Chapter 4

C Program Control
Part II

Lecture#8

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 4.8 do…while Iteration Statement

• The do…while iteration statement is similarto

the while statement.
– In the while statement, the loop-continuation
condition is tested at the beginning of the loop
before the body of the loop is performed.
– The do…while statement tests the loop-
continuation condition after the loop bodyis
performed.
• Therefore, the loop body will be executed at
least once.

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 4.8 do…while Iteration Statement (Cont.)

• A do…while with no braces aroundthe

single-statement body appears as
do
statement
while (condition);
• which can be confusing.
• The last line—while(condition);—may be
misinterpreted as a while statement
containing an empty statement.

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 4.8 do…while Iteration Statement (Cont.)

• Figure 4.9 uses a do…while statementto

print the numbers from 1 to 10.
• The control variable counter is
preincremented in the loop-continuation
test.

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 4.8 do…while Iteration Statement (Cont.)

do…while Statement Flowchart

• Figure 4.10 shows the do…while statement
flowchart, which makes it clear that the
loop-continuation condition does not
execute until after the action is performed
at least once.

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 4.9 break and continue Statements
• The break and continue statements are used
to alter the flow of control.
break Statement
• The break statement, when executed in a
while, for , do…while or switch statement,
causes an immediate exit from that statement.
• Program execution continues with the next
statement.
• Common uses of the break statement areto
escape early from a loop or to skip the
remainder of a switch statement.
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 4.9 break and continue Statements
(Cont.)

• Figure 4.11 demonstrates the break

statement in a f o r iteration statement.
• When the i f statement detects that x has
become 5, break is executed.
• This terminates the f o r statement, and the
program continues with the p r i n t f after
the f o r .
• The loop fully executes only four times.

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 4.9 break and continue Statements
(Cont.)
continue Statement
• The continue statement, when executed in a
while, f o r or do…while statement, skips the
remaining statements in the body of that
control statement and performs the next
iteration of the loop.
• Figure 4.12 uses the continue statementin a
f o r statement to skip the p r i n t f statement
and begin the next iteration of the loop.

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 4.10 Logical Operators

• C provides logical operators that may be

used to form more complex conditions by
combining simple conditions.
• The logical operators are && (logical AND),
| | (logical OR) and ! (logical NOT).

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 4.10 Logical Operators (Cont.)
Logical AND (&&) Operator
• Suppose we wish to ensure that two conditions are both
true before we choose a certain path of execution.
• In this case, we can use the logical operator && as
follows:
i f (gender == 1 && age >= 65)
++seniorFemales;
• This i f statement contains two simple conditions.
– The condition gender == 1might be evaluated, for example, to
determine if a person is a female.
– The condition age >= 65 is evaluated to determine whethera
person is a senior citizen.

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 4.10 Logical Operators (Cont.)

• The i f statement then considers the

combined condition
gender == 1 && age >= 65
Which is true if and only if both of thesimple
conditions are true.
• Finally, if this combined condition is true,
then the count of seniorFemales is
incremented by 1.

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 4.10 Logical Operators (Cont.)
Logical OR ( | | ) Operator
• Now let’s consider the | | (logical OR) operator.
• Suppose we wish to ensure at some point in a program
that either or both of two conditions are true before we
choose a certain path of execution.
• In this case, we use the | | operator as in the following
program segment
i f ( semeste rAverage >= 90 | | f i nalExam >= 90)
printf("Student grade i s A");
• The condition semesterAverage >= 90 is evaluated to
determine whether the student deserves an “A”in the
course because of a solid performance throughout the
semester.

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 4.10 Logical Operators (Cont.)
Logical Negation ( ! ) Operator
• C provides ! (logical negation) to enable you to “reverse” the
meaning of a condition.
• The logical negation operator has only a single condition as an
operand (and is therefore a unary operator).
• Placed before a condition when we’re interested in choosing a path
of execution if the original condition (without the logical negation
operator) is false, such as in the following program segment:
i f (!(grade == sentinelValue))
printf("The next grade i s %f\n", grade);
• The parentheses around the condition grade ==sentinelValue
are needed because the logical negation operator has a higher
precedence than the equality operator.

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 4.10 Logical Operators (Cont.)

• In most cases, you can avoid using logical

negation by expressing the condition
differently with an appropriate relational
operator.
• For example, the preceding statement may
also be written as follows:
i f (grade != sentinelValue)
printf("The next grade i s %f\n", grade);

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 4.11 Confusing Equality (==) and
Assignment (=) Operators (Cont.)
• For example, suppose we intend to write
i f (payCode == 4 )
printf(“%s“, "You get a bonus!");
but we accidentally write
i f (payCode = 4 )
printf(“%s“, "You get a bonus!");
• The first i f statement properly awards a bonus
to the person whose paycode is equal to 4.
• The second i f statement—the one with the
error—evaluates the assignment expression in
the i f condition.

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 4.12 Structured Programming Summary

• Figure 4.17 summarizes the control statements

discussed in Chapters 3 and 4.
• Small circles are used in the figure to indicate the single
entry point and the single exit point of each statement.

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