1. Study of basic graphics functions defined in “graphics.h “.

Ans: #include <graphics.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main() {
int gd = DETECT, gm;
initgraph(&gd, &gm, "C:\\Turboc3\\BGI");

line(100, 100, 300, 100);

rectangle(100, 150, 300, 250);
circle(400, 200, 50);
ellipse(550, 200, 0, 360, 100, 50);
arc(200, 400, 0, 180, 50);

outtextxy(100, 300, "Basic Graphics Functions Demo");

delay(5000); // Delay for 5 seconds

closegraph();
return 0;
}
2. Write a program to draw a Hut or other geometrical figures.
Ans: #include <graphics.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main() {

int gd = DETECT, gm;

initgraph(&gd, &gm, "C:\\Turboc3\\BGI");

// Drawing the base of the hut

rectangle(100, 200, 300, 400);

rectangle(160, 300, 240, 400);

// Drawing the roof of the hut

line(100, 200, 200, 100);

line(200, 100, 300, 200);

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

}
3. Write a Program to draw basic graphics construction like line, circle, arc, ellipse and
rectangle
Ans: #include <graphics.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main() {

int gd = DETECT, gm;

initgraph(&gd, &gm, "C:\\Turboc3\\BGI");

line(100, 100, 200, 100);

circle(300, 100, 50);

arc(400, 100, 0, 180, 50);

ellipse(500, 100, 0, 360, 50, 25);

rectangle(600, 50, 700, 150);

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

}
4. Write a Program to make a moving car.
Ans: #include <graphics.h>

#include <conio.h>

#include <dos.h>

void drawCar(int x, int y) {

rectangle(x, y, x + 100, y + 50);

circle(x + 20, y + 60, 10);

circle(x + 80, y + 60, 10);

int main() {

int gd = DETECT, gm, x = 50, y = 200;

initgraph(&gd, &gm, "C:\\Turboc3\\BGI");

while (!kbhit()) {

cleardevice();

drawCar(x, y);

delay(100);

x += 10;

if (x > getmaxx()) x = 0;

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

}
5. Write a Program to make a kite.
Ans: #include <graphics.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main() {
int gd = DETECT, gm;
initgraph(&gd, &gm, "C:\\Turboc3\\BGI");

line(200, 100, 300, 200);

line(300, 200, 200, 300);
line(200, 300, 100, 200);
line(100, 200, 200, 100);
line(200, 100, 200, 300);
line(100, 200, 300, 200);

getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}

6. Write a Program to implement Digital Clock

Ans: #include <graphics.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <dos.h>

void drawClock(int h, int m, int s) {

char timeStr[9];
sprintf(timeStr, "%02d:%02d:%02d", h, m, s);
settextstyle(SANS_SERIF_FONT, HORIZ_DIR, 4);
outtextxy(200, 200, timeStr);
}

int main() {
int gd = DETECT, gm;
initgraph(&gd, &gm, "C:\\Turboc3\\BGI");

while (!kbhit()) {
time_t now = time(NULL);
struct tm *t = localtime(&now);
cleardevice();
drawClock(t->tm_hour, t->tm_min, t->tm_sec);
delay(1000);
}

getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
7. Write a Program to draw the fish.
Ans: #include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
void main()
{
int gd,gm;
detectgraph(&gd,&gm);

initgraph(&gd,&gm,"C:\\TurboC3\\BGI");
ellipse(200,200,0,360,130,50);
setfillstyle(LINE_FILL,CYAN);
floodfill(201,201,15);

line(325,185,390,155);
line(390,155,360,200);
line(360,235,325,215);
line(395,235,325,215);
setfillstyle(LINE_FILL,LIGHTRED);
floodfill(330,190,15);

ellipse(100,200,315,45,50,60);
circle(120,180,3);
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,YELLOW):
floodfill(120,180,3);

line(170,150,260,90);
line(260,90,220,150);
setfillstyle(LINE_FILL,LIGHTRED);
floodfill(200,140,15);

line(170,250,260,290);
line(260,290,230,250);
setfillstyle(LINE_FILL,LIGHTRED);
floodfill(200,255,15);

arc(220,185,270,90,6);

