Practical - 15

πCot(πz) πCos(πz) h(z)

The function g(z) = 2
= =
z πSin(πz) f (z )

Part (01)
To find out zeros of g(z),we solve
Cos(πz)=0
So the zeros of g(z) are at the points
z=±2 n+12;n=0,1,2,3,....i.e,z=± 1 ,± 3 ,± 5 ,...
2 2 2
Each one is a zero of order one .(Note that : Denominator z2Sinπz of g(z) is non-zero at
these points.)
Checking for the solutions
In[1]:= SolveCosπ z ⩵ 0, z
π π
- + 2 π 1 + 2 π 1
2 2
Out[1]= z → if 1 ∈ ℤ , z → if 1 ∈ ℤ 
π π

Part (02)
To find out zeros of g(z) and their orders
The function f (z) = z2 Sin (π z) has a zer of order k=3 at z=0 and simple zeros at the point
z=± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ...Therefore g(z) has a pole of order k= 3 at the point z=0 and simple poles at
the point z =±1,±2,±3,...
As g, has an isolated singularities at z=0.Therefore g will have unique Laurent Series Expansion in the
deleted neighbourhoods of 0.
The Laurent Series Expansion of g about z=0 OR The Laurent Series Expansion of g in the powers of
(z-0) is given by
π Cotπ z
In[2]:= Series , {z, 0, 9}
z2
1 π2 π4 z 2 π6 z3 π8 z5 2 π10 z7 1382 π12 z9
Out[2]= - - - - - - + O[z]10
z3 3z 45 945 4725 93 555 638 512 875

From The Laurent Series Expansion of g about z=0 [i.e.The Laurent Series Expansion of g in the pow-
ers of (z-0)].
We Saw that the isolated singularities at z=0 is a pole of order 3 as C-3 ≠0 and C-n =0 for
n=4,5,6,...;Where Ck is the co-efficient of (z - 0)k .
To find Residue
Method - 01
2

π Cotπ z
In[3]:= Residue , {z, 0}
z2
π2
Out[3]= -
3

Method - 02
π Cotπ z
In[4]:= SeriesCoefficient , {z, 0, - 1}
z2
π2
Out[4]= -
3

Optional
π Cot(π z)
g (z) =
z2
has a simple pole at z = ± 1, ± 2, ...
We investigate the graph of g for real variables
In[5]:= g[x_] := Pi CotPi x  x ^ 2
Plot[g[x], {x, - 3, 3}, PlotRange → {{- 3, 3}, {- 10, 10}},
Ticks → {Range[- 3, 4, 1], Range[- 10, 10, 5]}, PlotStyle → Blue]
10

Out[6]=
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3

-5

-10

Exercise
Locate poles of the following , and determine their order . Also find the residue at
their points of singularities.

Q1. Cos(z)
z4

Part (01)
Cos(z) h(z)
The function g(z) = 4 =
z f (z )

To find out zeros of g(z),we solve

Cos(z)=0
 3

So the zeros of g(z) are at the points

z=±2 n+12;n=0,1,2,3,....i.e,z=± 1 ,± 3 ,± 5 ,...
2 2 2
Each one is a zero of order one .(Note that : Denominator z2 of g(z) is non-zero at these
points.)
[Cos(z) is entire (analytic everywhere).]
Checking for the solutions
In[7]:= Solve[Cos[z] ⩵ 0, z]
π π
Out[7]= z → - + 2 π 1 if 1 ∈ ℤ , z → + 2 π 1 if 1 ∈ ℤ 
2 2

Part (02)
To find out zeros of g(z) and their orders
The function f (z) = z2 has a zer of order k=4 at z=0 and simple zeros at the point
z=± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ...Therefore g(z) has a pole of order k= 4 at the point z=0 and simple poles at
the point z =±1,±2,±3,...
As g, has an isolated singularities at z=0.Therefore g will have unique Laurent Series Expansion in the
deleted neighbourhoods of 0.
The Laurent Series Expansion of g about z=0 OR The Laurent Series Expansion of g in the powers of
(z-0) is given by
Cos z
In[8]:= Series , {z, 0, 9}
z4
1 1 1 z2 z4 z6 z8
Out[8]= - + - + - + + O[z]10
z4 2 z2 24 720 40 320 3 628 800 479 001 600

