PL/SQL

Subprograms

Procedures
It is a subprogram that performs a
specific action.

Function
It is a subprogram that computes a
value.
 Procedure
Syntax:
Create or replace procedure <proc_name>
[parameter_list] is
<local declaration>
begin
(executable statements)
[exception](exception handlers)
end;
Procedure ... Contd.
Procedure has two parts
Specification
It begin with the keywordprocedure
and ends with procedure name or
parameter list.
Body
It begins with the keyword is and
ends with the keyword end.
Syntax for executing procedure:
exec <proce_name> (parameters);
Procedure ... Contd.
Types of parameter passed to subprogram
In parameter: The in parameter mode is
used to pass values to the subprogram
when invoked.
Out parameter: The out parameter mode
is used to return values to the caller of a
subprogram.
Inout parameter: The inout parameter is
used to pass initial values to subprogram
when invoked and it also returns updated
values to the caller.
Procedure Example 1 -
Creation
SQL> create or replace procedure large(a in number,b in
number,c in number) is
2 begin
3 if a>b and a>c then
4 dbms_output.put_line('the greatest number is'||a);
5 else
6 if b>c then
7 dbms_output.put_line('the greatest number is'||b);
8 else
9 dbms_output.put_line('the greatest number is'||c);
10 end if;
11 end if;
12 end;
13 /
Procedure created.
Procedure Example 1-
Execution
SQL> exec large(5,7,3);
the greatest number is 7
PL/SQL procedure successfully
completed.
 Example 2 - Creation
SQL> create or replace procedure large(a in number,b inout number,c out
number) is
2 begin
3 c:=100;
4 if a>b and a>c then
5 b:=a;
6 c:=a;
7 else if b>a and b>c then
8 c:=b;
9 else
10 b:=c;
11 end if;
12 end if;
13 dbms_output.put_line('the greatest number is'||b);
14 end;
15 /
Procedure created.
Example 2 - Execution
SQL> exec large(200,150);
the greatest number is 200
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
Example 3
SQL> select * from student;

NAME ROLL_NO
---------- ----------
malini 4
maha 5
Example 3 ... Contd.
SQL> create or replace procedure selectop(a in number) is
2 n varchar2(10);
3 begin
4 select name into n from student where roll_no=a;
5 dbms_output.put_line(n);
6 end;
7 /
Procedure created.

SQL> exec selectop(5);

maha
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
Example 4
SQL> create or replace procedure updateop(a in
number) is
2 n varchar2(10);
3 begin
4 n:='raj';
5 update student set name=n where roll_no=a;
6 end;
7 /
Procedure created.

SQL> exec updateop (5);

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
Example 4 ... Contd.
SQL> select * from student;

NAME ROLL_NO
---------- ----------
malini 4
raj 5
Example 5
SQL> create or replace procedure deleteop(a in
number) is
2 begin
3 delete from student where roll_no=a;
4 end;
5 /

Procedure created.

SQL> exec deleteop(4);

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
Example 5 ... Contd.
SQL> select * from student2;

NAME ROLL_NO
---------- ----------
raj 5
Example 6
SQL> create or replace procedure fact( n in
number) is
2 fact number(10);
3 begin
4 fact:=1;
5 for i in 1..n
6 loop
7 fact:=fact*i;
8 end loop;
9 dbms_output.put_line('factorial of
number is'||fact);
10 end;
11 /
Example 6 ... Contd.
SQL> exec fact(5);
factorial of number is120

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Function
It is a subprogram that computes the value.
Syntax:
Create or replace function <function_name>
[parameter_list] return datatype is
<local declaration>
begin
(executable statements)
[exception](exception handlers)
end;
 Example 1
SQL> create or replace function greatest(a in number,b in number,c in number
2 return number is g number;
3 begin
4 if a>b and a>c then
5 g:=a;
6 else
7 if b>c then
8 g:=b;
9 else
10 g:=c;
11 end if;
12 end if;
13 return (g);
14 end;
15 /
Function created.
Example
SQL> declare
1 ... Contd.
2 a number(10); 3 b number(10); 4 c number(10); 5 d
number(10);
6 begin
7 a:=&a; 8 b:=&b; 9 c:=&c;
10 d:=greatest(a,b,c);
11 dbms_output.put_line('greatest number is'||d);
12 end;
13 /
Enter value for a: 4
old 7: a:=&a; new 7: a:=4;
Enter value for b: 5
old 8: b:=&b; new 8: b:=5;
Enter value for c: 23
old 9: c:=&c; new 9: c:=23;
greatest number is 23
Example 2
SQL> select * from student;

