3D Transformation in Computer Graphics-

In Computer graphics,
Transformation is a process of modifying
and re-positioning the existing graphics.
 3D Transformations take place in a
three dimensional plane.
 3D Transformations are important and
a bit more complex than 2D
Transformations.
 Transformations are helpful in
changing the position, size, orientation,
shape etc of the object.
 Transformation Techniques
 Translation
 Rotation
 Scaling
 Reflection
 Shear
1. 3D Translation in Computer
Graphics
In Computer graphics,
3D Translation is a process of moving an
object from one position to another in a
three dimensional plane.
Consider a point object O has to be moved
from one position to another in a 3D
plane.

Let-
 Initial coordinates of the object O =
(Xold, Yold, Zold)
 New coordinates of the object O after
translation = (Xnew, Ynew, Zold)
 Translation vector or Shift vector = (Tx,
Ty, Tz)
Given a Translation vector (Tx, Ty, Tz)-
 Tx defines the distance the
Xold coordinate has to be moved.
 Ty defines the distance the
Yold coordinate has to be moved.
 Tz defines the distance the
Zold coordinate has to be moved.

This translation is achieved by adding the

translation coordinates to the old
coordinates of the object as-
  Xnew = Xold + Tx (This denotes
translation towards X axis)
 Ynew = Yold + Ty (This denotes
translation towards Y axis)
 Znew = Zold + Tz (This denotes
translation towards Z axis)

 PRACTICE PROBLEM BASED ON 3D

TRANSLATION IN COMPUTER GRAPHICS

Given a 3D object with coordinate points

A(0, 3, 1), B(3, 3, 2), C(3, 0, 0), D(0, 0, 0).
Apply the translation with the distance 1
towards X axis, 1 towards Y axis and 2
towards Z axis and obtain the new
coordinates of the object.
Solution-
Given-
 Old coordinates of the object = A (0, 3,
1), B(3, 3, 2), C(3, 0, 0), D(0, 0, 0)
 Translation vector = (Tx, Ty, Tz) = (1, 1,
2)

For Coordinates A(0, 3, 1)

Let the new coordinates of A = (Xnew, Ynew,

Znew).

Applying the translation equations, we

have-
 Xnew = Xold + Tx = 0 + 1 = 1
 Ynew = Yold + Ty = 3 + 1 = 4
 Znew = Zold + Tz = 1 + 2 = 3
Thus, New coordinates of A = (1, 4, 3).

For Coordinates B(3, 3, 2)

Let the new coordinates of B = (Xnew, Ynew,

Znew).

Applying the translation equations, we

have-
 Xnew = Xold + Tx = 3 + 1 = 4
 Ynew = Yold + Ty = 3 + 1 = 4
 Znew = Zold + Tz = 2 + 2 = 4

Thus, New coordinates of B = (4, 4, 4).

For Coordinates C(3, 0, 0)

Let the new coordinates of C = (Xnew, Ynew,
Znew).

Applying the translation equations, we

have-
 Xnew = Xold + Tx = 3 + 1 = 4
 Ynew = Yold + Ty = 0 + 1 = 1
 Znew = Zold + Tz = 0 + 2 = 2

Thus, New coordinates of C = (4, 1, 2).

For Coordinates D(0, 0, 0)

Let the new coordinates of D = (Xnew, Ynew,

Znew).
Applying the translation equations, we
have-
 Xnew = Xold + Tx = 0 + 1 = 1
 Ynew = Yold + Ty = 0 + 1 = 1
 Znew = Zold + Tz = 0 + 2 = 2

Thus, New coordinates of D = (1, 1, 2).

Thus, New coordinates of the object = A
(1, 4, 3), B(4, 4, 4), C(4, 1, 2), D(1, 1, 2).

2. 3D Rotation in Computer Graphics-

In Computer graphics,
3D Rotation is a process of rotating an
object with respect to an angle in a three
dimensional plane
Consider a point object O has to be
rotated from one angle to another in a 3D
plane.

Let-
 Initial coordinates of the object O =
(Xold, Yold, Zold)
 Initial angle of the object O with
respect to origin = Φ
 Rotation angle = θ
 New coordinates of the object O after
rotation = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew)

In 3 dimensions, there are 3 possible types

of rotation-
 X-axis Rotation
 Y-axis Rotation
  Z-axis Rotation
For X-Axis Rotation-

This rotation is achieved by using the

following rotation equations-
 Xnew = Xold
 Ynew = Yold x cosθ – Zold x sinθ
 Znew = Zold x cosθ + Yold x sinθ
For Y-Axis Rotation-

This rotation is achieved by using the

following rotation equations-
 Xnew = Xold x cosθ + Zold x sinθ
 Ynew = Yold
 Znew = Yold x cosθ – Xold x sinθ
For Z-Axis Rotation-
This rotation is achieved by using the
following rotation equations-
 Xnew = Xold x cosθ – Yold x sinθ
 Ynew = Yold x cosθ + Xold x sinθ
 Znew = Zold
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS BASED ON 3D ROTATION
IN COMPUTER GRAPHICS

Given a homogeneous point (1, 2, 3).

