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Chapter 4 - Geometric Construction Updated

Chapter 4 covers geometric construction in CAD, focusing on 3D modeling coordinates, basic geometric elements for 2D drawings, and Boolean operations for solid primitives. It explains various coordinate systems, including absolute, relative, polar, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates, as well as geometric entities like points, lines, and circles. The chapter also discusses geometric transformations such as translation, rotation, and scaling, along with drafting tools and a review of key concepts.

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9 views24 pages

Chapter 4 - Geometric Construction Updated

Chapter 4 covers geometric construction in CAD, focusing on 3D modeling coordinates, basic geometric elements for 2D drawings, and Boolean operations for solid primitives. It explains various coordinate systems, including absolute, relative, polar, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates, as well as geometric entities like points, lines, and circles. The chapter also discusses geometric transformations such as translation, rotation, and scaling, along with drafting tools and a review of key concepts.

Uploaded by

iyohank
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 4

Geometric Construction

Geometric Construction 4-1 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD


Outline
• Understand Coordinates for 3D CAD Modelling

• Understand Basic Geometric Elements for 2D Drawings

• Understand Boolean Operations for Solid Primitives

• Understand Transformations Operations in CAD systems

Geometric Construction 4-2 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD


Coordinates for 3D CAD Modelling
• Right-hand rule for coordinate systems
If you point the thumb of your right hand in the
positive direction for the X-axis and your index
finger in the positive direction for the Y-axis,
your remaining fingers will curl in the positive
direction for the Z-axis.

• The Z-Axis
Z In systems that use the right-hand rule, the
positive Z-axis points toward you when the
face of the monitor is parallel to the X-Y plane.

Geometric Construction 4-3 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD


Coordinates for 3D CAD Modelling
• Axis of Rotation: The curl
of the fingers indicates the
positive direction along the
axis of rotation.

• 2D CAD Drawing: This drawing


was created on the X-Y plane in the
CAD system. It appears true shape
because the viewing direction is
perpendicular to the X-Y plane --
straight down the Z-axis.

Geometric Construction 4-4 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD


Coordinates for 3D CAD Modelling
• Absolute coordinates are used to store
the locations of points in a CAD
database, in terms of distance from the
origin in each of the three axis directions
of the Cartesian coordinate system.

Absolute Coordinates

• Relative coordinates are used to


specify a location by giving the
number of units from a previous
location as references.
Relative Coordinates
Geometric Construction 4-5 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD
Coordinates for 3D CAD Modelling
• Polar coordinates are used to locate an object by giving an angle
(from the X-axis) and a distance.
• Polar coordinates can either be absolute, giving the angle and
distance from the origin, or relative, giving the angle and distance
from the current location.

Polar Coordinates
Geometric Construction 4-6 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD
Coordinates for 3D CAD Modelling

• Cylindrical coordinates specify a


3D location based on a radius,
angle, and distance (usually in the
Z-axis direction).

• Spherical coordinates specify a 3D


location by the radius, an angle
from the X-axis, and the angle from
the X-Y plane.
Geometric Construction 4-7 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD
Geometric Entities

Geometric Construction 4-8 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD


Geometric Entities
• A point is located by its
coordinates and usually shown with
some sort of marker like a cross,
circle, or other representation.

• A straight line is defined as


the shortest distance between
two points and stored in CAD
systems by the coordinates of
endpoints.

Geometric Construction 4-9 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD


Geometric Entities
• Planes are defined by any of the following:
✓ Three points not lying in a straight line
✓ Two parallel lines
✓ Two intersecting lines
✓ A point and a line

Geometric Construction 4-10 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD


Geometric Entities
• A circle is a set of points that are equidistant from a center point.
In CAD files, it is often stored as a center point and a radius.

Geometric Construction 4-11 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD


Geometric Entities

• An arc is a portion of a circle.

Geometric Construction 4-12 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD


Bisecting a Line or Circular Arc

Step 1: From A and B draw equal arcs


with their centers at the endpoints and
with a radius greater than half AB.

Step 2: Join intersections D and E with


a straight line to locate center C.

Geometric Construction 4-13 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD


Bisecting an Angle
Step 1: Lightly draw large arc with center at A to intersect lines AC
and AB.
Step 2: Lightly draw equal arcs r with radius slightly larger than
half BC, to intersect at D.
Step 3: Draw line AD, which bisects the angle.

Geometric Construction 4-14 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD


Drawing Circles
• Drawing a Circle through Three Points

• Finding the Center of a Circle

Geometric Construction 4-15 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD


Drawing Triangles
• Drawing a Triangle with Sides Given

• Drawing a Right Triangle with Hypotenuse and One Side Given

Geometric Construction 4-16 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD


Drawing Triangles
• Drawing an Equilateral Triangle with One Side Given

Geometric Construction 4-17 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD


Geometric Relationships

Tangency. Lines that are tangent to an entity have one point


in common but never intersect. 3D objects may be tangent at
a single point or along a line.

Geometric Construction 4-18 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD


Solid Primitives and Its Multiviews

Geometric Construction 4-19 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD


Boolean Operations

The Order Matters in Subtraction


Geometric Construction 4-20 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD
Geometric Transformations
• The model stored in the computer is changed using three basic transformations
(or changes): moving (sometimes called translation), rotating, and scaling.
• Commands such as Move (or Translate), Rotate, or Scale transform the object on
the coordinate system and change the coordinates stored in the 3D model
database in a mathematical way.

Geometric Construction 4-21 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD


Viewing Transformations
• A viewing transformation does not change the coordinate system or the
location of the model on it; it simply changes your view of the model.

Geometric Construction 4-22 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD


Drafting Tools

T-square

Compass
Triangle Rulers Protractor
Geometric Construction 4-23 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD
Review
• Boolean Operations:

✓ Union

✓ Difference

✓ Intersection

• Transformation Operations:

✓ Geometric Transformation (Translation, Rotation, and Scaling)

✓ Viewing Transformation

Geometric Construction 4-24 ENME 339 Engineering Graphics and CAD

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