arc(200,185,270,90,6);
arc(180,185,270,90,6);
arc(200,215,270,90,6);
 arc(220,215,270,90,6);
arc(180,215,270,90,6);
arc(240,200,270,90,6);

getch();
closegraph();
}

8. Write a program to draw a line using DDA Algo.

Ans: #include <graphics.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <math.h>
void drawLineDDA(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2) {
int dx = x2 - x1;
int dy = y2 - y1;
int steps = abs(dx) > abs(dy) ? abs(dx) : abs(dy);
float Xinc = dx / (float) steps;
float Yinc = dy / (float) steps;
float x = x1;
float y = y1;

for (int i = 0; i <= steps; i++) {

putpixel(x, y, WHITE);
x += Xinc;
y += Yinc;
delay(10);
}
}
int main() {
int gd = DETECT, gm;
initgraph(&gd, &gm, "C:\\Turboc3\\BGI");

drawLineDDA(100, 100, 200, 200);

getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
9. Write a program to draw a line using Bresenhem’s Algo.
Ans: #include <graphics.h>
#include <conio.h>
void drawLineBresenham(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2) {
int dx = abs(x2 - x1);
int dy = abs(y2 - y1);
int p = 2 * dy - dx;
 int twoDy = 2 * dy;
int twoDyDx = 2 * (dy - dx);
int x, y, xEnd;

if (x1 > x2) {

x = x2;
y = y2;
xEnd = x1;
} else {
x = x1;
y = y1;
xEnd = x2;
}
putpixel(x, y, WHITE);
while (x < xEnd) {
x++;
if (p < 0) {
p += twoDy;
} else {
y++;
p += twoDyDx;
}
putpixel(x, y, WHITE);
delay(10);
}
}

int main() {
int gd = DETECT, gm;
initgraph(&gd, &gm, "C:\\Turboc3\\BGI");

drawLineBresenham(100, 100, 200, 200);

 getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}

10. Write a program to draw a circle using mid-point algorithm.

Ans: #include <graphics.h>

#include <conio.h>

void drawCircleMidPoint(int xc, int yc, int r) {

int x = 0;
int y = r;
int p = 1 - r;
 while (x <= y) {
putpixel(xc + x, yc + y, WHITE);
putpixel(xc - x, yc + y, WHITE);
putpixel(xc + x, yc - y, WHITE);
putpixel(xc - x, yc - y, WHITE);
putpixel(xc + y, yc + x, WHITE);
putpixel(xc - y, yc + x, WHITE);
putpixel(xc + y, yc - x, WHITE);
putpixel(xc - y, yc - x, WHITE);

if (p < 0) {
p += 2 * x + 1;
} else {
p += 2 * (x - y) + 1;
y--;
}
x++;
delay(10);
}
}
int main() {
int gd = DETECT, gm;
initgraph(&gd, &gm, "C:\\Turboc3\\BGI");

drawCircleMidPoint(200, 200, 100);

getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}

11. Write a Program to implement Digital Clock.

Ans: #include <graphics.h>

#include <ctime>
#include <cstdio>

void displayTime() {
// Get current time
time_t rawtime;
struct tm *timeinfo;
char buffer[80];
 time(&rawtime);
timeinfo = localtime(&rawtime);

strftime(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "%I:%M:%S %p", timeinfo);

// Clear previous display

setcolor(BLACK);
outtextxy(100, 100, buffer);

// Display current time

setcolor(WHITE);
outtextxy(100, 100, buffer);
}

int main() {
int gd = DETECT, gm;
initgraph(&gd, &gm, "C:\\Turboc3\\BGI");

while (1) {
displayTime();
delay(1000); // Delay for 1 second (1000 milliseconds)
}

getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
 12. Write a program to perform line clipping.
Ans: #include <graphics.h>
#include <conio.h>

void lineClipping(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2, int xmin, int ymin, int xmax,
int ymax) {
// Cohen-Sutherland algorithm for line clipping
int code1, code2, codeOut;
bool accept = false;
bool done = false;

auto computeCode = [&](int x, int y) {

 int code = 0;
if (x < xmin) code |= 1;
else if (x > xmax) code |= 2;
if (y < ymin) code |= 4;
else if (y > ymax) code |= 8;
return code;
};