Apply rotation 90 degree towards X, Y and
Z axis and find out the new coordinate
points.

Solution-

Given-
 Old coordinates = (Xold, Yold, Zold) = (1, 2,
3)
 Rotation angle = θ = 90º
For X-Axis Rotation-

Let the new coordinates after rotation =

(Xnew, Ynew, Znew).

Applying the rotation equations, we have-

 Xnew = Xold = 1
 Ynew = Yold x cosθ – Zold x sinθ = 2 x
cos90° – 3 x sin90° = 2 x 0 – 3 x 1 = -3
 Znew = Yold x sinθ + Zold x cosθ = 2 x sin90°
+ 3 x cos90° = 2 x 1 + 3 x 0 = 2

Thus, New coordinates after rotation = (1,

-3, 2).

For Y-Axis Rotation-

Let the new coordinates after rotation =
(Xnew, Ynew, Znew).

Applying the rotation equations, we have-

 Xnew = Zold x sinθ + Xold x cosθ = 3 x
sin90° + 1 x cos90° = 3 x 1 + 1 x 0 = 3
 Ynew = Yold = 2
 Znew = Yold x cosθ – Xold x sinθ = 2 x
cos90° – 1 x sin90° = 2 x 0 – 1 x 1 = -1

Thus, New coordinates after rotation = (3,

2, -1).

For Z-Axis Rotation-

Let the new coordinates after rotation =
(Xnew, Ynew, Znew).

Applying the rotation equations, we have-

 Xnew = Xold x cosθ – Yold x sinθ = 1 x
cos90° – 2 x sin90° = 1 x 0 – 2 x 1 = -2
 Ynew = Xold x sinθ + Yold x cosθ = 1 x
sin90° + 2 x cos90° = 1 x 1 + 2 x 0 = 1
 Znew = Zold = 3

Thus, New coordinates after rotation = (-2,

1, 3).

3. 3D Scaling in Computer Graphics-

In computer graphics, scaling is a process
of modifying or altering the size of objects.
  Scaling may be used to increase or
reduce the size of object.
 Scaling subjects the coordinate points
of the original object to change.
 Scaling factor determines whether the
object size is to be increased or
reduced.
 If scaling factor > 1, then the object
size is increased.
 If scaling factor < 1, then the object
size is reduced.

Consider a point object O has to be scaled

in a 3D plane.

Let-
 Initial coordinates of the object O =
(Xold, Yold, Zold)
  Scaling factor for X-axis = Sx
 Scaling factor for Y-axis = Sy
 Scaling factor for Z-axis = Sz
 New coordinates of the object O after
scaling = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew)

This scaling is achieved by using the

following scaling equations-
 Xnew = Xold x Sx
 Ynew = Yold x Sy
 Znew = Zold x Sz

In Matrix form, the above scaling

equations may be represented as-

PRACTICE PROBLEMS BASED ON 3D

SCALING IN COMPUTER GRAPHICS-
Given a 3D object with coordinate points
A(0, 3, 3), B(3, 3, 6), C(3, 0, 1), D(0, 0, 0).
Apply the scaling parameter 2 towards X
axis, 3 towards Y axis and 3 towards Z axis
and obtain the new coordinates of the
object
Solution-

Given-
 Old coordinates of the object = A (0,
3, 3), B(3, 3, 6), C(3, 0, 1), D(0, 0, 0)
 Scaling factor along X axis = 2
 Scaling factor along Y axis = 3
 Scaling factor along Z axis = 3

For Coordinates A(0, 3, 3)

Let the new coordinates of A after scaling
= (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).

Applying the scaling equations, we have-

 Xnew = Xold x Sx = 0 x 2 = 0
 Ynew = Yold x Sy = 3 x 3 = 9
 Znew = Zold x Sz = 3 x 3 = 9

Thus, New coordinates of corner A after

scaling = (0, 9, 9).

For Coordinates B(3, 3, 6)

Let the new coordinates of B after scaling

= (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).

Applying the scaling equations, we have-

  Xnew = Xold x Sx = 3 x 2 = 6
 Ynew = Yold x Sy = 3 x 3 = 9
 Znew = Zold x Sz = 6 x 3 = 18

Thus, New coordinates of corner B after

scaling = (6, 9, 18).

For Coordinates C(3, 0, 1)

Let the new coordinates of C after scaling

= (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).