The Laurent Series Expansion of g about z=0 [i.e.The Laurent Series Expansion of g in the powers of
(z-0)].
We Saw that the isolated singularities at z=0 is a pole of order 4 as C-4 ≠0 and C-n =0 for
n=4,5,6,...;Where Ck is the co-efficient of (z - 0)k .
To find Residue
Method - 01
Cos z
In[9]:= Residue , {z, 0}
z4
Out[9]= 0

Method - 02
4

Cos z
In[10]:= SeriesCoefficient , {z, 0, - 1}
z4
Out[10]=
0

Optional

g (z) = Cos(z )
z4
has a simple pole at z = ± 1, ± 2, ...
We investigate the graph of g for real variables
In[11]:= g[x_] := (Cos[x]) / x ^ 4
Plot[g[x], {x, - 3, 3}, PlotRange → {{- 3, 3}, {- 10, 20}},
Ticks → {Range[- 20, 20, .5], Range[- 10, 20, 2]}, PlotStyle → Blue]
Out[12]=
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2

-3. -2.5 -2. -1.5 -1. -0.5 0.5 1. 1.5 2. 2.5 3.

-2
-4
-6
-8
-10

Q2. 1
z2 -4

Part (01) : Locate Poles

1 1
2
=
z -4 (z-2) (z+2)

To find out zeros of g(z),we solve

(z - 2) (z + 2)=0
So the zeros of g(z) are at the points z=-2 and z=2
(Thus,The poles at z=2 and z=-2)
Checking for the solutions
2
In[13]:= Solvez - 4 ⩵ 0, z
Out[13]=
{{z → - 2}, {z → 2}}
 5

Part (02)
To find out zeros of g(z) and their orders
The function f (z) = z2 has a zer of order k=1 at z= ±2 and and simple zeros at the point
z=± 2.Therefore g(z) has a pole of order k= 1 at the point z= ±2 and simple poles at the point z =±2
As g, has an isolated singularities at z=2.Therefore g will have unique Laurent Series Expansion in the
deleted neighbourhoods of .

The Laurent Series Expansion of g about z=2 OR The Laurent Series Expansion of g in the powers of
(z-2) is given by
1
In[14]:= Series , {z, 2, 9}
z2 - 4
Out[14]=
1 1 z-2 1 (z - 2)3 (z - 2)4
- + - (z - 2)2 + - +
4 (z - 2) 16 64 256 1024 4096

(z - 2)5 (z - 2)6 (z - 2)7 (z - 2)8 (z - 2)9

- + - + + O[z - 2]10
16 384 65 536 262 144 1 048 576 4 194 304

The Laurent Series Expansion of g about z=2 [i.e.The Laurent Series Expansion of g in the powers of
(z-2)].
We Saw that the isolated singularities at z=2 is a pole of order 1 as C-1 ≠0 and C-n =0 for
n=1,2,3,4,5,6,...;Where Ck is the co-efficient of (z - 2)k .
To find Residue
Method - 01
1
In[15]:= Residue , {z, 2}
2
z - 4
Out[15]=
1
4

Method - 02
1
In[16]:= SeriesCoefficient , {z, 2, - 1}
z2 - 4
Out[16]=
1
4

The Laurent Series Expansion of g about z= -2 OR The Laurent Series Expansion of g in the powers of
(z+2) is given by
6

1
In[17]:= Series , {z, - 2, 9}
z2 - 4
Out[17]=
1 1 z+2 1 (z + 2)3 (z + 2)4
- - - - (z + 2)2 - - -
4 (z + 2) 16 64 256 1024 4096

(z + 2)5 (z + 2)6 (z + 2)7 (z + 2)8 (z + 2)9

- - - - + O[z + 2]10
16 384 65 536 262 144 1 048 576 4 194 304

To find Residue
Method - 01
1
In[18]:= Residue , {z, - 2}
2
z - 4
Out[18]=
1
-
4

Method - 02
1
In[19]:= SeriesCoefficient , {z, - 2, - 1}
z2 - 4
Out[19]=
1
-
4

Optional
In[20]:= g[x_] := 1 / (x ^ 2 - 4)
Plot[g[x], {x, - 3, 3}, PlotRange → {{- 3, 3}, {- 10, 10}},
Ticks → {Range[- 3, 3, 1], Range[- 10, 10, 5]}, PlotStyle → Blue,
Exclusions → {x ⩵ - 2, x ⩵ 2}, ExclusionsStyle → Red]

Out[21]=
10

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3

-5

-10