NAME ID FEES
---------- ---------- ----------
sita 78 678
ram 67 908
Example 2 ... Contd.
SQL> create or replace function selectop(roll
in number)
2 return number is n number;
3 begin
4 select fees into n from student
where id=roll;
5 return(n);
6 end;
7 /

Function created.
Example 2 ... Contd.
SQL> declare
2 a number(10);
3 b number(10);
4 begin
5 a:=&a;
6 b:=selectop (a);
7 dbms_output.put_line(b);
8 end;
9 /
Enter value for a: 67
old 5: a:=&a;
new 5: a:=67;
908
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
Example 3
SQL> create or replace function fact(n in number) return number
is
2 a number(10);
3 begin
4 a:=1;
5 for i in 1..n
6 loop
7 a:=a*i;
8 end loop;
9 return(a);
10 end;
11 /

Function created.
Example 3 ... Contd.
SQL> declare
2 n number(10);
3 fact number(10);
4 begin
5 n:=&n;
6 fact:=fact(n);
7 dbms_output.put_line('factorial of number is'||fact);
8 end;
9 /
Enter value for n: 4
old 5: n:=&n;
new 5: n:=4;
factorial of number is24
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
Trigger
A trigger is a statement that the system
executes automatically as a side effect
of a modification to the database.
Event-Condition-Action model
Trigger mechanism:
Specify when a trigger is to be
executed.
It is broken into an event that
causes the trigger to be checked and
as condition that must be satisfied
for trigger execution to proceed.
Specify the actions to be taken when
Trigger ... Contd.
Create [or Replace] trigger trigger_name
{Before| After | Instead of }
{Insert [or] | Update [or] | Delete}
[of col_name]
on table_name
[Referencing old as o New as n]
[for each row]
When(condition)
Declare
Declaration-statements
Begin
Executable-statements
Exception
Exception-handling-statements
End;
Trigger ... Contd.
Create [or Replace] trigger trigger_name : Creates or
replaces an existing trigger with the trigger_name.

{Before| After | Instead of } : This specifies when the

trigger would be executed. The Instead of clause is used
for creating trigger on a view.

{Insert [or] | Update [or] | Delete} : This specifies the

DML operation.

[Of col_name]: This specifies the column name that

would be updated.

[On table_name]: This specifies the name of the table

associated with the trigger.
Trigger ... Contd.
[Referencing old as o New as n]: This allows you to
refer new and old values for various DML statements,
like Insert, Update, and Delete.

[for each row]: This specifies a row level trigger, i.e.,

the trigger would be executed for each row being
affected. Otherwise the trigger will execute just once
when the SQL statement is executed, which is called
a table level trigger.

When(condition): This provides a condition for rows

for which the trigger would fire. This clause is valid
only for row level triggers.
Trigger Example 1
SQL> select * from student;
NAME NO
---------- ----------
a 1
b 2
c 3
d 4
Trigger Example 1...
Contd.
SQL> create or replace trigger dd
2 before insert on student
3 for each row
4 begin
5 delete from student where no=1;
6 end;
7 /

Trigger created.
Trigger Example 1...
Contd.
SQL> insert into student values('e',5);
1 row created.
SQL> select * from student;
NAME NO
---------- ----------
b 2
c 3
d 4
e 5
If you need to set a column value in an inserted
row via trigger, then you need to use a before
insert trigger in order to access the new values.
Trigger Example 2
SQL> create or replace trigger ddd
2 before update on student
3 for each row
4 when (old.no/new.no>0)
5 begin
6 insert into student1
values(:old.name,:old.no);
7 end;
8 /
Trigger created.
Trigger Example 2...
Contd.
SQL> select * from student;
NAME NO
---------- ----------
q 2
c 3
d 4
e 5
a 1

SQL> select * from student1;

no rows selected
Trigger Example 2...
Contd.
SQL> update stude set name='ee' where no=1;
1 row updated.
SQL> select * from student1;
NAME NO
---------- ----------
a 1
SQL> select * from student;
NAME NO
---------- ----------
q 2
c 3
d 4
e 5
ee 1
Trigger Example 3
AFTER INSERT trigger would not allow you to set
the inserted value, since the row will already
have been inserted into the table.
SQL> create or replace trigger cc
2 after insert on student
3 for each row
4 begin
5 update student set name='q' where no=2;
6 end;
7 /
Trigger created.
Trigger Example 3...
Contd.
SQL> select * from student;
NAME NO
---------- ----------
ee1 2
c 3
e 5
ee 1
SQL> insert into stude values('h',9);
insert into stude values('h',9)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-04091: table SCOTT.STUDE is mutating,
trigger/function may not see it
ORA-06512: at "SCOTT.CC", line 2
ORA-04088: error during execution of trigger 'SCOTT.CC’