Applying the scaling equations, we have-

 Xnew = Xold x Sx = 3 x 2 = 6
 Ynew = Yold x Sy = 0 x 3 = 0
 Znew = Zold x Sz = 1 x 3 = 3
Thus, New coordinates of corner C after
scaling = (6, 0, 3).

For Coordinates D(0, 0, 0)

Let the new coordinates of D after scaling

= (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).

Applying the scaling equations, we have-

 Xnew = Xold x Sx = 0 x 2 = 0
 Ynew = Yold x Sy = 0 x 3 = 0
 Znew = Zold x Sz = 0 x 3 = 0

Thus, New coordinates of corner D after

scaling = (0, 0, 0).
4. 3D Reflection in Computer Graphics-
 Reflection is a kind of rotation where
the angle of rotation is 180 degree.
 The reflected object is always formed
on the other side of mirror.
 The size of reflected object is same as
the size of original object.
onsider a point object O has to be
reflected in a 3D plane.

Let-
 Initial coordinates of the object O =
(Xold, Yold, Zold)
 New coordinates of the reflected
object O after reflection = (Xnew,
Ynew,Znew)
In 3 dimensions, there are 3 possible
types of reflection-

 Reflection relative to XY plane

 Reflection relative to YZ plane
 Reflection relative to XZ plane


Reflection Relative to XY Plane:

This reflection is achieved by using the
following reflection equations-
 Xnew = Xold
 Ynew = Yold
 Znew = -Zold
Reflection Relative to YZ Plane:
This reflection is achieved by using the
following reflection equations-
 Xnew = -Xold
 Ynew = Yold
 Znew = Zold
Reflection Relative to XZ Plane:

This reflection is achieved by using the

following reflection equations-
 Xnew = Xold
 Ynew = -Yold
 Znew = Zold
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS BASED ON 3D
REFLECTION IN COMPUTER GRAPHICS

Given a 3D triangle with coordinate points

A(3, 4, 1), B(6, 4, 2), C(5, 6, 3). Apply the
reflection on the XY plane and find out the
new coordinates of the object
Solution-

Given-
 Old corner coordinates of the triangle
= A (3, 4, 1), B(6, 4, 2), C(5, 6, 3)
 Reflection has to be taken on the XY
plane

For Coordinates A(3, 4, 1)

Let the new coordinates of corner A after

reflection = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).

Applying the reflection equations, we

have-
  Xnew = Xold = 3
 Ynew = Yold = 4
 Znew = -Zold = -1

Thus, New coordinates of corner A after

reflection = (3, 4, -1).

For Coordinates B(6, 4, 2)

Let the new coordinates of corner B after

reflection = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).

Applying the reflection equations, we

have-
 Xnew = Xold = 6
 Ynew = Yold = 4
 Znew = -Zold = -2
Thus, New coordinates of corner B after
reflection = (6, 4, -2).

For Coordinates C(5, 6, 3)

Let the new coordinates of corner C after

reflection = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).

Applying the reflection equations, we

have-
 Xnew = Xold = 5
 Ynew = Yold = 6
 Znew = -Zold = -3

Thus, New coordinates of corner C after

reflection = (5, 6, -3).
Thus, New coordinates of the triangle
after reflection = A (3, 4, -1), B(6, 4, -2),
C(5, 6, -3).

5. 3D Shearing in Computer Graphics-

In Computer graphics,
3D Shearing is an ideal technique to
change the shape of an existing object in a
three dimensional plane
In a three dimensional plane, the object
size can be changed along X direction, Y
direction as well as Z direction.
So, there are three versions of shearing-
 1. Shearing in X direction
2. Shearing in Y direction
3. Shearing in Z direction
Consider a point object O has to be
sheared in a 3D plane.

Let-
 Initial coordinates of the object O =
(Xold, Yold, Zold)
 Shearing parameter towards X
direction = Shx
 Shearing parameter towards Y
direction = Shy
 Shearing parameter towards Z
direction = Shz
 New coordinates of the object O after
shearing = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew)
Shearing in X Axis-

Shearing in X axis is achieved by using the

following shearing equations-
 Xnew = Xold
 Ynew = Yold + Shy x Xold
 Znew = Zold + Shz x Xold
Shearing in Y Axis-

Shearing in Y axis is achieved by using the

following shearing equations-
 Xnew = Xold + Shx x Yold
 Ynew = Yold
 Znew = Zold + Shz x Yold
Shearing in Z Axis-
Shearing in Z axis is achieved by using the
following shearing equations-
 Xnew = Xold + Shx x Zold
 Ynew = Yold + Shy x Zold
 Znew = Zold

