER SUPPLY
DESIGN CONCERNS
TESTING
The water supply system should be tested
for leaks before it is covered with finish
materials to determine if it is watertight.
Tests commonly run on water systems
require that it be watertight under a
hydrostatic water pressure of 125 psi for a
minimum of 1 hr. Any leaks that occur
should be repaired with the joint
compound originally used.
Inadequate testing can lead to undetected
leaks, faulty components, and
compromised water quality.
WATER SUPPLY
DESIGN CONCERNS
LEAKS
Plumbing leaks are one of the most
frustrating issues you can experience.
Some leaks, such as a burst pipe or a
faucet spewing water, are obvious. But
others are hard to detect, such as a loose
connection hidden under plumbing lines
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https://neda.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Annex-F.-Planning-Overview-for-Water-Supply-and-
Sanitation-and-glossary.pdf
https://www.scribd.com/document/525651825/Requirements-of-the-good-water-distribution-system
https://dailycivil.com/types-of-water-distribution-system/
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