code1 = computeCode(x1, y1);

code2 = computeCode(x2, y2);

do {
if (!(code1 | code2)) {
accept = true;
done = true;
} else if (code1 & code2) {
done = true;
} else {
int x, y;
codeOut = code1 ? code1 : code2;

if (codeOut & 8) {
x = x1 + (x2 - x1) * (ymax - y1) / (y2 - y1);
y = ymax;
} else if (codeOut & 4) {
x = x1 + (x2 - x1) * (ymin - y1) / (y2 - y1);
y = ymin;
} else if (codeOut & 2) {
y = y1 + (y2 - y1) * (xmax - x1) / (x2 - x1);
x = xmax;
 } else {
y = y1 + (y2 - y1) * (xmin - x1) / (x2 - x1);
x = xmin;
}

if (codeOut == code1) {
x1 = x;
y1 = y;
code1 = computeCode(x1, y1);
} else {
x2 = x;
y2 = y;
code2 = computeCode(x2, y2);
}
}
} while (!done);

if (accept) {
setcolor(WHITE);
rectangle(xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax);
setcolor(GREEN);
line(x1, y1, x2, y2);
}
}

int main() {
int gd = DETECT, gm;
initgraph(&gd, &gm, "C:\\Turboc3\\BGI");

lineClipping(50, 50, 400, 400, 100, 100, 300, 300);

 getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}

13. .
Ans: #include <graphics.h>

#include <conio.h>

#include <math.h>

void rotatePoint(int x, int y, int xc, int yc, float angle, int &xr, int &yr) {

float radian = angle * M_PI / 180;

xr = xc + (x - xc) * cos(radian) - (y - yc) * sin(radian);

yr = yc + (x - xc) * sin(radian) + (y - yc) * cos(radian);

int main() {

int gd = DETECT, gm;

initgraph(&gd, &gm, "C:\\Turboc3\\BGI");

 int x1 = 100, y1 = 100, x2 = 200, y2 = 100;

int xc = 150, yc = 150;

float angle = 45;

int xr1, yr1, xr2, yr2;

rotatePoint(x1, y1, xc, yc, angle, xr1, yr1);

rotatePoint(x2, y2, xc, yc, angle, xr2, yr2);

line(x1, y1, x2, y2);

setcolor(RED);

line(xr1, yr1, xr2, yr2);

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

Before Rotation

After Rotation
14. Write a program to perform Translation.

Ans: #include <graphics.h>

#include <conio.h>

void translate(int &x, int &y, int tx, int ty) {

x += tx;

y += ty;

int main() {

int gd = DETECT, gm;

initgraph(&gd, &gm, "C:\\Turboc3\\BGI");

int x1 = 100, y1 = 100, x2 = 200, y2 = 100;

 int tx = 50, ty = 50;

line(x1, y1, x2, y2);

translate(x1, y1, tx, ty);

translate(x2, y2, tx, ty);

setcolor(RED);

line(x1, y1, x2, y2);

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

}
15. Write a program to perform Scaling.
Ans: #include <graphics.h>

#include <conio.h>

void scale(int &x, int &y, int sx, int sy) {

x *= sx;

y *= sy;

int main() {

int gd = DETECT, gm;

initgraph(&gd, &gm, "C:\\Turboc3\\BGI");

int x1 = 100, y1 = 100, x2 = 200, y2 = 100;

int sx = 2, sy = 2;

line(x1, y1, x2, y2);

scale(x1, y1, sx, sy);

scale(x2, y2, sx, sy);

 setcolor(RED);

line(x1, y1, x2, y2);

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

}
16. Write a program to implement polygon filling using
boundary fill algorithm.
Ans: #include <graphics.h>

#include <conio.h>

void boundaryFill(int x, int y, int fill_color, int boundary_color) {

if (getpixel(x, y) != boundary_color && getpixel(x, y) != fill_color) {

putpixel(x, y, fill_color);

boundaryFill(x + 1, y, fill_color, boundary_color);

boundaryFill(x - 1, y, fill_color, boundary_color);

boundaryFill(x, y + 1, fill_color, boundary_color);

boundaryFill(x, y - 1, fill_color, boundary_color);

int main() {

int gd = DETECT, gm;

initgraph(&gd, &gm, "C:\\Turboc3\\BGI");

int poly[] = {150, 150, 200, 100, 250, 150, 200, 200, 150, 150};

drawpoly(5, poly);
 boundaryFill(200, 150, RED, WHITE);