PRACTICE PROBLEMS BASED ON 3D

SHEARING IN COMPUTER GRAPHICS
Given a 3D triangle with points (0, 0, 0), (1,
1, 2) and (1, 1, 3). Apply shear parameter 2
on X axis, 2 on Y axis and 3 on Z axis and
find out the new coordinates of the
object.
Solution-

Given-
 Old corner coordinates of the triangle
= A (0, 0, 0), B(1, 1, 2), C(1, 1, 3)
  Shearing parameter towards X
direction (Shx) = 2
 Shearing parameter towards Y
direction (Shy) = 2
 Shearing parameter towards Y
direction (Shz) = 3

Shearing in X Axis-

For Coordinates A(0, 0, 0)

Let the new coordinates of corner A after

shearing = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).

Applying the shearing equations, we have-

 Xnew = Xold = 0
 Ynew = Yold + Shy x Xold = 0 + 2 x 0 = 0
  Znew = Zold + Shz x Xold = 0 + 3 x 0 = 0

Thus, New coordinates of corner A after

shearing = (0, 0, 0).

For Coordinates B(1, 1, 2)

Let the new coordinates of corner B after

shearing = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).

Applying the shearing equations, we have-

 Xnew = Xold = 1
 Ynew = Yold + Shy x Xold = 1 + 2 x 1 = 3
 Znew = Zold + Shz x Xold = 2 + 3 x 1 = 5

Thus, New coordinates of corner B after

shearing = (1, 3, 5).
For Coordinates C(1, 1, 3)

Let the new coordinates of corner C after

shearing = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).

Applying the shearing equations, we have-

 Xnew = Xold = 1
 Ynew = Yold + Shy x Xold = 1 + 2 x 1 = 3
 Znew = Zold + Shz x Xold = 3 + 3 x 1 = 6

Thus, New coordinates of corner C after

shearing = (1, 3, 6).
Thus, New coordinates of the triangle
after shearing in X axis = A (0, 0, 0), B(1, 3,
5), C(1, 3, 6).
Shearing in Y Axis-

For Coordinates A(0, 0, 0)

Let the new coordinates of corner A after

shearing = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).

Applying the shearing equations, we have-

 Xnew = Xold + Shx x Yold = 0 + 2 x 0 = 0
 Ynew = Yold = 0
 Znew = Zold + Shz x Yold = 0 + 3 x 0 = 0

Thus, New coordinates of corner A after

shearing = (0, 0, 0).

For Coordinates B(1, 1, 2)

Let the new coordinates of corner B after
shearing = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).

Applying the shearing equations, we have-

 Xnew = Xold + Shx x Yold = 1 + 2 x 1 = 3
 Ynew = Yold = 1
 Znew = Zold + Shz x Yold = 2 + 3 x 1 = 5

Thus, New coordinates of corner B after

shearing = (3, 1, 5).

For Coordinates C(1, 1, 3)

Let the new coordinates of corner C after

shearing = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).

Applying the shearing equations, we have-

  Xnew = Xold + Shx x Yold = 1 + 2 x 1 = 3
 Ynew = Yold = 1
 Znew = Zold + Shz x Yold = 3 + 3 x 1 = 6

Thus, New coordinates of corner C after

shearing = (3, 1, 6).
Thus, New coordinates of the triangle
after shearing in Y axis = A (0, 0, 0), B(3, 1,
5), C(3, 1, 6).

Shearing in Z Axis-

For Coordinates A(0, 0, 0)

Let the new coordinates of corner A after

shearing = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
Applying the shearing equations, we have-
 Xnew = Xold + Shx x Zold = 0 + 2 x 0 = 0
 Ynew = Yold + Shy x Zold = 0 + 2 x 0 = 0
 Znew = Zold = 0

Thus, New coordinates of corner A after

shearing = (0, 0, 0).

For Coordinates B(1, 1, 2)

Let the new coordinates of corner B after

shearing = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).

Applying the shearing equations, we have-

 Xnew = Xold + Shx x Zold = 1 + 2 x 2 = 5
 Ynew = Yold + Shy x Zold = 1 + 2 x 2 = 5
 Znew = Zold = 2
Thus, New coordinates of corner B after
shearing = (5, 5, 2).

For Coordinates C(1, 1, 3)

Let the new coordinates of corner C after

shearing = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).

Applying the shearing equations, we have-

 Xnew = Xold + Shx x Zold = 1 + 2 x 3 = 7
 Ynew = Yold + Shy x Zold = 1 + 2 x 3 = 7
 Znew = Zold = 3

Thus, New coordinates of corner C after

shearing = (7, 7, 3).
Thus, New coordinates of the triangle
after shearing in Z axis = A (0, 0, 0), B(5, 5,
2), C(7, 7, 3).