Data: an overview

Lecture 2: Graphical Representation of non-frequency type data

Year 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1967 1968 1969
GDP
growth of 3.722742533 2.931127735 5.994353262 7.452950123 -2.63577011 -0.05532877 7.825963031 3.387929176
India (in
%)
 LINE DIAGRAM OF GDP GROWTH IN INDIA BETWEEN 1961 AND 1969
10

6
GDP GROWTH (IN %)

0
1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1967 1968 1969

-2

-4
YEAR
Year 1953-57 1958-62 1963-67 1968-72 1973-77 1978-82 1983-87 1988-92 1993-97
Population 398,577,9 445,954,5 500,114,3 623,524,2 696,828,3 780,242,0 870,452,1 964,279,1 1,059,633,
of India 92 79 46 19 85 84 65 29 675
 Line diagram showing population of India between
1953 and 1997
120
Population of India (in Crore)

100

80

60

40

20

0
1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

Year
 Line Diagram
• The diagram is designed to represent chronological
data.
• It shows the relationship between the variable under
study and time.
• Successive values of the variable (e.g., sales of coffee for
a company) can be specified for:
•Individual points of time.
•Periods of time.
 Line Diagram
•In constructing a line diagram two axes of coordinates are
used:
•The horizontal axis represents time.
•The vertical axis represents the variable.
•A scale is selected for each axis.
•Data points are plotted on the plane:
•Variable values are plotted against points of time or
midpoints of time intervals.
•Successive points are connected by straight line segments.
•The resulting chart is called a line diagram for the given data.
 Line Diagram
•In the chart:
•Neither axis should be too long or too short in relation to the other.
•A shorter horizontal axis can over-emphasize fluctuations.
•A shorter vertical axis can almost iron out fluctuations.
•The zero of the vertical scale should always be shown to avoid giving a
wrong impression.
•If values are far from zero, the chart may appear distant from the
horizontal axis.
•A break in the vertical axis can be used to bring the chart closer and
make it visually agreeable.
Year 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1967 1968 1969
GDP
growth of 3.722742533 2.931127735 5.994353262 7.452950123 -2.63577011 -0.05532877 7.825963031 3.387929176
India (in
%)
 Bar graph showing GDP growth of India between
1961 and 1969
10
GDP growth of India (in %)

0
1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1967 1968 1969

-2

-4

YEAR
Year 1953-57 1958-62 1963-67 1968-72 1973-77 1978-82 1983-87 1988-92 1993-97
Population 398,577,9 445,954,5 500,114,3 623,524,2 696,828,3 780,242,0 870,452,1 964,279,1 1,059,633,
of India 92 79 46 19 85 84 65 29 675
 Bar diagram showing population of India between 1953 and
1997
120
Population of India (in Crore)

100

80

60

40

20

0
1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

Year
State Assam Arunachal Nagaland Manipur Mizoram Tripura Meghalaya
Pradesh
Total
rainfall in
mm (from
1/12/2023 17.2 20 32.2 30.3 69.6 44.3 25
to
31/12/2023
)
 Bar graph showing total rainfall in mm in different
states of India(from 1/12/2023 to 31/12/2023)
Meghalaya

Tripura
Different states

Mizoram

Manipur

Nagaland

Arunachal Pradesh

Assam

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Rainfall (in mm)

Country United United Japan Italy Germany France Canada
States Kingdom
Total covid 110,533,193 24,863,166 33,803,572 26,692,251 38,793,736 40,138,560 4,891,249
cases (As of
15/1/23
 Bar graph showing total covid cases in different
countries of the world (As of 15/1/23)
Canada

France

Germany
Countries

Italy

Japan

United Kingdom

United States

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Covid cases (in Crore)

Crops Gram Jute Paddy Potato Mustard Wheat
(Autumn)
State average
price for West
Bengal (2021-
22) 5784 5993 1798 1596 5407 1969
(Rs/Quintal)
 Bar graph showing state average price of different
crops for West Bengal (2021-22)
Wheat

Mustard

Potato
Crops

Paddy (Autumn)

Jute

Gram

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

Price (Rs/ Quintal)

 Bar Diagram
•This mode of diagrammatic representation consists of equidistant
rectangles, called bars.
•Each bar represents a specific category of the available data.
•Bars have a common width, chosen conveniently.
•Bars are drawn on the baseline, with their length or height
representing the value of the corresponding category.
•Bars can be vertical or horizontal, depending on the nature of the
statistical data:
•Vertical bars are typically used for time series data.
•Horizontal bars are generally used for spatial series data.
 Bar Diagram
Multiple bar diagram is a variant of the bar diagram.
•It is used to:
• Compare two or more series of data on the same
variable.
• Show different components of an item.
Would you like me to explain the components or provide
additional details about how multiple bar diagrams are
used?
State West Bengal Bihar Odisha Madhya Uttar Jharkhand
Pradesh Pradesh
1951 26,300,670 29,085,900 14,646,100 18,615,700 60,274,800 9,697,300
1961 34,926,000 34,841,490 17,549,500 23,218,950 70,144,160 11,606,504
1971 44,312,017 42,126,800 21,944,625 30,017,180 83,849,775 14,227,493
1981 54,580,650 52,303,000 26,370,270 38,169,500 105,113,300 17,612,000
 Multiple bar diagram showing the population of
different states of India between 1951 and 1981
20

18

16
Population (in Crore)

14

12
West Bengal

10 Bihar
Odisha
8 Madhya Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
6
Jharkhand

0
1951 1961 1971 1981

Year
 Multiple line diagram showing population of
different states of India between 1951 and 1981
20

18

16
Population (in Crore)

14

12
West Bengal

10 Bihar
Odisha
8 Madhya Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
6
Jharkhand

0
1951 1961 1971 1981

Year
Insert the following table in a blank Excel file.
 Charts Select a
Select Insert
(lines) suitable line

Some Points to remember:

1. Note that there are 3 icons at the top right corner of the generated diagram. You might not readily
see it, but if you hover your cursor near the top right corner, it will appear.
2. The first icon is an addition symbol that is helpful for including different chart elements like the
name and the labels of the horizontal and vertical axis. Remember, it is important to add a suitable
title, the name of the axes and the labels of the axes in a diagram for better interpretation of the
diagram to the observer.
3. The second icon is to select an appropriate chart style for the diagram. It can help make your
diagrams interesting and presentable.
4. The third icon helps you to select the dataset for the diagram. This is helpful because, although you
have selected the dataset correctly, Excel might interpret the data incorrectly. For example, for the
given dataset, some of you might get 2 different lines, one for the gdp growth, the other one for the
years. This can be corrected using the 3rd icon.
Original Data.

Transformed.
 Select a
Charts
Select Insert suitable bar
(bar)
diagram

Here, the steps are the same, just remember to include a suitable title,
and x and y axes names.
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