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

17. Write a program to implement polygon filling using flood fill

algorithm.
Ans: #include <graphics.h>

#include <conio.h>

void floodFill(int x, int y, int fill_color, int old_color) {

if (getpixel(x, y) == old_color) {

putpixel(x, y, fill_color);

floodFill(x + 1, y, fill_color, old_color);

floodFill(x - 1, y, fill_color, old_color);

floodFill(x, y + 1, fill_color, old_color);

floodFill(x, y - 1, fill_color, old_color);

int main() {

int gd = DETECT, gm;

initgraph(&gd, &gm, "C:\\Turboc3\\BGI");

int poly[] = {150, 150, 200, 100, 250, 150, 200, 200, 150, 150};

drawpoly(5, poly);

floodFill(200, 150, RED, BLACK);

getch();

closegraph();
 return 0;

18. Write a program to implement reflection of a point, line.

Ans: #include <graphics.h>

#include <conio.h>

void reflectPoint(int &x, int &y, int axis) {

if (axis == 'x') y = -y;

else x = -x;

void reflectLine(int &x1, int &y1, int &x2, int &y2, int axis) {

reflectPoint(x1, y1, axis);

reflectPoint(x2, y2, axis);

int main() {

int gd = DETECT, gm;

initgraph(&gd, &gm, "C:\\Turboc3\\BGI");

int x1 = 100, y1 = 100, x2 = 200, y2 = 200;

char axis = 'x';

line(x1, y1, x2, y2);

reflectLine(x1, y1, x2, y2, axis);

setcolor(RED);

line(x1, y1, x2, y2);

 getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

19. Write a program to perform shearing on a line.

Ans: #include <graphics.h>

#include <conio.h>

void shearLine(int &x1, int &y1, int &x2, int &y2, int shx, int shy) {

x1 = x1 + shx * y1;

x2 = x2 + shx * y2;

y1 = y1 + shy * x1;

y2 = y2 + shy * x2;

int main() {

int gd = DETECT, gm;

initgraph(&gd, &gm, "C:\\Turboc3\\BGI");

int x1 = 100, y1 = 100, x2 = 200, y2 = 100;

int shx = 1, shy = 0;

 line(x1, y1, x2, y2);

shearLine(x1, y1, x2, y2, shx, shy);

setcolor(RED);

line(x1, y1, x2, y2);

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

}
20. Write a program to implement transformations.
Ans: #include <graphics.h>

#include <conio.h>

void translate(int &x, int &y, int tx, int ty) {

x += tx;

y += ty;

void rotatePoint(int x, int y, int xc, int yc, float angle, int &xr, int &yr) {

float radian = angle * M_PI / 180;

xr = xc + (x - xc) * cos(radian) - (y - yc) * sin(radian);

yr = yc + (x - xc) * sin(radian) + (y - yc) * cos(radian);

void scale(int &x, int &y, int sx, int sy) {

x *= sx;

y *= sy;

int main() {
int gd = DETECT, gm;

initgraph(&gd, &gm, "C:\\Turboc3\\BGI");

int x1 = 100, y1 = 100, x2 = 200, y2 = 100;

int tx = 50, ty = 50;

float angle = 45;

int sx = 2, sy = 2;

int xr1, yr1, xr2, yr2;

// Original line

line(x1, y1, x2, y2);

// Translation

translate(x1, y1, tx, ty);

translate(x2, y2, tx, ty);

setcolor(RED);

line(x1, y1, x2, y2);

// Rotation

rotatePoint(x1, y1, tx, ty, angle, xr1, yr1);

rotatePoint(x2, y2, tx, ty, angle, xr2, yr2);

setcolor(GREEN);

line(xr1, yr1, xr2, yr2);

// Scaling

scale(x1, y1, sx, sy);

scale(x2, y2, sx, sy);

setcolor(BLUE);
 line(x1, y1, x2, y2);

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;